Jacobson M.Z. Atmospheric Pollution
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PHOTOGRAPH SOURCES
COVER
Deer at Golden, Colorado, in front of Denver’s “brown cloud,” December 14, 1998 (Photo by
David Parsons, available from National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of
Energy, http://www.nrel.gov)
CHAPTER 1
Figure 1.2. Geber (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.3. Libavius (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.4. Glauber (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.5. Paracelsus (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.6. Mayow (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.7. Black (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.8. Cavendish (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.9. D. Rutherford (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.10(a). Priestley (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.10(b). Priestley oxygen apparatus (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of
Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.11(a). Scheele (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.11(b).
Scheele laboratory (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, Univ
ersity of Pennsylvania
Library)
Figure 1.12. The arrest of Lavoisier (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania
Library)
Figure 1.13. Destruction of Priestley’s house (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of
Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.14. Davy (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.15. Berzelius (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.16. von Liebig (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
371
Figure 1.17. Schönbein (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 1.18. M. Curie (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
CHAPTER 2
Figure 2.2. Aurora australis (Photo by David Miller, National Geophysical Data Center,
available from NOAA Central Library;
http://phlib.hpcc.noaa.gov/lb_images/historic/nws/wea02009.htm)
Figure 2.6. Asteroid Ida (Available from National Space Science Data Center,
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov)
Figure 2.9. Hot sulfur springs (Photo by Alfred Spormann, Stanford University)
Figure 2.10. Hot springs in Yellowstone (Photo by Alfred Spormann, Stanford University)
CHAPTER 3
Figure 3.1. Toricelli apparatus (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania
Library)
Figure 3.6. Robert Boyle (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 3.7. Jacques Charles (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 3.8. Amedeo Avogadro (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania
Library)
Figure 3.9. John Dalton (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 3.10. Forest fire in Yellowstone National Park (Photo by U.S. Forest Service, available
from National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy,
http://www.nrel.gov)
Figure 3.12. Water pumping at rice paddy in Sundarbans, West Bengal, India, Feb. 25, 1998
(Photo by Jim Welch, available from National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S.
Department of Energy, http://www.nrel.gov)
Figure 3.13. Thomas Midgley (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania
Library)
CHAPTER 4
Figure 4.1. James Watt (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 4.2a. Panoramic view of Reading, Pennsylvania, c. 1909 (Photo by O. Conneaut, avail-
able from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC)
Figure 4.2b. Panoramic view of Youngstown, Ohio, c. 1910 (Photo by O. Conneaut, available
from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC)
Figure 4.2c. Panoramic view of Indiana Steel Co.’s big mills, Gary, Indiana, c. 1912 (Photo by
Crose Photo Co., available from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division,
Washington, DC)
Figure 4.3. Noontime view of Donoro, Pennsylvania, during a deadly smog event. Copyright
Photo Archive/Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2001. All rights reserved. Reprinted with
permission
Figure 4.4. Panoramic view of Los Angeles, California, taken from Third and Olive Streets,
December 3, 1909 (Photo by Chas. Z. Bailey, available from Library of Congress Prints
and Photographs Division, Washington, DC)
Figure 4.5. Backyard incinerator ban, Herald-Examiner Photo Collection, Los Angeles Public
Library
372 PHOTOGRAPH SOURCES
Figure 4.6. Smog bothers pedestrians, Hollywood Citizens News Collection, Los Angeles
Public Library
Figure 4.7. Arie Haagen-Smit (Courtesy of the Archives, California Institute of Technology)
Figure 4.8. Los Angeles smog 2000 (Photo by M. Z. Jacobson)
CHAPTER 5
Figure 5.3. Saharan dust from satellite (SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
and ORBIMAGE; http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov)
Figure 5.4. Mount St. Helens eruption (Peter Frenzen, available from Mount Saint Helens
National Volcanic Monument Photo Gallery, http://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/mshnvm/
photo_gallery/images/ hi_res/msh23_lrg.jpg)
Figure 5.5.
Biomass burning from satellite (N
ASA/GSFC/JPL, MISR and Air MISR
Teams).
Figure 5.6. SEM particle images (Reid and Hobbs, 1998)
Figure 5.7. Prescribed burn at Horse Creek Mesa, Big Horn National Forest, Wyoming,
October 9, 1981 (Photo by U.S. Forest Service, available from National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, http://www.nrel.gov)
Figure 5.15. TEM particle images (Pósfai et al., 1999)
Figure 5.16. SEM coated soot (Strawa et al., 1999)
CHAPTER 6
Figure 6.6. William Ferrel (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Central Library;
http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/historic/c&gs/theb3456.htm)
Figure 6.15. Smog under an inversion in Los Angeles (Photo by M. Z. Jacobson)
Figure 6.17. Dust storm (Mon. Wea. Rev 63, 148, 1935, available from the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration Central Library; http://phlib.hpcc.noaa.gov/historic/nws/
wea01422.htm)
Figure 6.18. Satellite image of Atlanta temperatures (NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center
Scientific Visualization Studio; http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/imagewall)
Figure 6.21. Sunset through elevated pollution layer in Los Angeles, by Gene Daniels, U.S.
EPA, May 1972, Still Pictures Branch, U.S. National Archives
Figure 6.22. Elevated pollution layer in Los Angeles (Photo by M. Z. Jacobson)
Figure 6.23. Elevated smoke layer following a greenhouse fire (Photo by M. Z. Jacobson)
Figure 6.26. Lofting of pollution from a power plant (Available from National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, http://www.nrel.gov)
Figure 6.27. Lofting of pollution from stacks into an inversion (Photo by M. Z. Jacobson)
CHAPTER 7
Figure 7.1. Sir Isaac Newton (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania
Library)
Figure 7.5. Lord Rayleigh (American Institute of Physics Emilio Segrè Visual Archives,
Physics Today Collection)
Figure 7.7. Yellow sun before sunset (Photo by M. Z. Jacobson)
Figure 7.8. Red horizon at sunset (Photo by M. Z. Jacobson)
Figure 7.16. Light scattering by a cloud (Photo by M. Z. Jacobson)
Figure 7.17. Rainbow (Commander John Bortniak, NOAA Corps, available from the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Central Library; http://phlib.hpcc.noaa.gov)
PHOTOGRAPH SOURCES 373
Figure 7.22. Maps of visibility in the United States (Schichtel et al., 2001)
Figure 7.23. Haze over Los Angeles, by Gene Daniels, U.S. EPA, May, 1972, Still Pictures
Branch, U.S. National Archives
Figure 7.24. Haze over San Gabriel Mountains, by Gene Daniels, U.S. EPA, May 1972, Still
Pictures Branch, U.S. National Archives
Figure 7.25. Reddish-brown colors in smog (Photo by M. Z. Jacobson)
Figure 7.26. Red sky over transmission lines near Salton Sea, by Charles O’Rear, U.S. EPA,
May, 1972, Still Pictures Branch, U.S. National Archives
Figure 7.27. Purple sky following volcano (Photo by Jeffrey Lew, UCLA)
CHAPTER 8
Figure 8.4. Solar One, solar furnace project (Photo by Sandia National Laboratory, available
from National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy,
http://www.nrel.gov)
Figure 8.5. Wind machines at dusk (Photo by Warren Gretz, available from National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, http://www.nrel.gov)
Figure 8.6. Photovoltaics and nuclear power, May 15, 1992 (Photo by Warren Gretz, available
from National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy,
http://www.nrel.gov)
Figure 8.8. Power plant emissions in Moscow, November 28, 1994 (Photo by Roger Taylor,
available from National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy,
http://www.nrel.gov)
CHAPTER 9
Figure 9.1. Henri Becquerel (NBS Archives, courtesy of American Institute of Physics Emilio
Segrè Visual Archives)
Figure 9.2. First evidence of radioactivity, along with Becquerel’s notes (American Institute of
Physics Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, William G. Myers Collection)
Figure 9.3. Ernest Rutherford (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania
Library)
Figure 9.4. Asbestos (Photo by Robert Grieshaber, http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/EHSRM/
ASB/PHOTOS/mineralasb25c.jpg)
CHAPTER 10
Figure 10.1. Leblanc (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection,
University of Pennsylvania Library)
Figure 10.2. Robert Angus Smith (Reproduced courtesy of the Library and Information Centre,
Royal Society of Chemistry)
Figure 10.4. Map of rainfall pH in the U.S. National Atmospheric Deposition
Program/National Trends Network (2000) (http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/isopleths)
Figure 10.5a. Acidified forest, Oberwiesenthal, Germany, near the border with the Czech
Republic, taken in 1991 (Photo by Stefan Rosengren/Naturbild)
Figure 10.5b. Acidified forest in Czechoslovakia (Photo by Owen Bricker, U.S.G.S).
Figure 10.6. Eroded statue (Herr Schmidt-Thomsen)
Figure. 10.7. Liming of lake (Photo by Tero Niemi/Naturbild)
Figure 10.8. Cathedral of Learning in 1930 and 1934 (Courtesy of University Archives,
University of Pittsburgh)
374 PHOTOGRAPH SOURCES
CHAPTER 11
Figure 11.6. Sydney Chapman (American Institute of Physics Emilio Segrè Visual Archives,
Physics Today collection)
Figure 11.8. Mount Pinatubo eruption (Photo by Dave Harlow, USGS; http://
geology.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs113-97/)
Figure 11.16. Polar stratospheric clouds, NASA
CHAPTER 12
Figure 12.3a. Ultraviolet image of Venus’s clouds as seen by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter,
February 26, 1979 (Av
ailable from National Space Science Data Center
,
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov)
Figure 12.3b. Earth, from Apollo 17 spacecraft (Available from National Space Science Data
Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov)
Figure 12.3c. Mars, from Hubble telescope. David Crisp/WFPC2 Science Team (Jet Propulsion
Laboratory/California Institute of Technology) (Available from National Space Science
Data Center, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov)
Figure 12.4. Greenhouse-gas absorption spectrum (Valley, 1965)
Figure 12.5. John Tyndall (American Institute of Physics Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, E.Scott
Barr collection)
Figure 12.6. Svante Arrhenius (Edgar Fahs Smith Collection, University of Pennsylvania
Library)
Figure 12.9. Fires in Africa (Data collected by U.S. Air Force Weather Agency; image and data
processing by NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center;
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/fires/africa.html)
Figure 12.14. Sea ice, by Rear Admiral Harley D. Nygren, NOAA Corps (ret.), available from
NOAA Central Library (a) http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/corps/
images/big/corp1098.jpg; (b) http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/corps/images/
big/corp1079.jpg
Figure 12.15. Ross Sea ice shelf, by Michael Van Woert, NOAA NESDIS, ORA. available
from NOAA Central Library (a) http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/
corps/images/big/corp2399.jpg; (b) http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/corps/
images/big/corp2551.jpg
Figure 12.21. Island of Tuvalu (Photo by Peter Bennetts)
PHOTOGRAPH SOURCES 375
Abiotic synthesis, 41, 42
Absorption
aerosol particle, 187–190
cross section, 195
effect on visibility, 200
effect on UV radiation, 189, 190, 278
efficiency, single-particle, 195–197
extinction coefficient
population of particles, 195
single particle, 188
defined, 181
gas
cross section, 182
effect on visibility, 200
extinction coefficient, 182, 183
infrared, 316–318
ultraviolet and visible, 181–183
Abstraction, hydrogen, 96, 107, 108
Accumulation mode (see modes)
Acetaldehyde, 7, 98, 99, 105, 111, 228
Acetic acid, 258, 260
Acetone, 23, 78, 105, 247
Acetyl radical, 99
Acetylene, 105
Acid, 133, 258
Acid deposition, 254–272
defined, ix, 254
dry, 254
causes
hydrochloric acid, 254–257, 259, 260
nitric acid, 259, 263
sulfuric acid, 9, 254, 255, 259–262
effects
buildings and sculptures, 266, 268, 269
forests and crops, 264–266
health, 263
lakes and streams, 263, 264
rainwater pH in the United States, 264
fog, 254, 260
haze, 254
history of, 7, 254–257
locations of damage, 254–257, 263–266
methods of reducing
ammonia, 270
ammonium hydroxide, 267
calcium carbonate, 268–269
calcium hydroxide, 267–268
sodium chloride, 269
sodium hydroxide, 267–268
natural, 65, 258–260
pH (see pH)
rain, 254, 256–258
first coined, 256
regulation of, 219, 256, 270, 271
wet, 254
Acid fog (see acid deposition)
Acid Precipitation Act, U.S., 270
Acid rain (see acid deposition)
Acidification
sea spray, 119, 133
soil-particle, 134
Acidity, 132
Active chlorine, 292, 298, 300
Addition process, 106–108
Adiabatic process
compression, 158
expansion, 157
Adsorption, 298
377
INDEX