Harris C.M., Piersol A.G. Harris Shock and vibration handbook
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27. Phen, R. L., M. W. Dowdy, D. H. Ebbeler, E.-H. Kim, N. R. Moore, and T. R. VanZandt:
“Advanced Air Bag Technology Assessment—Final Report,” JPL Publications 98-3, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., 1998.
28. Hearon, B. F., and J. W. Brinkley: “Effects of Seat Cushions on Human Response to +G
z
Impact,” Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 57:113 (1986).
29. “Impact Injury Caused by Linear Acceleration: Mechanisms, Prevention and Cost,”
AGARD-CP-322, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Neuilly Sur Seine, France, 1982.
30. “Specifications for Protective Headgear for Vehicular Users,” ANSI Z90.1, American
National Standards Institute, New York, 1992.
TOLERANCE CRITERIA
31. “Mechanical Vibration and Shock—Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole Body
Vibration—Part 1: General Requirements,” ISO 2631-1, International Organization for
Standardization, Geneva, 1997 (2d ed.).
32. “Mechanical Vibration and Shock—Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole Body
Vibration—Part 4: Guidelines for the Evaluation of the Effects of Vibration and Rota-
tional Motion on Passenger and Crew Comfort in Fixed Guideway Transport Systems,”
ISO 2631-4, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2001.
33. “Evaluation of Human Exposure to Whole-Body Vibration and Shock—Part 2: Continu-
ous and Shock-Induced Vibrations in Buildings (1 to 80 Hz),” ISO 2631-2, International
Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1989.
34. “Guide to the Evaluation of the Response of Occupants of Fixed Structures, Especially
Buildings and Off-Shore Structures to Low Frequency Horizontal Motion (0.063 to 1 Hz),”
ISO 6987, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1984.
35. “Mechanical Vibration—Measurement and Evaluation of Human Exposure to Hand-
Transmitted Vibration—Part 1: General Guidelines,” ISO 5349-1, International Organiza-
tion for Standardization, Geneva, 2001.
36. Eiband, A. M.: “Human Tolerance to Rapidly Applied Accelerations: A Summary of the
Literature,” NASA Memo 5-19-59E, National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Washington, D.C., 1959.
37. Allen, G.: “The Use of a Spinal Analogue to Compare Human Tolerance to Repeated
Shocks with Tolerance to Vibration,” in AGARD-CP-253: “Models and Analogues for the
Evaluation of Human Biodynamic Response, Performance and Protection,” North
Atlantic Treaty Organization, Neuilly Sur Seine, France, 1978.
38. “Models for Aircrew Safety Assessment: Uses, Limitations and Requirements,” RTO-MP-20,
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Neuilly Sur Seine, France, 1999.
39. “Human Tolerance to Impact Conditions as Related to Motor Vehicle Design,” SAE J885,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1986.
42.62 CHAPTER FORTY-TWO
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Index terms
Links
absolute measurements 18.3
absolute transmissibility 30.1 30.6 30.11
accelerated test 20.15
acceleration:
definition of 1.16
transducers for measuring 12.4
vibration 1.26
acceleration pulse 31.16
acceleration response 2.10
acceleration time-histories:
complex 23.7 23.9 24.3
decaying sinusoidal 23.7 23.9
equivalent static 23.12
half-sine 23.5 23.7
impulse 23.6 23.7
peak 23.22
step 23.7 23.18
acceleration transmissibility 30.15
accelerometers 16.4
amplitude linearity of 12.11
characteristics of 12.10
cross-axis sensitivity of 12.11
definition of 1.1
effects of environment on 12.14
effects of humidity on 12.14
effects of noise on 12.14
effects of size on 12.15
effects of weight on 12.15
force-balance type 12.37
frequency range of 12.12
high-frequency limit of 12.13
low-frequency limit of 12.12
operating range of 12.12
phase shift in 12.13
piezoelectricity (see piezoelectric
accelerometers)
preamplifiers for 13.1
reliability of 12.22
resolution of 12.10
sensitivity of 12.10 13.2
servo-type 12.37
survivability of 12.9
transverse sensitivity of 12.11
variable-capacitance 12.38
zero shift in 12.9
(See also piezoelectric transducers)
acceptance test 20.5
Index terms
Links
acronyms 1.5
activated vibration absorbers 6.38
active environment 32.5
active fraction of critical 32.20
damping
active vibration isolation systems 32.16
actuator (see vibration exciter)
A/D conversion (see
analog-to-digital conversion)
A/D recorders 13.13
Admittance; mechanical 12.30
(See also mechanical mobility)
aerodynamic excitation 29.21 29.54
air guns 26.7
air springs 32.13
aliasing 14.13 22.16 27.7
almost-periodic vibrations 22.5
ambient vibration; definition of 1.16
American National Standards 19.1
Institute
American Petroleum Institute 38.23
American Society for Testing 19.1
and Materials
amplification ratio 12.21
amplitude 1.7
amplitude demodulation 14.38
analog 1.16
analog recorders 13.11
analog-to-digital converters 13.13 22.16
27.6
analogy, definition of 1.12
analysis, matrix methods 27.11 28.1
analysis, transient 23.1
by finite element method 28.39
by statistical energy analysis 11.31
analytical modeling procedures:
classical 20.7 29.56
finite element method 28.29 41.18
statistical energy analysis 11.18
analytical tests 20.4
ANCI 19.1
angular frequency 1.7 1.17 2.3
angular mechanical impedance 1.16
anti-aliasing filters 13.14 14.33
antinode 1.16
antiresonance 1.16
aperiodic motion 1.16
Index terms
Links
apparent mass 12.30
applied damping treatments 37.1
ASTM
19.1
asymmetric stiffness 4.5 4.9
asynchronous averaging 21.32
asynchronous excitation 4.18
asynchronous quenching 4.18
audio frequency 1.16
autocorrelation 11.7 22.6
autocorrelation coefficient 1.16
autocorrelation function 1.16
automobile vibration 20.15 25.21
autonomous system 4.25
autospectral density 1.17 11.8 22.7
auxiliary mass dampers 1.17 6.1 6.9 6.41 40.19
auxiliary mass systems 6.1 6.2 6.4
auxiliary tanks to reduce 6.25
ship roll
average damping energy 36.6
average value 22.3 22.17 22.21
averaging; signal 13.7
averaging time 14.8 22.17
optimum 22.26
axial loads 7.21
background noise 1.17
balance, perfect 39.2
balancing:
criteria for 39.30
definition of 1.17
in the field 39.2
flexible-rotor 39.4
rigid-rotor 39.2
of rotating machinery 39.1
of rotating parts 39.26
single-plane 39.3
terminology used in 39.34
balancing machines 39.12
ball joint 3.23
centrifugal 39.15
evaluation of 39.15
field 39.27
gravity 39.13
standards for 39.25
ballistic pendulum calibrator 18.18
ball-passing frequency 16.21
bandpass filter 1.17 14.1 22.7
bandwidth 2.18
Index terms
Links
effective 1.19
half-power 36.5 37.12
nominal 1.22
optimum resolution 22.22 22.27
beams 7.4
axial loads on 7.21
clamped 7.15
lateral vibration in 7.11 7.21
partly clamped 7.23
simply supported 7.47
uniform 7.17 7.23
variable-section 7.21
bearings 11.26 40.5
beat frequency 1.17
beats 1.17
Belleville springs 32.11
belt drives 40.4
belt friction system 4.3
biaxial stiffness isolator 30.31
Bibby coupling 6.31
bistable vibration 5.20
blast, effects on humans 42.23
body:
crash protection 42.31 42.34
effects of blast and shock waves on 42.23
effects of blows, impacts, and rapid
deceleration on 42.26
effects of crash on 42.51 42.57
effects of deceleration 42.26
exposure to the
effects of mechanical shock on 42.26
effects of repeated shocks to the 42.57
effects of vibration on 42.21
mechanical studies of 42.6
physical characteristics of 42.7
protection against shock 42.31 42.57
and vibration
protection against shock waves 42.45
skull vibrations 42.17
vibrations transmitted 42.15 42.49
from the hand
body-induced vibration 3.42
Bogoliuboff’s method 4.26
bolted joints 41.13
bolts 11.26 41.13
bonded strain gage 17.1
boring bars 6.40
bandwidth
Index terms
Links
Bourdon tube 17.10
boundary element method 27.12
branched systems 38.8
“break-loose” frequency ratio 30.9
broadband random vibration 1.17
buckling loading of isolators 32.7
buffeting 29.23
building vibration; 42.46
acceptability criteria
Buna N 32.2
cables 15.18
noise generation in 15.19
calibration:
comparison method of 18.4
field techniques for 15.13
random excitation method of 18.5
shields; use of 15.19
standards 19.2
transducer (see transducer
calibration)
transverse sensitivity 18.24
voltage substitution method of 15.16 15.16
calibration factor 18.1
calibration traceability 18.2
calibrator:
ballistic pendulum 18.18
centrifuge 18.9
drop-ball 18.19
earth’s gravitational field 18.8
Fourier-transform shock 18.22
high-acceleration 18.15
impact-force shock 18.20
interferometer 18.10
pendulum 18.8
reciprocity 18.5
resonant-bar 18.15
resonant-beam 18.25
rotating table 18.9
shock excitation 18.16
sinusoidal excitation 18.15
(See also calibration)
Campbell diagram 14.28
cantilever beam method 36.5
capacitance-type transducers 12.38
cascade plot 14.28 22.26
causal signal 14.37
cement 15.9
Index terms
Links
cement mounting 15.9
CEN 19.1
CENELEC 19.1
center-of-gravity 1.17 3.14
center-of-mass 1.17 3.14
central limit theorem 11.6
centrifugal balancing machines 39.15
classification of 39.22
centrifuge 26.14
centrifuge calibrator 18.9
cepstrum 14.34
cepstrum analysis 14.34 16.21
ceramic matrix composites 35.2
ceramic transducers
(see piezoelectric accelerometers)
chain drives 40.5
chaotic dynamics 4.22
characteristic space 21.43
charge preamplifiers 13.1
charge sensitivity 12.21
chatter 5.19 6.39
machine-tool 40.8
circuit boards 41.13
circular frequency 1.17
circular rings 7.41
clamped beams 7.15
classical normal mode analysis 29.56
classification of vibrations 22.1 41.3
coefficient condensation 21.53
coefficient of restitution 9.1
coefficient transformation 30.34
coherence function 21.25 22.9
coil springs 32.9
comparison method of 18.4
calibration
complex angular frequency 1.17
complex cepstrum 14.34 14.37
complex function 1.17
complex shock 23.9 26.10 26.15
complex vibration 1.17 22.5
compliance 1.17 10.3
component mode synthesis 27.11
composite materials 35.1
damping 35.26
design 35.2 35.14
failure criteria 35.9
Index terms
Links
composite materials (Cont.)
fatigue performance 35.15
properties 35.6
types of 35.1
wearout model 35.24
compound pendulum 2.31
compression-type 12.18
accelerometers
compressional wave 1.17
compressors 19.4
computer programs 24.16 27.1 28.1 28.29
computers 27.1
analytical applications of 27.10
experimental applications of 27.14
types of 27.2
condition monitoring of 16.1
machinery
computers in 16.24
intermittent 16.2
off-line 16.2
on-line 16.2
permanent 16.2
relation to spectrum changes in 16.6
conditioners, signal 13.3
confidence coefficient 20.9
conjugate even 14.13
conservation of linear momentum 9.2
constantan 17.4
constant-bandwidth analysis 14.9
constant-percentage bandwidth analysis 14.9 22.22
continuous fiber composites 35.2
constrained-layer damping 11.26 37.8
continuous system 1.17
control systems:
mixed mode 25.20 27.27
random vibration 27.23
sine-wave 27.25
transient/shock 27.26
wave-form 27.27
coordinate modal assurance 21.70
criterion
coordinate system 3.1
correlation coefficient 1.17
correlation function 1.17 11.7 22.6
Coulomb dampers 30.4 30.7 30.12
Coulomb damping 1.17 4.33 6.17 8.54
Coulomb friction 36.2
Index terms
Links
coupled modes 1.17 30.24
coupling factor, electromechanical 1.18
coupling loss factor 11.21 11.26 11.28
couplings, elastic 38.7
crack propagation 11.16 34.16
Craig-Bampton reduction 28.47
crankshaft 38.5
crash protection for humans 42.34
crest factor 1.18 13.8
critical damping, fraction of 1.19 2.5
critical damping coefficient 24.2
critical damping ratio 11.10
critical speeds 1.18 38.14 38.25 39.4
critical strain velocity 34.7
cross-axis (transverse) sensitivity 12.11 18.24
cross-correlation function 11.8 14.39
cross-spectral density function 21.23 22.8
computation of 22.23
cross talk 15.16
crystal transducer
(see piezoelectric transducer)
cumulative damage 11.15 34.18
cumulative distribution function 11.4
cycle 1.18
cycle counting 34.18
cyclic averaging 21.33
D/A conversion (see
digital-to-analog conversion)
D’Alembert’s principle 7.45
Damage, cumulative 11.15 34.18
damage potential of dynamic load 26.2 41.20
damage rules, in metals 34.18
damped natural frequency 1.18
damped systems 2.27
damper 1.18 2.2 10.2
applied to rotating systems 38.28
auxiliary mass 6.1 6.9 6.29 40.19
Coulomb 30.4 30.12
linear 30.2
pendulum 38.31
damper-controlled system 2.10
damping:
by bolts, rivets, and bearings 11.26 41.12
caused by sliding 36.25
of composite materials 35.26
constrained-layer 11.26 37.8
criteria, test 20.1
Index terms
Links
damping (Cont.)
Coulomb 4.33 30.7 30.12
critical 1.18 2.5
definition of 1.18
free-layer 11.26 37.6
linear velocity 4.33
in machine tools 40.18
mass 2.27
materials 36.1 37.3
measuring properties of 36.3
mechanical 36.2
mechanisms of 21.14 37.2
nonlinear 1.22
nonproportional 21.14
optimum 30.10
proportional 21.14
slip 36.1 36.25
structural 2.18
tuned 37.11
uniform mass 2.29
uniform structural 2.29
velocity-squared 4.33
in vibration isolators 32.16
viscoelastic 36.16 36.19 37.2
viscous 2.5 4.3 8.50 30.2 30.6
in welded joints 11.26 41.12
damping characteristics of 32.7
isolators
damping coefficient 2.2 2.5
(See also fraction of
critical damping)
damping constant 10.2
damping energy 36.6
damping loss factor 11.21 11.25 29.61
damping materials:
constrained layer 37.8
free-layer 37.5
hysteretic 36.18
tapes 37.10
types of 37.3
damping measurements 37.18
damping measures, 37.11
comparison of
damping properties of materials 36.17
damping ratio 37.14
(See also fraction of
critical damping)