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SUMMARY
Tailings dams are built to retain impoundments of tailings, and when possible,
material extracted from the tailings themselves is used in their construction. They have
many features in common with embankment dams built to retain water reservoirs, and
in many cases are built as water retaining dams, particularly where there is a
requirement for the storage of water over the tailings, or the stored tailings have to be
protected by a covering of water to prevent aerial pollution.
While the methods used for the design and construction of embankment dams can
be applied to tailings dams, there are major differences between the two types.
Embankment dams are prestigious structures used to profitably store water, whereas
tailings dams are required for the storage of unwanted waste, desirably at minimum
cost. Embankment dams are usually built to full height during one period of
construction, having been designed and their construction supervised by competent
engineers (controlled by law in many countries). Modern tailings dams are often
designed by competent consulting engineers, but because they are built slowly in
stages over many years, and conditions may also change with time, supervision of
their construction may become faulty.
Guidelines for the design, construction and closure of safe tailings dams have been
given by many publications, including ICOLD Bulletins Nos. 45 (1982), 74 (1989), 97
(1994), 98 (1995), 101 (1995), 103 (1996), 104 (1996), 106 (1996), ANCOLD (1999).
If the recommendations given in these guidelines were to be closely followed, the risk
of a failure or dangerous occurrence with a tailings dam and impoundment would be
greatly reduced. Unfortunately the number of major incidents continues at an average
of more than one a year. During the last 6 years the rate has been two per year.
With the intention of trying to determine the causes of these incidents, 221 case
records have been collected. They are given both in brief detail and discussed in
general terms. The main causes of these reported cases of failure and incidents were
found to be lack of control of the water balance, lack of control of construction and a
general lack of understanding of the features that control safe operations. There were
one or two cases of unpredictable events and other cases caused by unexpected
climatic conditions, including earthquakes, although it can be argued that with today’s
knowledge, allowance should have been made for these events.
Water retaining dams in most countries are controlled by legislation, and in some
countries the legislation applying to embankment dams retaining water are equally
applied to tailings dams. There appears to be a requirement for a more extensive
application of legislation to the non-revenue raising activity of storing waste tailings, in
order to reduce the occurrences of tailings dam failures and unsatisfactory behaviour.
Up-to-date information can be obtained from a “Chronology of major tailings dam
failures” compiled by WISE Uranium Project that can be found on the website
http://www.antenna.nl/wise-database/uranium/mdaf.html