Iwamoto M., Kwon Y.-S., Lee T. (Eds.) Nanoscale Interface for Organic Electronics

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Nanoscale Interface

for Organic Electronics

Mitsumasa Iwamoto

Young-Soo Kwon

Takhee Lee

H^ editors

'World Scientific

Nanoscale Interface

for Organic Electronics

7884tp.indd 1 10/6/10 10:31 AM

NEW JERSEY

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LONDON

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SINGAPORE

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BEIJING

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SHANGHAI

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HONG KONG

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TAIPEI

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CHENNAI

World Scientic

Nanoscale Interface

for Organic Electronics

Editors

Mitsumasa Iwamoto

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan

Young-Soo Kwon

Dong-A University, Korea

Takhee Lee

Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Korea

7884tp.indd 2 10/6/10 10:31 AM

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright

Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to

photocopy is not required from the publisher.

ISBN-13 978-981-4322-48-5

ISBN-10 981-4322-48-2

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval

system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.

Published by

World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224

USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601

UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

Printed in Singapore.

NANOSCALE INTERFACE FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONICS

YHwa - Nanoscale Interface.pmd 10/6/2010, 1:45 PM1

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PREFACE

Since 2001, groups of Japanese and Korean researchers have been

discussing on the development of optoelectronic devices based on

organic materials in view points of nanoscale materials and devices

engineering. For this purpose, an annual conference called International

Discussion and Conference on Nano Interface Controlled Electronic

Devices (IDC-NICE) has been held in Korea and Japan alternately and

the leading scientists have gathered in this conference to discuss research

findings and suggest diverse practical methods to take advantage of

research results. The first workshop was held at Gyeongju, Korea in

2001, and most recently the 9th conference was held at Chiba University,

Chiba, Japan in 2009. The 10th conference will be held in Jeju, Korea in

2010. This book was aimed for celebrating the 10th anniversary of this

conference and summarizing the achievements so far.

The conference particularly focuses on organic materials and

devices as a future device technology. Since the invention of organic

semiconductors, these materials have progressed into a variety device

applications including organic switching elements, diodes, field-effect

transistors, liquid crystal display elements, artificial muscles, etc.

Towards more practical applications and technological advances in this

field, understanding and designing the functional organic materials, and

the control of their functions in the organic-organic and organic-

inorganic junctions as the actual device platforms are required. Often, the

interface at the junctions plays a critical role in the device functionalities

and performances.

This book treats the important issues of interface control in organic

devices in a wide range of applications that cover from electronics,

displays, and sensors to biorelated devices. This book is composed of

three parts:

vi Preface

Part 1. Nanoscale interface

Part 2. Molecular electronics

Part 3. Polymer electronics.

In Part 1, the charge injection, the effect of space-charge, and the

contact resistances are discussed at the nanoscale interface in organic

transistors which are used as a driving circuit element in the organic

flexible displays. In Part 2, the charge conduction mechanisms in

molecular-based electronics are mainly discussed. Scanning tunneling

microscopic tool was used to investigate the charge conduction in the

molecular memory, sensors as well as solid-state type molecular

electronic devices. In Part 3, synthesis and deposition techniques to

prepare polymer materials and devices are discussed for more variety of

devices applications, such as organic optoelectronic devices and ID tags.

Bioelectronic devices using biomolecules are also discussed.

Tremendous progress was seen in the last decade in the organic

devices not only for the academic understanding of molecular scale

electronics, but also for the realistic device application. The chapters of

this book were written by the leading experts specializing in the organic

electronic elements of the future devices. This book covers a variety of

research topics, but conceptional approach for understanding and

controlling the nanoscale interface is common over the fields. This book

will be a valuable resource for researchers working in the fields of

nanotechnology, physics, materials science, electrical engineering,

chemistry, and biology, and for individuals who are interested in the

tremendously developing organic electronics.

We are grateful for all the contributed authors and valuable advices

from a number of people. In particular, we appreciate Prof. Hoon-Kyu

Shin in Pohang University in Science and Technology, Korea who put

tremendous efforts in the editorial work for this book.

Mitsumasa Iwamoto

Young-Soo Kwon

Takhee Lee

Preface vii

Mitsumasa Iwamoto graduated from Tokyo Institute

of Technology and obtained B.E. in 1975. He obtained

M.E. and D.E. from Tokyo Institute of Technology in

1977 and 1981, respectively. Now, he is a professor of

Tokyo Institute of Technology, His current interests

focus on organic and molecular materials electronics,

and on the electrical, optical, physical and dielectric

properties of thin films, monolayers, liquid crystals and molecules, and

soft matter physics for electronics. He has published more than 450

papers including review articles in international journals, and published

more than 10 books as authors, co-authors, and editors, e.g., he wrote a

book entitled “The Physical Properties of Organic Monolayers”, World

Scientific, Singapore, pp. 1-200 (2001). He has chaired international

conference many times and also made a contribution as guest editors of

international Journals such as Thin Solid Films, and Japanese Journal of

Applied physics more than 10 times.

Young-Soo Kwon received his B.S. degree in

Electrical Engineering at Yeungnam University,

M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering at Kyungpook

National University, Korea in 1973 and 1976,

respectively, and he received his Ph.D. degree in

Physical Electronics at Tokyo Institute of Technology,

Japan in 1988. He was a Visiting Professor in

Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering at University of Houston,

USA from 2007 until 2008. Currently he is a professor in Department of

Electrical Engineering and Nano Engineering, Dong-A University,

Busan, Korea. His research interests are in the areas of molecular

electronics, organic electronic devices, ultra-thin films, OLED, nano-

biotechnology and its applications. He has edited a book titled

“Measuring Technology of Electrical Properties in Molecule Level” and

written 4 book chapters, 12 review articles, 42 patents and about 350

international journal articles. He has experience as an invited speaker

more than 12 times in international conferences and guest editors

of international journals such as “Journal of Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology”.

viii

Takhee Lee

physics at Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

in 1992 and 1994, respectively, and he received his

Ph.D. degree in physics at Purdue University, West

Lafayette,

the Department of Electrical Engineering at Yal

University, New Haven,

In 2004 he joined the Department of Materials Science and Engineering,

Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology,

currently he is an Associate Professor. His research interests are

chara

cterization of the electrical and structural properties of

nanostructures involving single molecules, nanoparticles, nanowires, and

their assembly of these nanobuilding blocks into electronic devices. He

has edited a book titled “Molecular Nanoelectronics”

(Yale University) and written

about 100

journal articles.

Preface

Takhee Lee

received his B.S. and M.S. degree

physics at Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

in 1992 and 1994, respectively, and he received his

Ph.D. degree in physics at Purdue University, West

Lafayette,

USA in 2000. He was a p

ostdoctor

the Department of Electrical Engineering at Yal

University, New Haven,

USA

from 2000 until 2004.

In 2004 he joined the Department of Materials Science and Engineering,

Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology,

wangju, Korea,

currently he is an Associate Professor. His research interests are

cterization of the electrical and structural properties of

nanostructures involving single molecules, nanoparticles, nanowires, and

their assembly of these nanobuilding blocks into electronic devices. He

has edited a book titled “Molecular Nanoelectronics”

with Mark Reed

(Yale University) and written

9 book chapters, 5

review articles, and

journal articles.

received his B.S. and M.S. degree

s in

physics at Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

in 1992 and 1994, respectively, and he received his

Ph.D. degree in physics at Purdue University, West

ostdoctor

er in

the Department of Electrical Engineering at Yal

from 2000 until 2004.

In 2004 he joined the Department of Materials Science and Engineering,

wangju, Korea,

currently he is an Associate Professor. His research interests are

cterization of the electrical and structural properties of

nanostructures involving single molecules, nanoparticles, nanowires, and

their assembly of these nanobuilding blocks into electronic devices. He

with Mark Reed

review articles, and

CONTENTS

Preface v

Mitsumasa Iwamoto, Young-Soo Kwon and Takhee Lee

Part 1: Nanoscale Interface

1. Introduction to Nanoscale Interface 3

Mitsumasa Iwamoto, Young-Soo Kwon and Takhee Lee

2. Analysis of Contact Resistance and Space-Charge Effects in

Organic Field-Effect Transistors 9

Martin Weis, Takaaki Manaka and Mitsumasa Iwamoto

3. Interface Control of Vertical-Type Organic Transistors 27

Yasuyuki Watanabe and Kazuhiro Kudo

4. Electrochemical Properties of Self-Assembled Viologen

Derivative and Its Application to Hydrogen Peroxide

Detecting Sensor 49

Dong-Yun Lee, Hyen-Wook Kang, Sang-Hyun Park and

Young-Soo Kwon

5. Zinc (II), Iridium (III) and Tin (IV) Complexes for Nanoscale

OLED Devices 69

Trinh Dac Hoanh and Burm-Jong Lee

6. Structure Optimization for High Efficiency White Organic

Light-Emitting Diodes 93

Ji Hoon Seo, Ji Hyun Seo and Young Kwan Kim