Holton, James R. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology
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528 index
Topographic waves, 201–204
Rossby, 217–219
Total derivative, 29–32
Total potential energy, 242–245
Tracers
chemical, 442–443
dynamical, 440–442
long-lived, 442–442
Trajectories, 68–70
Transformed Eulerian mean (TEM), 325–327,
415–419
Transport process, in stratosphere, 443–445
Transverse oscillations, 189
Trapezoidal implicit scheme, 458–459
Triangular truncation, 473
Tropical circulation
African wave disturbances, 377–379
condensation heating, 391–394
El Ni˜no and southern oscillation, 383–385
equatorial intraseasonal oscillation, 385–386
equatorial wave disturbances, 374–377
equatorial wave theory, 394–400
intertropical convergence zone, 371–374
monsoons, 313, 380–382
Walker circulation, 382–383
Tropical cyclones, 304–309
Tropical motion
scale analysis of, 387–391
steady forced equatorial, 400–403
Tropopause, 142
Troposphere, 140, 407
Truncation
error, 460–461
rhomboidal, 473
triangular, 473
Turbulence, atmospheric, 116–119
Turbulent kinetic energy, 120–122
Two-layer model
energy equations for, 245–250
normal mode baroclinic instability, 230–242
Typhoons, 304–309
V
Vacillation cycles, 356
Vapor pressure, 502
Vector analysis, 498–500
Vectors, singular, 484
Velocity
absolute, 33
dispersion and group, 186–188
friction, 129
Rossby critical, 422
Vertical coordinates
generalized, 23–24
isentropic, 109–110
isobaric, 23
log-pressure, 252
sigma, 331–332
pressure as, 21–23
Vertical coupling through potential vorticity,
162–164
Vertical motion, 75–77
ageostrophic circulation, 172–174
baroclinic waves and, 238–242
omega equation, 164–168
Q vector, 168–172
Vertically propagating waves, 421–424, 431–433
Viscosity, eddy, 125
Viscosity coefficient
dynamic, 8
kinematic, 10
Viscous force, 8–10
Von Karman’s constant, 130
Vorticity
See also under type of
absolute, 91, 92
barotropic fluids and, 106–108
curvature, 94
defined, 91
natural coordinates and, 93–94
planetary, 92, 160
potential, 95–100
relative, 91, 92, 160
shear, 94
stretching, 156, 160
Vorticity equation, 100
baroclinic (Ertel) potential, 108–111
barotropic, 108, 462–466
barotropic (Rossby) potential, 107
Cartesian coordinate form, 101–102
isentropic, 110–111
isobaric coordinates and, 103
motion equations in isentropic coordinates, 109
potential, 110
quasi-geostrophic, 151–155
quasi-geostrophic potential, 159–161
scale analysis of, 103–106
zonal mean potential, 327–329
January 24, 2004 11:49 Elsevier/AID aid
index 529
W
Walker, G. T., 382
Walker circulation, 382–383
Warm core systems, 305
Warming, sudden, 424–429
Wavebreaking, 422–424
Wave equation, 191
Wave number, 184
planetary, 185
zonal, 185
Waves
acoustic, 189–192
African wave disturbances, 377–379
baroclinic, 238–250
dispersive and group, 186–188
equatorial Kelvin, 398–400
in equatorial stratosphere, 429–435
equatorial wave disturbances, 374–377
equatorial wave theory, 394–400
gravity, inertia, 206–208
gravity, internal, 196–208
gravity, shallow water, 192–195
Kelvin, 398–400, 431, 433–435
Lamb, 451
longitudinal, 189–192
mountain, 284–289
mountain lee, 196, 285–286
properties of, 183–188
Rossby, 213–219, 343–346, 421–424
Rossby-gravity waves, 395–398, 431–435
Rossby-Haurwitz waves, 467–468
solitary, 349
sound, 189–192
stationary, 343–346
topographic, 201–204
types of, 188–195
Wave speed
internal gravity, 200
Rossby, 216
shallow water, 195
two-layer, 235
Weather Prediction by Numerical Process
(Richardson), 449
Wind
ageostrophic, 75
cyclostrophic, 63–65
geostrophic, 40, 148
gradient approximation, 65–68
irrotational, 389
isallobaric, 173
mean zonal, 316
nondivergent, 389
thermal, 70–75, 357
Wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE),
309
Wind profile, logarithmic, 130
Windstorms
downslope, 286–289
hurricanes, 304–309
Z
Zonal force, 415
Zonally averaged circulation, 316–329
Zonal mean angular momentum, 333–336
Zonal-mean circulation of middle atmosphere,
411–421
Zonal mean flow, 314
Zonal mean potential vorticity equation, 327–329
Zonal mean transport, 419–421
zonal wave number, 185
January 24, 2004 11:49 Elsevier/AID aid
January 27, 2004 17:27 Elsevier/AID aid
International Geophysics Series
EDITED BY
RENATA DMOWSKA
Division of Applied Science
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts
JAMES R. HOLTON
Department of Atmospheric Sciences
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
H. THOMAS ROSSBY
Graduate School of Oceanography
University of Rhode Island
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Volume 1 Beno Gutenberg. Physics of the Earth’s Interior. 1959
∗
Volume 2 Joseph W. Chamberlain. Physics of the Aurora and Airglow. 1961*
Volume 3 S. K. Runcorn (ed.). Continental Drift. 1962*
Volume 4 C. E. Junge. Air Chemistry and Radioactivity. 1963*
Volume 5 Robert G. Fleagle and Joost A. Businger. An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics.
1963*
Volume 6 L. Defour and R. Defay. Thermodynamics of Clouds. 1963*
Volume 7 H. U. Roll. Physics of the Marine Atmosphere. 1965*
Volume 8 Richard A. Craig. The Upper Atmosphere: Meteorology and Physics. 1965*
Volume 9 Willis L. Webb. Structure of the Stratosphere and Mesophere. 1966*
∗
Out of print
531
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532 international geophysics series
Volume 10 Michele Caputo. The Gravity Field of the Earth from Classical and Modern Methods.
1967*
Volume 11 S. Matsushita and Wallace H. Campbell (eds.). Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena
(in two volumes). 1967*
Volume 12 K. Ya Kondratyev. Radiation in the Atmosphere. 1969*
Volume 13 E. Palmån and C. W. Newton. Atmospheric Circulation Systems: Their Structure and
Physical Interpretation. 1969*
Volume 14 Henry Rishbeth and Owen K. Garriott. Introduction to Ionospheric Physics. 1969*
Volume 15 C. S. Ramage. Monsoon Meteorology. 1971*
Volume 16 James R. Holton. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology. 1972*
Volume 17 K. C. Yeh and C. H. Liu. Theory of Ionospheric Waves. 1972*
Volume 18 M. I. Budyko. Climate and Life. 1974*
Volume 19 Melvin E. Stern. Ocean Circulation Physics. 1975
Volume 20 J. A. Jacobs. The Earth’s Core. 1975*
Volume 21 David H. Miller. Water at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to Ecosystem Hydro-
dynamics. 1977
Volume 22 Joseph W. Chamberlain. Theory of Planetary Atmospheres: An Introduction to Their
Physics and Chemistry. 1978*
Volume 23 James R. Holton. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Second Edition. 1979*
Volume 24 Arnett S. Dennis. Weather Modification by Cloud Seeding. 1980*
Volume 25 Robert G. Fleagle and Joost A. Businger. An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics,
Second Edition. 1980*
Volume 26 Kuo-Nan Liou. An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation. 1980*
Volume 27 David H. Miller. Energy at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to the Energetics of
Ecosystems. 1981
Volume 28 Helmut G. Landsberg. The Urban Climate. 1991
Volume 29 M. I. Budkyo. The Earth’s Climate: Past and Future. 1982*
Volume 30 Adrian E. Gill. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. 1982
Volume 31 Paolo Lanzano. Deformations of an Elastic Earth. 1982*
Volume 32 Ronald T. Merrill and Michael W. McElhinny. The Earth’s Magnetic Field: Its
History, Origin, and Planetary Perspective. 1983*
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Volume 33 John S. Lewis and Ronald G. Prinn. Planets and Their Atmospheres: Origin and
Evolution. 1983
Volume 34 Rolf Meissner. The Continental Crust: A Geophysical Approach. 1986
Volume 35 M. U. Sagitov, B. Bodki, V. S. Nazarenko, and Kh. G. Tadzhidinov.Lunar Gravimetry.
1986
Volume 36 Joseph W. Chamberlain and Donald M. Hunten. Theory of Planetary Atmospheres,
Second Edition. 1987
Volume 37 J. A. Jacobs. The Earth’s Core, Second Edition. 1987*
Volume 38 J. R. Apel. Principles of Ocean Physics. 1987
Volume 39 Martin A. Uman. The Lightning Discharge. 1987*
Volume 40 David G. Andrews, James R. Holton, and Conway B. Leovy. Middle Atmosphere
Dynamics. 1987
Volume 41 Peter Warneck. Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere. 1988*
Volume 42 S. Pal Arya. Introduction to Micrometeorology. 1988*
Volume 43 Michael C. Kelley. The Earth’s Ionosphere. 1989*
Volume 44 William R. Cotton and Richard A. Anthes. Storm and Cloud Dynamics. 1989
Volume 45 William Menke. Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory, Revised Edition.
1989
Volume 46 S. George Philander. El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. 1990
Volume 47 Robert A. Brown. Fluid Mechanics of the Atmosphere. 1991
Volume 48 James R. Holton. An Introduction to Dynamic Meterology, Third Edition. 1992
Volume 49 Alexander A: Kaufman. Geophysical Field Theory and Method.
Part A: Gravitational, Electric, and Magnetic Fields. 1992*
Part B: Electromagnetic Fields I. 1994*
Part C: Electromagnetic Fields II. 1994*
Volume 50 Samuel S. Butcher, Gordon H. Orians, Robert J. Charlson, and Gordon V. Wolfe.
Global Biogeochemical Cycle. 1992
Volume 51 Braian Evans and Teng-Fong Wong. Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of
Rocks. 1992
Volume 52 Robert E. Huffman. Atmospheric Ultraviolet Remote Sensing. 1992
Volume 53 Robert A. Houze, Jr. Cloud Dynamics. 1993
Volume 54 Peter V. Hobbs. Aerosol-Cloud-Climate Interactions. 1993
Volume 55 S. J. Gibowicz and A. Kijko. An Introduction to Mining Seismology. 1993
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Volume 56 Dennis L. Hartmann. Global Physical Climatology. 1994
Volume 57 Michael P. Ryan. Magmatic Systems. 1994
Volume 58 Thorne Lay and Terry C. Wallace. Modern Global Seismology. 1995
Volume 59 Daniel S. Wilks. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences. 1995
Volume 60 Frederik Nebeker. Calculating the Weather. 1995
Volume 61 Murry L. Salby. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Physics. 1996
Volume 62 James P. McCalpin. Paleoseismology. 1996
Volume 63 Ronald T. Merrill, Michael W. McElhinny, and Phillip L. McFadden. The Mag-
netic Field of the Earth: Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle. 1996
Volume 64 Neil D. Opdyke and James E. T. Channell. Magnetic Stratigraphy. 1996
Volume 65 Judith A. Curry and Peter J. Webster. Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans.
1998
Volume 66 Lakshmi H. Kantha and Carol Anne Clayson. Numerical Models of Oceans and
Oceanic Processes. 2000
Volume 67 Lakshmi H. Kantha and Carol Anne Clayson. Small Scale Processes in Geophysical
Fluid Flows. 2000
Volume 68 Raymond S. Bradley. Paleoclimatology, Second Edition. 1999
Volume 69 Lee-Lueng Fu andAnny Cazanave. SatelliteAltimetry and Earth Sciences:A Handbook
of Techniques and Applications. 2000
Volume 70 David A. Randall. General Circulation Model Development: Past, Present, and Future.
2000
Volume 71 Peter Warneck. Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere, Second Edition. 2000
Volume 72 Michael C. Jacobson, Robert J. Charlson, Henning Rodhe, and Gordon H. Orians.
Earth System Science: From Biogeochemical Cycles to Global Change. 2000
Volume 73 Michael W. McElhinny and Phillip L. McFadden. Paleomagnetism: Continents and
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Volume 74 Andrew E. Dessler. The Chemistry and Physics of Stratospheric Ozone. 2000
Volume 75 Bruce Douglas, Michael Kearney, and Stephen Leatherman. Sea Level Rise: His-
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Volume 76 Roman Teisseyre and Eugenisz Majewski. Earthquake Thermodynamics and Phase
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Volume 77 Gerold Siedler, John Church, and John Gould. Ocean Circulation and Climate:
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Volume 78 Roger A. Pielke Sr. Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling, Second Edition. 2001
Volume 79 S. Pal Arya. Introduction to Micrometeorology. 2001
Volume 80 Barry Saltzman. Dynamical Paleoclimatology: Generalized Theory of Global Climate
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Volume 81A William H. K. Lee, Hiroo Kanamori, Paul Jennings, and Carl Kisslinger. Internal-
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Volume 86 Michael E. Evans and Friedrich Heller. Environmental Magnetism: Principles and
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Volume 87 John S. Lewis. Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System, Second Edition. 2003
Volume 88 James R. Holton. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Fourth Edition. 2004
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