Hardt Michael, Negri Antonio. Empire

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INDEX

administration: modern, 88–89, 99; 364–365; command over, 60, 314,

344–346, 392imperial, 339–343

affect. See labor, affective black nationalism, 107–109

Bodin, Jean, 84, 97–99Agamben, Giorgio, 366

Ahmed, Akbar, 149 Bovillus, 72

Braudel, Fernand, 225, 236AIDS pandemic, 136

Althusser, Louis, 63–64, 91 Bretton Woods accords, 244, 264–266

Bruno, Giordano, 77American Revolution, 160–164, 381

Amin, Samir, 76–77, 334 Burke, Edmund, 104–105

Bush, George, 180anarchists, 350

Anderson, Benedict, 95, 107

Caliban, 81–82

anthropology, 125–126, 187

Castells, Manuel, and Yuko Aoyama,

antihumanism, 91–92

286

apartheid, 125, 190–191, 194

line, Louis-Ferdinand, 134–136

Appadurai, Arjun, 151

saire, Aime

, 117, 130

Appiah, Anthony, 138

Chaplin, Charlie, 159

architecture, 188, 190, 337

Chatterjee, Partha, 133–134

Arendt, Hannah, 163–164, 381, 387

Chiapas uprising, 54–56

Aristotle, 201, 356, 401

Christianity, 21, 36, 373

Arrighi, Giovanni, 238–239

citizenship, global, 361, 400, 403

asystemic movements, 60

civil society, 25, 328–329; global, 7,

Auerbach, Erich, 46

311

Augustine of Hippo, 207, 390, 393

Coetzee, J. M., 203–204

autonomists, 214

cold war, 178–182

autonomy of the political, 307

colonialism, 70, 76–77, 114–129,

axiomatic of capital, 326–327

199–200, 305–306; struggles against,

42–43, 106, 130–134; and theBacon, Francis, 72

Balibar, E

tienne, 192 United States, 170–171. See also

decolonizationBandung Conference, 107, 250

barbarians, 213–218 communication, 29, 32–35, 395, 404;

among struggles, 54–59; inBauer, Otto, 111

being-against, 210–214, 361 production, 289–298, 364–365

communications industries, 33, 346–347Benjamin, Walter, 215, 377

Bhabha, Homi, 143–145 communism, 63, 237, 294, 350, 413

biopower, 23–27, 89, 389, 405–406; as community, 45, 145, 358; and the

agent of production, 29, 30, 32, nation, 95, 97, 106–108, 113

474 INDEX

Conrad, Joseph, 135 Dirlik, Arif, 86, 138

disciplinary government, 242–243,constituent power, 47, 59, 63,

184–185, 358, 406, 410; in the U.S. 247–248, 250–254

disciplinary society, 22–24, 88–89,Constitution, 162, 165

cooperation, 294–296, 366–367, 329–332

discipline, 97, 158–159, 453n7; refusal395–396, 401–402, 410–411;

abstract, 296 of, 260–262, 273–279

dispositif, 23, 63, 329–330corporate culture, 153

corporations, transnational, 31, 304–309 Duns Scotus, 71

Dutch East India Company, 305corruption, 20–21, 201–203, 389–392;

cycle of, 163, 166

East India Company, 305–306

courts, international and supra-

Empire, deﬁnition of concept, xiv–xv

national, 38

English Revolution, 162

Cowhey, Peter, 298

Eurocentrism, 70, 76–77, 86, 120

crisis, 385–387; of institutions,

event, 26, 28, 41, 49, 61, 411. See also

196–197; of Europe, 374–380. See

singularity

also modernity, as crisis

exception, state of, 16–17, 26, 39

cyberpunk, 216

exodus, 76, 212–214, 364, 367;

cycles of struggles, 50–52, 54, 261

anthropological, 215–217

Dante Alighieri, 71, 73

expansive tendency: of Empire,

Davis, Mike, 337

166–169; of capital, 222–228

Debord, Guy, 188–189, 321–323

exploitation, 43, 53, 208–210, 385

decentralization of production,

245–246, 294–297

Falk, Richard, 36

Declaration of Indepencence, 165, 169,

family, 148, 197

171

Fanon, Franz, 124–125, 129, 131–132

decline and fall of Empire, 20–21,

fear, 323, 339, 388

371–374

Federalist, 161

decolonization, 245–246

feminist movements, 274

deconstruction, 47–48

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 105

Deleuze, Gilles, and Fe

lix Guattari, 25,

Fordism, 240, 242, 247–248, 256, 409;

28, 193–194, 206–207, 210, 302,

decline of, 267–268; versus Toyota

326

model, 289–290

delinking, 206, 283–284

Foucault, Michel, 13, 22–25, 28,

Descartes, Rene

, 79–80, 390

88–89, 327–330; and humanism,

desertion, 212–214

91–92; on the Enlightenment,

De Sica, Vittorio, 158

183–184

deterritorialization, xii, 45, 52, 61, 124;

Francis of Assisi, 413

of production, 294–297; operated by

Frankfurt School, 25, 143

capital, 206, 326, 346–347. See also

French Revolution, 101–102, 104, 113,

lines of ﬂight

117–118, 381

development theories, 282–284. See also

Fukuyama, Francis, 189

underdevelopment theories

fundamentalism, 146–150, 312, 399

diagram, 329–330

dialectics, 51–52, 187–188; of identity, Galileo Galilei, 72–73

103, 115, 127–132; critique of, 140, Gates, Bill, 296

144–145, 359, 378–379 general intellect, 29, 364

INDEX 475

general will, 85, 88, 96 United States, 172, 177–179; Marxist

critiques of, 221–234, 270–272, 332Genet, Jean, 109

Gibbon, Edward, 20–21, 371–372 industrial reserve army, 447n7

Industrial Workers of the World,Gilroy, Paul, 128

Gingrich, Newt, 348 207–208, 214, 412

information infrastructure, 298–300globalization, 3, 8–9, 32, 55, 136, 348,

362; from below, xv, 43–45, 52, 59 internationalism, 45–46, 49–50, 145

international relations, as academicgovernmentality, 88, 327–328

Gramsci, Antonio, 233, 383 discipline, 141–142

Internet, 299guaranteed income, 403

Guilbaut, Serge, 382–383 intervention and sovereignty, 18, 35–38

Intifada, 54–56. See also Palestinians

Italian economy, 288–289

Habermas, Ju

rgen, 33–34, 404

Haitian revolution, 123, 128. See also

Jackson, Andrew, 168–169

L’Ouverture, Toussaint

Jameson, Fredric, 154, 187, 272, 323

Harraway, Donna, 91, 218

Jefferson, Thomas, 168–169, 182, 381

Harvey, David, 154

justice, 18–19, 82, 356

Hegel, G. W. F., 42, 129, 328, 340,

just war, 12, 36–37

375; on modern sovereignty, 81–84,

86–88, 90

Kant, Immanuel, 80–81, 183

Heidegger, Martin, 378

Kautsky, Karl, 229–231

Herder, J. G., 100–101

Kelsen, Hans, 5–6, 8, 15

Hilferding, Rudolf, 226, 229–230

Keynes, John Maynard, 243

historia rerum gestarum. See res gestae

Keynesianism, 242

historicism, 99–100

history: end of, 64, 189, 367–368;

La Boe

tie, E

tienne de, 204

suspension of, 11

labor, 358; immaterial, 29, 53,

history, as academic discipline, 126

290–294; abstract, 292; affective,

Hobbes, Thomas, 7–8, 83–85, 87, 323,

292–293, 364–365

388; on the people, 102–103

Las Casas, Bartolome

de, 116

Hobson, John, 232

League of Nations, 175

homohomo, 72, 81, 204, 216

legitimation, 33–35, 38, 41, 89–90

homo tantum, 203–204

Lenin, V. I., 229–234

humanism, 77–78, 91–92, 285. See also

Levy, Pierre, 289

Renaissance humanism

liberal politics, 188–189

human rights, 107, 313

Lincoln, Abraham, 172

hybridity, 142–146, 216; management

lines of ﬂight, 48, 123–124

of, 172; and constitution, 316–319

local versus global, 44–46, 362

Locke, John, 7–8

ideology, 404

Los Angeles rebellion, 54–56

immanence, 64, 77, 91–92, 157, 377,

L’Ouverture, Toussaint, 116–118

402; discovery of, 70–74; of modern

love, 78, 186, 413

power, 82; of imperial power, 161,

Lubiano, Wahneema, 108

164, 373–374; of capital, 326–329

Luhmann, Niklas, 13, 15

imperialism, 31, 265, 332; in contrast to

Luxemburg, Rosa: on nationalism,

Empire, xii–xiii, 9, 166–167, 374;

96–97; critique of imperialism, 224,

struggles against, 42–43, 58; and the 228, 233–234, 270, 333

476 INDEX

Machiavelli, Niccolo

, 63–65, 90, 156, 79, 82, 87, 97; in contrast to the

people, 103, 113, 194–195, 316, 344;

234, 308, 388; on ancient Rome, 15,

powers of, 209–218, 357–363;

162–163, 166, 372–374; on

imperial corruption of, 391–392;

constituent power, 184–185

rights of, 396–407

Machiavellianism, 162–163

Musil, Robert, 69–70, 284–285, 289

maﬁa, 37, 342

Malcolm X, 107–108, 132

naked life, 204, 366

management and organization theory,

nation, modern concept of, 93–105

152–153

nationalism, struggles against, 42–43.

manifesto, 63–66

See also black nationalism; subaltern

market, 86. See also world market

nationalism

marketing, 151–152

nationalist socialism, 111–113

Marsilius of Padua, 73

national liberation struggles. See

Marx, Karl, 43, 57, 62, 185, 206,

colonialism, struggles against

349–350, 363, 367; on British

nation-state, xi–xii, 43, 109–110, 236,

colonialism, 118–120; on the United

335–336

States, 168–169; on capitalist

nation-states, system of, 40, 310–311

expansion, 221–224; the missing

Native Americans, 169–171

volumes of Capital, 234–237; on

natural right theories, 99

capitalist crisis, 261, 266–267; theory

gritude, 130–131

of value, 355. See also general

network power, 161–163

intellect; subsumption, formal and

network production, 294–297

real; Vogelfrei

New Deal, 51, 176, 180, 381; on global

Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels,

level, 241–244, 265

63–65, 226, 304

New Left, 179

mass intellectuality, 29, 410

new social movements, 275

measure of value, 86, 354–359, 392

Nicholas of Cusa, 71–72

media, the, 311–312, 322–323

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 90, 213, 359, 375, 378

Melville, Herman, 203–204

Nixon, Richard, 266

militant, the, 411–413

nomadism, 76, 212–214, 362–364

miscegenation, 362–364

non-governmental organizations

mobility of populations, 213, 253, 275,

(NGOs), 35–37, 312–314

344: and suffering, 154–155; right to,

non-place of power, 188, 190, 203,

396–400

210, 319, 353, 384; and construction

modernity, 46–47, 69–74; as crisis,

of a new place, 216–217, 357

74–78, 90, 109; postmodernist

non-work, 273

critique of, 140–143, 155

nuclear weapons, 345–347

modernization, 249–251, 280–281,

284–286

omni-crisis, 189, 197, 201

money, 346–347

ontology, 47–48, 62, 206, 354–364;

Monroe Doctrine, 177–178

absence of, 202, 391

Montesquieu, 20–21, 371–372

outside versus inside, 45, 183–190,

More, Thomas, 73

353–354, 444n5; of capitalist

Morris, William, 50

development, 221–228, 233–234,

Moulier Boutang, Yann, 123–124

257–258

multitude, 60–66, 73–74, 90, 161, 164,

overproduction and underconsumption,

353; negated by modern sovereignty, 222–225, 449n3

INDEX 477

Palestinians, 109 reproduction, social, 28, 64, 85,

273–274, 385, 465n17. See alsoparasitical nature of Empire, 359–361

Pascal, Blaise, 79–80 biopower

republicanism, 184, 208–218peace, 19, 75, 83, 94, 181, 189; as

virtue of Empire, 10–11, 14, 60, res gestae, 47–48, 52, 61, 63, 368–369

rhizome, 299, 397167, 353

people, the, 102–105, 194–195, Rhodes, Cecil, 228, 232

right and law, 17; international, 4,311–314, 316; decline of, 344, 411

Persian Gulf War, 12, 13, 180, 309 9–10, 14, 33, 38; supranational,

9–10, 16, 17; imperial, 21, 62philosophy, 48–49

Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 72 rights. See multitude, rights of

Roman Empire, 10, 20–21, 163, 166,place-based movements, 44

Pocock, J. G. A., 162 298, 314–315, 371–373

Roman Republic, 162–163police, 12, 17–18, 20, 26, 87; and

imperial intervention, 37–39, 189 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 242, 348

Roosevelt, Theodore, 174–175, 177,political theory, 63, 388

Polybius, 163, 166, 314–316, 371 242

Rosenzweig, Franz, 377posse, 407–411

postcolonialist theories, 137–139, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 85, 87, 303

royal prerogatives of sovereignty,143–146

post-Fordism, 55, 409–410 38–39, 343, 360

posthuman, 215

Said, Edward, 125, 146

postmodernist theories, 137–143

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 129–131

postmodernity, 64–65, 187, 237

Schmitt, Carl, 16, 377–378, 463n6

postmodernization, 272, 280–282,

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 81–82

285–289

secularism, 71–73, 91, 161

poverty, 156–159

segmentations, social, 336–339

Prakash, Gyan, 146

service economies, 286–287, 293

primitive accumulation, 94, 96,

Sieye

s, Emmanuel-Joseph, 101, 104,

256–259, 300, 326

113

progressivism, 174–176

singularity, 57, 61, 73, 78, 87, 103,

proletariat, 49–50, 63, 256–257, 402;

395–396, 408. See also event

deﬁned, 52–53

slavery, 120–124, 212; in the United

property, private and public, 300–303,

States, 170–172, 177

410

Smith, Adam, 86–87

smooth space, 190, 327, 330racism: modern, 103, 191–195;

imperial, 190–195 socialist discipine, 214

social wage, 403Rahman, Fazlur, 148–149

Rawls, John, 13, 15 society of control, 23–27, 198,

318–319, 329–332reappropriation, 404–407, 411

reciprocity, 131–132 sovereignty: modern, 69–70, 83–90;

national, 95–105; in conﬂict withrefusal, 203–204, 208–209

Reich, Robert, 150–151, 291–292 capital, 325–328

Soviet Revolution, 123, 133, 176–177,Renaissance humanism, 70–74, 76, 91,

115, 140, 162, 164, 356 240–241

representation, 84–85, 104–105, 125, Soviet Union, collapse of, 179, 214,

134 276–279

478 INDEX

spectacle, 321–323, 347 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 163, 168–169,

375Spinoza, Baruch, 65–66, 91–92,

185–186, 204, 359; on immanence, totalitarianism, 112–113, 278

transcendental apparatus, 78–85,73, 77–78

Stalin, Joseph, 112 164–165; as the state, 325–329

translation, 50–51, 57state: patrimonial and absolutist, 93–95;

modern, 90, 134; capitalist; 232–233, Truman, Harry S., 249

truth, 155–156235–237, 242, 304–309. See also

transcendental apparatus

ultra-imperialism, 230–231

strikes: France, 54–56; South Korea,

underdevelopment theories, 283–284

54–56

United Nations, 4–6, 8, 18, 31, 40,

structuralism, 28

132, 181, 309

subaltern nationalism, 105–109,

U.S. constitutional history, phases of,

132–134, 335–336

167–168

subjectivity, production of, 32, 52,

195–197, 321, 331, 378; new circuits

variable capital, 294, 405

of, 269, 275, 402

Versailles Conference, 241

subsumption, formal and real, 25,

Vico, Giambattista, 100

255–256, 271–272, 317, 364, 386

Vietnam War, 178–179, 260, 275

superstition, 323

Virgil, 167

superstructure, 27, 30, 385–386

virtual, 357–360, 366

surplus value, realization of, 222–224

Vogelfrei, 157–158

tactics and strategy, 58–59, 63

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 334

Taylorism, 240, 242, 247–248,

Weber, Max, 41, 88–90, 340, 377

255–256, 267–268, 383, 409

welfare state, 301

teleology, 51–52, 100, 165, 383;

William of Occam, 73

materialist, 63–66, 368, 395–396,

Wilson, Woodrow, 174–176, 180, 242

403–407, 470n25

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 378–379

temporality, 401–403

working class, industrial, 53, 256, 402

Thatcher, Margaret, 348

world market, 150–154, 190, 235–237,

Third Worldism, 264

251–256, 310, 332–335; construction

Third World versus First World, xiii,

of, 221–222, 346. See also delinking

253–254, 263–264, 333–335,

World War I, 233

362–363

World War II, 243

Thucydides, 182

Tiananmen Square events, 54, 56 Zavattini, Cesare, 158