Hofmann-Wellenhof B., Moritz H. Physical Geodesy
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earth's surface
local horizon
parallel to geoid
geoid
parallel to
equatorial plane
plumb line
x (north)
±'
P
P
0
ground
F
geoid
F
±'
dH
dn
d(OC)
earth's surface
local horizon
geoid
h
P
P
0
ds
dN
dN
dN'
dH
dn
ellipsoid
ellipsoidal
normal
plumb
line
geoid
normal
WW=
P
WW=
0
geoid
mean earth ellipsoid
best-fitting ellipsoid
for region AB
A
B
