Григорьев Н.А. Распределение химических элементов в верхней части континентальной коры
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31
Rb
Cs
Be
Mg
Ca Sr Ba Mn Fe Co Ni
퇷Îˈ‡ 1.1
ë‰Ì ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ (%) ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚.
ÇÓ‰ÓÓ‰, ˘ÂÎÓ˜Ì˚Â Ë ˘ÂÎÓ˜ÌÓÁÂÏÂθÌ˚ ÏÂÚ‡ÎÎ˚ χ„‡Ìˆ, ÊÂÎÂÁÓ, ÍÓ·‡Î¸Ú, ÌËÍÂθ
ëÎÓË, „ÓÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ H Li Na K
èÂÒÍË Ë ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 0.28 0.0029 1.39 1.76 0.0064 0.00084 0.00017 1.12 2.83 0.022 0.037 0.059 3.21 0.0013 0.0035
ÉÎËÌ˚, „ÎËÌËÒÚ˚ Ò·̈˚ 0.44 0.0054 1.02 2.73 0.0133 0.0013 0.0003 1.65 2.21 0.024 0.046 0.08 4.71 0.0019 0.0049
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.083 0.0018 0.22 0.46 0.0026 0.00028 0.00003 3.45 27.43 0.038 0.036 0.077 1.09 0.00051 0.0019
äÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.16 0.0004 0.33 0.91 0.0052 0.00038 0.00013 0.56 1.01 0.011 0.03 0.11 3.19 0.00013 0.0037
ù‚‡ÔÓËÚ˚ 0.18 0.0008 28.64 0.22 0.0034 0.00012 0.00007 0.24 7.09 0.096 0.042 0.0008 0.029 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 0.322 0.0039 1.31 1.98 0.0092 0.00095 0.00021 1.83 7.28 0.027 0.041 0.073 3.54 0.0014 0.0038
äËÒÎ˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 0.079 0.0027 2.58 3.65 0.0135 0.0015 0.00032 0.22 0.79 0.024 0.048 0.059 1.5 0.00048 0.0008
ë‰ÌË ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 0.088 0.0021 2.72 1.49 0.0062 0.00067 0.00014 0.85 4.44 0.039 0.041 0.11 5.04 0.0019 0.0051
éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 0.09 0.0019 1.94 0.77 0.0028 0.00028 0.00013 3.92 7.2 0.044 0.039 0.14 8.06 0.003 0.0073
ÇÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 0.088 0.0021 2.26 1.34 0.0051 0.00054 0.00016 2.84 5.59 0.04 0.041 0.12 6.35 0.0024 0.0058
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È ÒÎÓÈ 0.286 0.0036 1.46 1.88 0.0086 0.00089 0.0002 1.98 7.02 0.029 0.041 0.081 3.98 0.0016 0.0042
ɇÌËÚ˚ 0.058 0.0034 2.69 3.58 0.0205 0.00073 0.00045 0.33 1.11 0.015 0.075 0.042 1.83 0.0001 0.00035
ɇÌÓ‰ËÓËÚ˚ 0.09 0.0023 2.74 2.52 0.009 0.00036 0.00018 1.1 2.4 0.044 0.056 0.075 3.3 8⋅10
–4
0.0016
ŇÁËÚ˚ 0.16 0.0015 1.93 0.69 0.0029 0.00025 0.0001 4.3 6.29 0.046 0.029 0.14 8.25 0.0048 0.014
ëËÂÌËÚ˚ 0.063 0.0022 3.59 5.78 0.0174 0.0007 0.00041 1.06 2.7 0.02 0.16 0.12 3.31 0.0003 0.0004
ìθڇ·‡ÁËÚ˚ 0.33 1.2⋅10
–4
0.59 0.29 0.0004 0.00001 0.00002 14.56 3.99 0.0007 8⋅10
–5
0.15 10.4 0.015 0.2
凄χÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.079 0.0029 2.61 2.98 0.0154 0.00058 0.00034 1.04 2.05 0.026 0.065 0.062 2.97 0.00087 0.003
åÂÚ‡ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 0.14 0.0026 1.55 1.97 0.0057 0.0002 0.00016 1.33 1.77 0.013 0.038 0.086 3.47 0.0016 0.0046
臇„ÌÂÈÒ˚, Ò·̈˚ 0.16 0.0038 2.00 2.07 0.0105 0.00039 0.00026 1.8 2.72 0.026 0.044 0.098 4.41 0.0019 0.0078
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.15 0.0015 0.19 0.34 0.0026 0.0002 0.00008 8.09 22.62 0.058 0.036 0.13 1.56 0.00069 0.0012
ÜÂÎÂÁËÒÚ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.09 0.0002 0.96 0.41 0.0015 0.00003 0.00006 1.81 2.11 0.016 0.028 0.076 24.14 0.0005 0.0018
臇ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 0.157 0.0036 1.89 1.99 0.0098 0.00036 0.00024 1.96 3.28 0.026 0.043 0.098 4.45 0.0018 0.0073
ɇÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ˚ 0.11 0.0030 2.62 2.8 0.009 0.0005 0.00018 1.34 2.34 0.025 0.07 0.04 3.55 0.0017 0.0023
åÂÚ‡ËÓÎËÚ˚ 0.15 0.0026* 2.93 1.55 0.013* 0.0007* 0.0003 0.73 1.53 0.02 0.069 0.059 3.02 0.0009 0.0027
åÂÚ‡‡Ì‰ÂÁËÚ˚ 0.19 0.0026 2.96 1.14 0.006* 0.0004* 0.00027 2.17 3.72 0.031 0.024 0.11 5.38 0.0017 0.004
åÂÚ‡·‡ÁËÚ˚ 0.17 0.002 1.83 0.7 0.0019 0.00034 0.00015 4.28 6.66 0.04 0.02 0.13 8.08 0.0049 0.013
éÚÓÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 0.12 0.0029 2.55 2.46 0.0081 0.00048 0.00018 1.7 2.88 0.027 0.062 0.054 4.13 0.0021 0.0036
ɇÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚˚È ÒÎÓÈ 0.13 0.0032 2.26 2.33 0.0101 0.00044 0.00024 1.71 2.92 0.026 0.054 0.075 4.08 0.0017 0.0052
ÇÂıÌflfl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚
0.167 0.0033 2.07 2.23 0.0098 0.00055 0.00023 1.77 3.89 0.027 0.051 0.077 4.06 0.0017 0.005
Upper continental crust. ãËÚ‡ÚÛÌ˚ ç 0.002– 2.09– 2.22– 0.0082– 0.00035– 0.00013– 1.27– 2.43– 0.0266– 0.055– 0.054– 3.18– 0.0012– 0.0019–
‰‡ÌÌ˚ 1967–2004 „„. (Rudnick, Gao, ÓÔ. 0.0022 2.89 2.81 0.011 0.00073 0.00031 1.82 3.03 0.038 0.107 0.077 4.49 0.0018 0.006
2004)
* è‰ÔÓ·„‡ÂÏÓ Á̇˜ÂÌËÂ.
32
Ga
In
Tl C
Si
Ge Sn Pb
퇷Îˈ‡ 1.2
ë‰Ì ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ (%) ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚.
èÓ‰„ÛÔÔ˚ ·Ó‡ Ë Û„ÎÂÓ‰‡
ÉÓÌ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚, ÒÎÓË
B
Al
èÂÒÍË Ë ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 0.0026 5.99 0.001 3⋅10
–6
*8⋅10
–5
0.93 31.42 1.1⋅10
–4
2.8⋅10
–4
0.0014
ÉÎËÌ˚, „ÎËÌËÒÚ˚ Ò·̈˚ 0.011 8.89 0.0016 6.3⋅10
–6
1.3⋅10
–4
1.4 26.88 2⋅10
–4
3.5⋅10
–4
0.0014
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.0037 1.19 0.0005 9⋅10
–7
6⋅10
–6
9.79 5.92 3.6⋅10
–5
0.8⋅10
–4
0.0007
äÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.001 2.48 0.0002 1⋅10
–6
ç ÓÔ. 0.88 38.32 ç ÓÔ. 1.4⋅10
–4
0.0006
ù‚‡ÔÓËÚ˚ 0.0038 0.04 0.0008 4⋅10
–6
ç ÓÔ. 0.18 0.18 5⋅10
–5
ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 0.0072 6.44 0.0012 4.3⋅10
–6
8.9⋅10
–5
2.87 23.84 1.4⋅10
–4
2.7⋅10
–4
0.0012
äËÒÎ˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 0.0029 6.99 0.0026 5.6⋅10
–6
2.1⋅10
–4
0.19 33.99 1⋅10
–4
3.5⋅10
–4
0.0023
ë‰ÌË ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 0.0038 8.83 0.0029 4⋅10
–6
* ç ÓÔ. 0.13 27.44 1.5⋅10
–4
2.9⋅10
–4
0.0018
éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 0.0009 8.66 0.0026 6.7⋅10
–6
ç ÓÔ. 0.18 22.9 1.5⋅10
–4
2.5⋅10
–4
0.0011
ÇÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 0.002 8.51 0.0027 5.7⋅10
–6
7⋅10
–5
* 0.17 25.62 1.4⋅10
–4
2.7⋅10
–4
0.0015
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È ÒÎÓÈ 0.0064 6.77 0.0014 4.5⋅10
–6
8.6⋅10
–5
2.45 24.12 1.4⋅10
–4
2.7⋅10
–4
0.0012
ɇÌËÚ˚ 0.0013 7.36 0.0018 2.2⋅10
–5
1.9⋅10
–4
0.03 33.83 2.8⋅10
–4
3⋅10
–4
0.0019
ɇÌÓ‰ËÓËÚ˚ 0.0012 8.6 0.0018 1.7⋅10
–5
8.6⋅10
–5
0.02 30.5 1.3⋅10
–4
2.2⋅10
–4
0.0015
ŇÁËÚ˚ 0.0005 7.94 0.0016 2⋅10
–5
1.8⋅10
–5
0.033 23.54 1.4⋅10
–4
2.7⋅10
–4
0.0006
ëËÂÌËÚ˚ 0.0009 9.84 3⋅10
–5
1⋅10
–5
1.4
.
10
–4
0.011 26.83 1⋅10
–4
4⋅10
–4
0.0012
ìθڇ·‡ÁËÚ˚ 0.0003 3.03 0.0002 1⋅10
–6
1.5⋅10
–5
0.041 20.69 1.3⋅10
–4
5⋅10
–5
4.6⋅10
–5
凄χÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.0012 7.74 0.0018 2
.
10
–5
1.4⋅10
–4
0.028 31.73 2.2⋅10
–4
2.8⋅10
–4
0.0016
åÂÚ‡ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 0.0017 5.33 0.0009 ç ÓÔ. 4.4⋅10
–5
0.34 33.84 8⋅10
–5
4.4⋅10
–4
0.0018
臇„ÌÂÈÒ˚, Ò·̈˚ 0.0036 8.13 0.0018 ç ÓÔ. 6.3⋅10
–5
0.35 29.42 1.5⋅10
–4
4.6⋅10
–4
0.002
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.0017 0.96 0.0006 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 8.86 7.35 3.9⋅10
–5
4.1⋅10
–4
0.0013
ÜÂÎÂÁËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.007 3.02 0.0002 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 0.25 23.73 2.5⋅10
–4
4.5⋅10
–4
0.0027
臇ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 0.0034 7.61 0.0017 2⋅10
–5
*6⋅10
–5
0.62 29.01 1.4⋅10
–4
4.6⋅10
–4
0.002
ɇÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ˚ 0.002 8.37 0.0027 3.2⋅10
–5
6.9⋅10
–5
0.019 30.12 5⋅10
–5
3.3⋅10
–4
0.0019
åÂÚ‡ËÓÎËÚ˚ 0.0024 7.28 0.0023 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 0.087 32.83 5⋅10
–5
5.3⋅10
–4
0.0031
åÂÚ‡‡Ì‰ÂÁËÚ˚ 0.0016 8.35 0.002 ç ÓÔ. 5⋅10
–5
* 0.2 27.41 5⋅10
–5
1.9⋅10
–4
0.0012
åÂÚ‡·‡ÁËÚ˚ 0.0013 7.48 0.002 1.1⋅10
–5
2⋅10
–5
* 0.076 24.19 9⋅10
–5
3⋅10
–4
0.0009
éÚÓÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 0.0019 8.24 0.0026 2.8⋅10
–5
1⋅10
–5
* 0.034 29.39 5.5⋅10
–5
3.3⋅10
–4
0.0018
ɇÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚˚È ÒÎÓÈ 0.0025 7.87 0.002 2.3⋅10
–5
7⋅10
–5
0.3 29.62 1.2⋅10
–4
3.8⋅10
–4
0.0019
ÇÂıÌflfl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ 0.0034 7.61 0.0019 1.9⋅10
–5
7.7⋅10
–5
0.81 28.32 1.3⋅10
–4
3.5⋅10
–4
0.0017
Upper continental crust. ãËÚ‡ÚÛÌ˚ ‰‡Ì- 0.00092– 7.5– 0.0014– 5⋅10
–6
–5⋅10
–5
– 0.32** 30.26– 1.3⋅10
–4
– 1.7⋅10
–4
– 0.0017–
Ì˚Â 1967–2004 „„. (Rudnick, Gao, 2004) 0.0028 8.52 0,0018 6,1⋅10
–6
1,55⋅10
–4
31.74 1.6⋅10
–4
5.5⋅10
–4
0,0018
* á‰ÂÒ¸ Ë ‚ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ëı Ú‡·Îˈ‡ı Ô‰ÔÓ·„‡ÂÏ˚ ‚Â΢ËÌ˚; ** ÔÓ (Wedepohl, 1995).
33
Bi
O
S Se Te F
Cl
Br
I
퇷Îˈ‡ 1.3
ë‰Ì ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ (%) ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı . èÓ‰„ÛÔÔ˚ ‡ÁÓÚ‡, ÍËÒÎÓÓ‰‡, ÙÚÓ‡
ÉÓÌ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚, ÒÎÓË
N
P
As
Sb
èÂÒÍË Ë ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 0.012 0.062 7.2⋅10
–4
6.3⋅10
–5
*2⋅10
–5
49.8 0.19 1⋅10
–5
ç ÓÔ. 0.033 0.059 0.0048 1⋅10
–4
ÉÎËÌ˚. ë·̈˚ 0.058 0.079 9.3⋅10
–4
1.3⋅10
–4
3.8⋅10
–5
48.46 0.36 3.6⋅10
–5
1⋅10
–6
* 0.061 0.085 0.0057 1.2⋅10
–4
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.039 0.048 4.4⋅10
–4
2.5⋅10
–5
5⋅10
–6
49.12 0.25 2.7⋅10
–5
ç ÓÔ. 0.033 0.053 0.00058 1.1⋅10
–4
äÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.04* 0.066 4.4⋅10
–4
ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 51.07 0.19 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
ù‚‡ÔÓËÚ˚ 0.06* 4⋅10
–4
4⋅10
–4
ç ÓÔ. 3⋅10
–6
13.15 5.34 4⋅10
–7
ç ÓÔ. 0.024 44.21 0.03 4.8⋅10
–5
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 0.042 0.067 7.7⋅10
–4
8.9⋅10
–5
2.6⋅10
–5
48.51 0.36 2.7⋅10
–5
1⋅10
–6
* 0.047 0.65 0.0047 1.1⋅10
–4
äËÒÎ˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 0.003* 0.044 4.3⋅10
–4
5⋅10
–5
* 1.4⋅10
–5
49.13 0.058 9.3⋅10
–6
1.8⋅10
–7
0.051 0.018 2⋅10
–4
2⋅10
–5
ë‰ÌË ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 0.0032 0.096 2.5⋅10
–4
7⋅10
–5
7⋅10
–6
46.71 0.071 6.3⋅10
–6
4.1⋅10
–7
0.05 0.025 3⋅10
–4
3⋅10
–5
*
éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 0.0036 0.109 2⋅10
–4
1.1⋅10
–4
5⋅10
–6
44.78 0.071 1.1⋅10
–5
2.3⋅10
–7
0.046 0.033 0.00041 6⋅10
–5
ÇÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 0.0034 0.097 2.4⋅10
–4
9.1⋅10
–5
6.7⋅10
–6
45.89 0.069 9.4⋅10
–6
2.8⋅10
–7
0.048 0.029 3.5⋅10
–4
5⋅10
–5
*
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È ÒÎÓÈ 0.036 0.072 6.8⋅10
–4
8.9⋅10
–5
2.3⋅10
–5
48.10 0.31 2.4⋅10
–5
8.9⋅10
–7
0.047 0.55 0.004 1⋅10
–4
ɇÌËÚ˚ 0.0022 0.06 1.6⋅10
–4
3⋅10
-–5
2⋅10
–5
48.46 0.03 7⋅10
–6
1⋅10
–7
0.082 0.019 0.00017 8⋅10
–5
ɇÌÓ‰ËÓËÚ˚ 0.002 0.11 1.8⋅10
–4
5⋅10
–5
1.1⋅10
–5
47.9 0.03 8⋅10
–6
1.6⋅10
–7
0.056 0.016 0.00043 5⋅10
–5
ŇÁËÚ˚ 0.0019 0.089 2⋅10
–4
1.1⋅10
–4
5.2⋅10
–6
44.39 0.1 7⋅10
–6
3.5⋅10
–7
0.04 0.02 0.00035 5⋅10
–5
ëËÂÌËÚ˚ 0.003 0.087 1.4⋅10
–4
2.2⋅10
–5
1.8⋅10
–5
45.73 0.03 5⋅10
–6
3.4⋅10
–7
0.12 0.047 0.00027 7⋅10
–5
ìθڇ·‡ÁËÚ˚ 0.0007 0.035 1.3⋅10
–4
9⋅10
–5
9⋅10
–7
44.89 0.088 5⋅10
–6
1⋅10
–7
0.01 0.0074 9⋅10
–5
3⋅10
–5
凄χÚËÚ˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 0.0021 0.076 1.7⋅10
–4
4.4⋅10
–5
1.6⋅10
–5
47.83 0.038 7.2⋅10
–6
1.4⋅10
–7
0.07 0.018 0.00026 6.9⋅10
–5
åÂÚ‡ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 0.02* 0.057 7.6⋅10
–4
7⋅10
–5
* 3.1⋅10
–5
49.27 0.053 1⋅10
–5
ç ÓÔ. 0.03 0.025 1⋅10
–4
5⋅10
–5
臇„ÌÂÈÒ˚, Ò·̈˚ 0.02* 0.054 9.5⋅10
–4
1.3⋅10
–4
5.8⋅10
–5
47.8 0.1 2⋅10
–5
ç ÓÔ. 0.065 0.022 0.0002 2⋅10
–5
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.02* 0.13 4⋅10
–4
* 2.5⋅10
–5
* 1.3⋅10
–5
48.84 0.228 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 0.047 0.03 ç ÓÔ. 3⋅10
–5
ÜÂÎÂÁËÒÚ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚ 0.02* 0.047 7.5⋅10
–4
ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 42.69 0.076 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 0.016 0.045 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
臇ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 0.02* 0.057 9.2⋅10
–4
1.2⋅10
–4
5.4⋅10
–5
47.9 0.1 1.8⋅10
–5
1⋅10
–7
* 0.061 0.023 2⋅10
–4
* 2.3⋅10
–5
ɇÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ˚ 0.0037 0.087 1.4⋅10
–4
3.3⋅10
–5
1⋅10
–5
47.97 0.106 7⋅10
–6
* ç ÓÔ. 0.029 0.021 2⋅10
–4
*3⋅10
–5
åÂÚ‡ËÓÎËÚ˚ 0.003* 0.048 4⋅10
–4
*5⋅10
–5
1.5⋅10
–5
49.15 0.036 9.1⋅10
–6*
ç ÓÔ. 0.05 0.01 2⋅10
–4
*3⋅10
–5
*
åÂÚ‡‡Ì‰ÂÁËÚ˚ 0.003* 0.074 7⋅10
–4
7⋅10
–5
* 1.5⋅10
–5
47.41 0.03 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 0.058 0.01 2⋅10
-4
*3⋅10
–5
*
åÂÚ‡·‡ÁËÚ˚ 0.003* 0.011 3.3⋅10
–4
1⋅10
–4
*2⋅10
–6
45.11 0.1 1.1⋅10
–5
*5⋅10
–7
0.053 0.03 2⋅10
–4
*3⋅10
–5
*
éÚÓÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 0.003* 0.076 1.9⋅10
–4
4.3⋅10
–5
9.4⋅10
–6
* 47.64 0.1 7.3⋅10
–6
*1⋅10
–7
* 0.033 0.021 2⋅10
–4
*3⋅10
–5
*
ɇÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚˚È ÒÎÓÈ 0.0026 0.067 5.2⋅10
–4
7.8⋅10
–5
3.1⋅10
–5
47.8 0.09 1.3⋅10
–5
1⋅10
–7
* 0.053 0.022 2⋅10
–4
* 3.3⋅10
–5
ÇÂıÌflfl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθ- 0.0106 0.069 5.6⋅10
–4
8.1⋅10
–5
2.9⋅10
–5
47.87 0.14 1.5⋅10
–5
2.9⋅10
–7
* 0.051 0.15 0.0011 4.9⋅10
–5
ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚
Upper continental crust. ãËÚ‡-
0.008– 0.052– 1.5⋅10
–4
–3⋅10
–5
– 1.2⋅10
–5
– ç ÓÔ. 0.031– 1.5⋅10
–5
– ç ÓÔ. 0.05– 0.01– 1.6⋅10
–4
1.4⋅10
–4
ÚÛÌ˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ 1967–2004 „„.
0.0083 0.087 4.8⋅10
–4
4.5⋅10
–5
2.3⋅10
–5
0.095 9⋅10
–6
0.061 0.064
(Rudnick. Gao, 2004)
34
Cd Hg Sc Y La Ce Pr
Nd
퇷Îˈ‡ 1.4
ë‰Ì ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ (n
⋅⋅
10
–4
%) ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚.
èÓ‰„ÛÔÔ˚ ÏÂ‰Ë Ë ˆËÌ͇, Ò͇̉ËÈ, ËÚÚËÈ, ΄ÍË ·ÌÚ‡ÌÓˉ˚
ÉÓÌ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚, ÒÎÓË
Cu Ag ZnAu
èÂÒÍË Ë ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 31 0.074 0.0031 67 0.74 0.049 5.6 29 20 39 4.3 16
ÉÎËÌ˚, „ÎËÌËÒÚ˚ Ò·̈˚ 36 0.15 0.0046 89 0.91 0.068 15 31 48 75 10 36
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 21 0.056 0.0022 26 0.58 0.038 1.7 30 7 12 2.6 6.6
äÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 7 0.026 0.002 21 0.39 0.068 4.5 ç ÓÔ. 16 15 ç ÓÔ. 7
ù‚‡ÔÓËÚ˚ ç ÓÔ. 0.08 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 0.033 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 31 0.11 0.00365 69 0.78 0.057 9.7 29 32 52 6.8 24
äËÒÎ˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 15 0.12 0.0039 35 0.2 0.058 4.2 24 31 58 10 27
ë‰ÌË ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 44 0.16 0.003 31 0.2 0.049 15 19 28 50 4 20
éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 73 0.083 0.0039 114 0.4 0.061 31 25 19 43 4.7 21
ÇÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 57 0.11 0.0036 79 0.31 0.057 23 23 23 47 5.1 21
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È ÒÎÓÈ 35 0.11 0.0036 71 0.71 0.066 12 28 30 51 6.6 24
ɇÌËÚ˚ 10 0.086 0.0027 39 0.41 0.057 6.5 50 48 72 7.4 31
ɇÌÓ‰ËÓËÚ˚ 29 0.14 0.0028 53 0.44 0.052 13 36 51 75 6.4 23
ŇÁËÚ˚ 92 0.11 0.0035 110 0.4* 0.07 30 23 17 48 5 22
ëËÂÌËÚ˚ 5 0.05 0.002 130 0.13* 0.026 3 17 45 95 10 42
ìθڇ·‡ÁËÚ˚ 10 0.14 0.006 46 0.05* 0.02 12 2 3.9 8.6 1.4 4.8
凄χÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓÓ‰˚ 24 0.1 0.0028 51 0.41 0.059 11 43 45 70 6.9 28
åÂÚ‡ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 44 0.1 0.0066 65 0.7* 0.08 5.4 15 22 37 5.2 24
臇„ÌÂÈÒ˚, Ò·̈˚ 52 0.14 0.005 94 0.9* 0.085 16 24 32 76 11 36
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 21 0.08 0.0053 59 0.6* 0.031 1.8 4 26 51 4.6 23
ÜÂÎÂÁËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 57 0.044 0.0089 130 ç ÓÔ. 0.045 ç ÓÔ. 20 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
臇ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 50 0.13 0.0052 91 0.86* 0.082 14.4 23 31 71 10 34
ɇÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ˚ 29 0.081 0.0049 63 0.44* 0.058 21 17 33 65 11 32
åÂÚ‡ËÓÎËÚ˚ 28 0.11 0.0026 35 0.3* ç ÓÔ. 9 53 20 43 3.1 11
åÂÚ‡‡Ì‰ÂÁËÚ˚ 39 0.11 0.0036 100 0.3* ç ÓÔ. 11 24 34 69 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
åÂÚ‡·‡ÁËÚ˚ 86 0.1 0.0034 110 0.4* 0.049 34 24 12 26 3.2 13
éÚÓÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 36 0.085 0.0048 69 0.43* 0.053 22 19 30 60 9.5 28
ɇÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚˚È ÒÎÓÈ 40 0.11 0.0046 76 0.62* 0.068 16.5 25 33 67 9.4 31
ÇÂıÌflfl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθ- 39 0.11 0.0044 75 0.64* 0.065 15.6 26 32 63 8.7 29
ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚
Upper continental crust. ãËÚ‡-
14–32 0.05– 0.0012– 52–71 0.075–0.1 0.012– 7–15 17.4–24 28.4–71 57.5–66.4 6.3–7.1 25.6–30.4
ÚÛÌ˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ 1967–2004 „„.
0.055 0.0018 0.096
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004)
35
Tb Dy
Ho Er Tm
Yb
Lu
퇷Îˈ‡ 1.5
ë‰Ì ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ (n
⋅⋅
10
–4
%) ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚.
ë‰ÌËÂ Ë ÚflÊÂÎ˚ ·ÌÚ‡ÌÓˉ˚
ÉÓÌ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚, ÒÎÓË
Sm
GdEu
èÂÒÍË Ë ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 3.8 0.84 2.8 0.7 2.9 1.5* 2.3 0.3* 1.8 0.3*
ÉÎËÌ˚, „ÎËÌËÒÚ˚ Ò·̈˚ 8 1.2 5.8 0.83 4.4 0.9* 1.9 0.5 2.5 0.39
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 1.9 0.5 1.5 0.38 2.9 0.35 0.75 0.14 0.9 0.11
äÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ ç ÓÔ. 0.28 ç ÓÔ. 0.22 1.5 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 0.4 2 ç ÓÔ.
ù‚‡ÔÓËÚ˚ ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 5.5 0.94 4 0.69 3.6 0.92 1.7 0.42* 2 0.3
äËÒÎ˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 5.2 1.5 5 0.82 6 1.7 3.6 0.5* 2.5 0.55
ë‰ÌË ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 4.3 1.2 4.5 0.71 3 0.72 2.1 0.4 2 0.32
éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 5.1 1.6 5.1 0.95 5.1 1.3 2.6 0.4 2.3 0.46
ÇÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 4.9 1.5 4.9 0.86 4.6 1.2 2.6 0.41* 2.2 0.43
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È ÒÎÓÈ 5.4 1 4.2 0.72 3.8 0.96 1.9 0.42* 2 0.32
ɇÌËÚ˚ 7.5 1.4 6.8 1.1 5 1.3 3.1 0.6* 4 0.9
ɇÌÓ‰ËÓËÚ˚ 8.2 1.4 6.1 1.3 5.2 1.9 3.8 0.3 3.6 1.1
ŇÁËÚ˚ 5.3 1.3 5.2 0.83 2.5 0.99 2.2 0.25 2 0.5
ëËÂÌËÚ˚ 10 1.8 10 1.6 7 2 4.4 0.44 4.3 1.2
ìθڇ·‡ÁËÚ˚ 0.83 0.24 0.93 0.2 0.28 0.16 0.35 0.06 0.48 0.07
凄χÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓÓ‰˚ 7.4 1.4 6.4 1.1 4.8 1.4 3.2 0.48* 3.7 0.9
åÂÚ‡ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 3.4 0.76 4.3 0.48 4.9 1 2.7 0.38 1.6 0.26
臇„ÌÂÈÒ˚, Ò·̈˚ 6.4 1.4 7.5 0.94 5.7 1.7* 3.2 0.5* 2.5 0.54
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 2.4 0.6 2.2 0.15 2.1 0.28 0.9 0.3* 0.7 0.1
ÜÂÎÂÁËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 4.5 ç ÓÔ.
臇ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 6 1.3 7 0.87 5.5 1.6* 3 0.48* 2.4 0.5
ɇÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ˚ 5.1 1.5 8.1 0.94 5.2 1.3 2.9 0.34* 2.2 0.38
åÂÚ‡ËÓÎËÚ˚ 2.7 1.3 3.9 0.68 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 3.8 ç ÓÔ.
åÂÚ‡‡Ì‰ÂÁËÚ˚ 2.6 1.5 ç ÓÔ. 1.5 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 3.5 0.51
åÂÚ‡·‡ÁËÚ˚ 3.7 1.4 3.9 0.88 4.2 1 2.5 0.46 2.9 0.48
éÚÓÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 4.8 1.5 7.2 0.95 4.8 1.2 2.7 0.33* 2.4 0.39
ɇÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚˚È ÒÎÓÈ 5.8 1.4 7 0.94 5.1 1.4* 2.9 0.43* 2.6 0.53
ÇÂıÌflfl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓ˚ 5.7 1.3 6.3 0.89 4.8 1.3* 2.7 0.42* 2.5 0.48
Upper continental crust. ãËÚ‡- 4.59–5.09 0.88–1.21 2.8–4.21 0.48–0.7 2.9–3.9 0.62–0.83 2.3 0.3–0.33 1.47–2.26 0.23–0.35
ÚÛÌ˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ 1967–2004 „„.
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004)
36
Zr Hf V Nb
Ta
Cr
Mo W
퇷Îˈ‡ 1.6
ë‰Ì ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ (n
⋅⋅
10
–4
%) ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚.
ÄÍÚËÌÓˉ˚, ÔÓ‰„ÛÔÔ˚ ÚËڇ̇, ‚‡Ì‡‰Ëfl Ë ıÓχ
ÉÓÌ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚, ÒÎÓË
Th
Ti
U
èÂÒÍË Ë ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 6.7 2.0 3500 230 4.5 75 6.4 1 58 1.5 1.6
ÉÎËÌ˚, „ÎËÌËÒÚ˚ Ò·̈˚ 14 4.3 4700 190 5 120 11 1.4 110 1.6 2.6
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 4.3 2.2 610 51 0.61 49 0.8 0.1 20 1.6 1.2
äÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 3.2 2.4 1700 19 1.5 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 0.3 32 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
ù‚‡ÔÓËÚ˚ 0.7 0.68 ç ÓÔ. 33 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 9.9 3.2 3500 170 3.9 91 7.6 1 76.6 1.53 2
äËÒÎ˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 13 4.5 1600 110 4.1 60 26 1.8 8.5 1.8 1.4
ë‰ÌË ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 4.1 1.1 4600 110 3.6 71 19 1 30 1.4 1.4
éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 2.7 0.86 7100 110 3.7 220 10 0.8 130 1.4 1.1
ÇÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ 4.4 1.4 5670 110 3.7 160 15 1 85 1.45 1.23
éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È ÒÎÓÈ 9.1 2.9 3830 160 3.9 100 8.7 1 78.1 1.53 1.88
ɇÌËÚ˚ 18 3.9 1800 180 3.9 38 21 3.6 7.8 1.4 2.2
ɇÌÓ‰ËÓËÚ˚ 9.9 2.7 3800 140 2.5 91 20 2.8 22 1.1 1.6
ŇÁËÚ˚ 3.2 0.8 6600 130 2.6 240 19 0.74 175 1.5 0.75
ëËÂÌËÚ˚ 13 3 4000 500 11 30 35 2.1 2 1.1 0.16
ìθڇ·‡ÁËÚ˚ 0.004 0.001 3600 43 0.46 42 13 0.41 1800 0.3 0.3
凄χÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÔÓÓ‰˚ 14 3.2 2870 160 3.4 75 20.5 3 37.2 1.33 1.87
åÂÚ‡ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 7.3 1.7 2900 170 4.7 80 7.1 0.45 65 1.5 2.1
臇„ÌÂÈÒ˚, Ò·̈˚ 9.2 2.3 3500 150 5.5 180 15 1.1 140 1.9 2.6
䇷Ó̇ÚÌ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ 1.7 0.7 480 32 ç ÓÔ. 31 1.4 0.3 43 1.2 1.7
ÜÂÎÂÁËÒÚ˚ ÔÓÓ‰˚ – ç ÓÔ. 1800 30 ç ÓÔ. 35 14 0.3 36 4 ç ÓÔ.
臇ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 8.7 2.2 4470 150 5.2 170 14 1 129 1.86 2.5
ɇÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ˚ 8.0 2.4 3300 190 5.1 86 9.8 1.6 61 1.3 1.4
åÂÚ‡ËÓÎËÚ˚ 9.5 ç ÓÔ. 2300 170 7.6 42 14 1.2 33 1.2 ç ÓÔ.
åÂÚ‡‡Ì‰ÂÁËÚ˚ 6* ç ÓÔ. 4600 160 ç ÓÔ. 110 8.1 1.3 47 2.2 ç ÓÔ.
åÂÚ‡·‡ÁËÚ˚ 3.9 0.9 8600 110 2.3 240 6.8 0.56 270 1.2 4
éÚÓÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÚ˚ 7.4 2.2 3830 180 4.6 100 9.5 1.5 84.2 1.32 1.62
ɇÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚˚È ÒÎÓÈ 9.2 2.4 3960 160 4.7 130 13 1.5 96.8 1.57 2.07
ÇÂıÌflfl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθ- 9.1 2.5 3930 160 4.5 120 12 1.4 92.4 1.56 2.03
ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚
Upper continental crust. ãËÚ‡- 8.6–10.8 1.5–2.8 3000–4000 160–237 4.3–5.8 53–107 9.8–26 0,74–5.7 35–112 0.78–1.5 0.91–3.3
ÚÛÌ˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ 1967–2004 „„.
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004)
37
‡ÌÚ ÓÚ΢‡ÂÚÒfl „·‚Ì˚Ï Ó·‡ÁÓÏ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏÂ̸¯ËÏ ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËÂÏ Si Ë
·Óθ¯ËÏ ë‡ (Ú‡·Î. 1.8).
Åóθ¯‡fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÔË‚Ó‰ËÏ˚ı ̇ÏË Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ Ò‰ÌËı ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËÈ ıËÏ˘Â-
ÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ Ì ‚˚ıÓ‰ËÚ Á‡ ÔÂ-
‰ÂÎ˚ ÚÂı ‚Â΢ËÌ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ÔÛ·ÎËÍÓ‚‡ÎË ‰Û„Ë ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎË ‚ Ú˜ÂÌËÂ
ÔÓÒΉÌËı 50 ÎÂÚ (ÒÏ. Ú‡·Î. 1.1–1.7).
èÂÒÍË Ë ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË 0.65 0.5 14? ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 3
ÉÎËÌ˚, Ò·̈˚ 0.85 1.1 6.2 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 1.4
ë‰ÌË ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 0.6 ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ.
éÒÌÓ‚Ì˚ ‚ÛÎ͇ÌËÚ˚ 0.22 0.1 0.7 - 0.09 0.7
ɇÌËÚ˚ ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 0.3 0.004 0.004 0.8
ɇÌÓ‰ËÓËÚ˚ 1.7 0.16 0.6 ç ÓÔ. 0.004 ç ÓÔ.
ŇÁËÚ˚ 5.6 ç ÓÔ. 3 0.05 0.03 7
ìθڇ·‡ÁËÚ˚ 2.3 0.5 2 ç ÓÔ. 0.2 14
åÂÚ‡ÔÂÒ˜‡ÌËÍË ç ÓÔ. 1.3 97? ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 38
臇„ÌÂÈÒ˚, Ò·̈˚ ç ÓÔ. 3.4 160? ç ÓÔ. ç ÓÔ. 9
åÂÚ‡·‡ÁËÚ˚ 1.8 1.3 60? ç ÓÔ. 0.27 33
Upper Continental Crust. 0.034 0.052– 0.0031– 0.002– 0.05–0.051
ãËÚ‡ÚÛÌ˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ 0.146 0.005 0.0022
1967–2004 „„. (Rudnick,
Gao, 2004)
퇷Îˈ‡ 1.7
ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌӠ҉̠ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË Ô·ÚËÌÓˉӂ (10
–6
%) ‚ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ËÁ ‚‡ÊÌÂȯËı
„ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚
ÉÓÌ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚ Ru Rh Pd Os Ir Pt
Si 28.32 26.53 28.89 30.26–31.74
Ti 0.393 0.34 0.34 0.3–0.64
Al 7.61 7.7 7.77 7.5–8.52
Fe 4.06 4.03 4.02 3.18–4.49
Mn 0.077 0.062 0.062 0.054–0.077
Mg 1.77 1.61 1.64 1.27–1.82
Ca 3.89 4.11 3.9 2.43–3.03
Na 2.07 2.04 2.01 2.09–2.89
K 2.23 2.31 2.35 2.22–2.81
P 0.069 0.061 0.061 0.052–0.081
C 0.81 0.88 0.76 0.32
S 0.14 0.126 0.098 0.031–0.095
F 0.051 0.2 0.17 0.05–0.061
Cl 0.15 0.19 0.17 0.01–0.064
H 0.167 0.12 0.1 ç ÓÔ.
퇷Îˈ‡ 1.8
LJˇÌÚ˚ Ò‰ÌÂ„Ó ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËfl (%) ̇˷ÓΠ‚‡ÊÌ˚ı ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚
‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚
ïËÏ˘ÂÒÍËÂ
˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚
艷„‡ÂÏ˚È
‚‡Ë‡ÌÚ
äÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθ̇fl ÍÓ‡
(êÂÁ‡ÌÓ‚, 2002)
è‚˚È ‚‡Ë‡ÌÚ ÇÚÓÓÈ ‚‡Ë‡ÌÚ
Upper Continental Crust.,
ÔÓ ‰‡ÌÌ˚Ï ‰Û„Ëı
ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ
(Rudnick, Gao, 2004)
èÛ·ÎËÍÛÂÏ˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ ۘËÚ˚‚‡˛Ú ÂÁÛθڇÚ˚ ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÍÓÎË-
˜ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ‡Ì‡ÎËÁÓ‚, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÔÓ ÏÂ̸¯ÂÈ Ï ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ËÁ ÌËı ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÎÛ-
ÊËÚ¸ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÈ ‰Îfl ¯ÂÌËfl ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚ Ó ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËË Ï‡ÒÒ ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı
˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚. è˂‰ÂÌÌ˚ ‚ÂÎË-
˜ËÌ˚ ÍÓÂÍÚÌ˚ ‚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ÚÂı ËÒıÓ‰Ì˚ı ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı, ÍÓÚÓ˚ÏË ‡ÒÔÓ·-
„‡Î ‡‚ÚÓ, ÌÓ ÓÌË ËÏÂÎË ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ Ì‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÍË. éÚÏÂÚËÏ ‰‚‡ „·‚-
Ì˚ı. è‚˚È – ÏÓ‰Âθ Ä.Å. êÓÌÓ‚‡ Ë ‰. (1990) Ì ‚ÔÓÎÌ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ
Á‡‰‡˜Â, ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓÈ ‡‚ÚÓÓÏ. Ç ˜‡ÒÚÌÓÒÚË, Ó̇ Ì ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÂÚ Û˜ÂÒÚ¸ ÒÓ-
ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË χÒÒ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰, ·ÎËÁÍËı ËÎË Ó‰Ë̇ÍÓ‚˚ı ‚ ÔÂÚÓ„‡ÙË-
˜ÂÒÍÓÏ Ë ÎËÚÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË, ÌÓ ‡Á΢‡˛˘ËıÒfl ÔÓ „ÂÌÂÁËÒÛ Ë
Í‡Í ÒΉÒÚ‚Ë ÔÓ ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌ˲ ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚‡ ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚. ÇÚÓ-
ÓÈ – ̉ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚Ó ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı Ó ‚‡Ë‡ˆËflı ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËÈ ÏÌÓ„Ëı
˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı. ëÓ‰ÂʇÌËfl ·Óθ¯ËÌÒÚ‚‡ ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂ-
ÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ÒËθÌÓ ‚‡¸ËÛ˛Ú, Ô˘ÂÏ ÚÂÏ ÒËθÌÂÂ, ˜ÂÏ
ÏÂ̸¯Â ҉̠ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ ‚ ÁÂÏÌÓÈ ÍÓ (ÒÏ.
„·‚Û 2). ùÚË ‚‡Ë‡ˆËË – „·‚̇fl Ô˘Ë̇ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ ÔË‚Ó‰ËÏ˚ ‡ÁÌ˚-
ÏË ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÚÂÎflÏË ˆËÙ˚ Ò‰ÌÂ„Ó ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËfl Ó‰ÌÓ„Ó Ë ÚÓ„Ó Ê ıËÏË-
˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ËÎË ‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθ-
ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ ‡Á΢‡˛ÚÒfl ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ, ËÌÓ„‰‡ ‚ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ‡Á.
éÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ‡‚ÚÓ‡ Í fl‰Û ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ˆËÙ ·˚ÎÓ ÍËÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ (ÉË„Ó-
¸Â‚, 2003), ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÒÎÛÊËÎÓ „·‚ÌÓÈ Ô˘ËÌÓÈ ÌÓ‚˚ı ‡Ò˜ÂÚÓ‚, ‚˚ÔÓÎ-
ÌÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ 2003–2008 „„. Ò Û˜ÂÚÓÏ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÎËÚ‡ÚÛÌ˚ı ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı,
ÓÔÛ·ÎËÍÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÔÓÒΠ2002 „. Ä‚ÚÓÛ ÔÓ͇ Ì ۉ‡ÎÓÒ¸
ÔÂÂÒÏÓÚÂÚ¸ ‚Ò Ú ˆËÙ˚, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ıÓÚfl Ë ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ‰ÓÒÚÛÔÌ˚Ï
ËÒıÓ‰Ì˚Ï ‰‡ÌÌ˚Ï, ‚˚Á˚‚‡˛Ú ÒÓÏÌÂÌËÂ. éÚÏÂÚËÏ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ ËÁ ̇˷Ó-
ΠÒÓÏÌËÚÂθÌ˚ı ‚Â΢ËÌ. ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ÔÂÛ‚Â΢ÂÌÓ Ò‰Ì ÒÓ‰Âʇ-
ÌËÂ: Ni – ‚ Ô‡‡„ÌÂÈÒ‡ı Ë Ô‡‡Ò·̈‡ı; Ga, In, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, V – ‚ ÓÚÓ-
ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙ˘ÂÒÍËı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı; Cd, Br, Y, Pr, Nd, U, Th. Zr – ‚ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓ-
Ó‰‡ı; As – ‚ ÏÂÚ‡‡Ì‰ÂÁËÚ‡ı; Sc – ‚ „‡ÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ‡ı; Ho, Er, Lu – ‚ ÔÂÒ͇ı
Ë ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙ˘ÂÒÍËı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı; Cl – ‚ ˝‚‡ÔÓËÚ‡ı, Yb – ‚ ÍÂÏÌËÒÚ˚ı Ò·Ì-
ˆ‡ı. ÇÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ, ÔÂÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌÓ Ò‰Ì ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË Na, Pb, Nb, Ta ‚ ÓÒ‡-
‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı; Cs – ‚ „‡ÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ‡ı; Tl – ‚ ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙ˘ÂÒÍËı ÔÓÓ-
‰‡ı; Ge – ‚ ÓÚÓÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙ˘ÂÒÍËı, Sn – ‚ „ÎËÌËÒÚ˚ı.
í‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ, ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ ÌÛʉ‡˛ÚÒfl ‚ ÛÚÓ˜ÌÂÌËË Ë ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂ-
ÌËË. éÚ˜‡ÒÚË ˝Ú‡ Á‡‰‡˜‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ¯Â̇ Ò Û˜ÂÚÓÏ ÔÓfl‚Îfl˛˘ËıÒfl ‚ ÎË-
Ú‡ÚÛ ÌÓ‚˚ı ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı Ó ‚‡Ë‡ˆËflı ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËÈ ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚
„ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı. ùÚÓ Á‡‰‡˜‡ ‰‡Î¸ÌÂȯËı ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËÈ. çÓ ‰Îfl ‡‰Ë͇θÌÓ-
„Ó Â¯ÂÌËfl ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ ÌÛÊ̇ ·ÓΠÒӂ¯ÂÌ̇fl ÏÓ‰Âθ ÒÚÓÂÌËfl ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡-
ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚.
ë Û˜ÂÚÓÏ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ‡ÒÒÏÓÚËÏ Í‡ÚÍÓ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ó ÚÓÏ, ‚ ͇ÍÓÈ Ï ıËÏË-
˜ÂÒÍËÈ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÓ‰, ‚ıÓ‰fl˘Ëı ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ-
˚, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔÓÎÌÓÏÛ Ì‡·ÓÛ ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚÓ‚ ‚˚‚ÂÚË‚‡ÌËfl „‡ÌËÚÌÓ-
„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚Ó„Ó ÒÎÓfl. Ç ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚ‡ı ‚˚‚ÂÚË‚‡ÌËfl χ„χÚ˘ÂÒÍËı Ë
ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙ˘ÂÒÍËı ÔÓÓ‰, Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, ÔÓ˜ÚË ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ÒÓı‡Ìfl˛ÚÒfl
χÒÒ˚ Al Ë Ti, ‡ÒÚ‚Ófl˛˘ËÂÒfl Ê Ì·Óθ¯Ë ˜‡ÒÚË Ï‡ÒÒ ˝ÚËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚
ÔÓ˜ÚË ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ Ó҇ʉ‡˛ÚÒfl ̇ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡ı ËÎË ‚ ÔË·ÂÊÌÓ-ÏÓÒÍËı
ÓÚÎÓÊÂÌËflı. ã˯¸ Ì˘ÚÓÊÌ˚ ˜‡ÒÚË Ï‡ÒÒ ˝ÚËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ÏË„ËÛ˛Ú ‚
38
͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚÓ‚ „ˉÓÒÙÂ˚, ‡ÚÏÓÒÙÂ˚ Ë ·ËÓÒÙÂ˚. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ
‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌË ˝ÚËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ԉ·ı ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθ-
ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ ÚÂÓÂÚ˘ÂÒÍË ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ú·ӂ‡ÌËflÏ „ÂÓıËÏ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ·‡-
·ÌÒ‡. äËÚÂËÈ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ëfl – ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ ÍÓ̈ÂÌÚ‡ˆËË (ää) ıËÏË-
˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ ‚ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ‚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË „‡ÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚Ó-
„Ó ÒÎÓfl. èÓ ‚Â΢ËÌ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ‡ ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍË ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚ Ó·‡ÁÛ-
˛Ú ˜ÂÚ˚ „ÛÔÔ˚.
ïËÏ˘ÂÒÍË ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚, ËÁ·˚ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ‚ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı, %: Cl – 30, C –
9.6, S – 4, B – 2.9, H – 2.5, Ca – 2.5, Cs – 2.2, Se –1.8, As – 1.5, U – 1.5.
ïËÏ˘ÂÒÍË ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚, ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓ ËÁ·˚ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ‚ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı, %:
Li – 1.2, Ge – 1.2, Y – 1.2, Zr – 1.1, Sb – 1.1, Mg – 1.1, P – 1, Sr – 1, La – 1, O – 1,
Ag – 1, Mn – 1.
ïËÏ˘ÂÒÍË ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚, ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‚ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ÔË-
·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ú·ӂ‡ÌËflÏ „ÂÓıËÏ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ·‡Î‡ÌÒ‡, %: Ti –
0.9, F – 0.9, K – 0.9, Rb – 0.9, Be – 0.9, Fe – 0.9, Sm – 0.9, Mo – 0.9, Zn – 0.9, LJ
– 0.8, Co – 0.8, Cu – 0.8, Hg – 0.8, Au – 0.8, Al – 0.8, Si – 0.8, Ce – 0.8, Nd – 0.8,
Yb – 0.8, Th – 0.8, Bi – 0.8, Cr – 0.8.
ïËÏ˘ÂÒÍË ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ˚, ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‚ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ÌÂ-
ÒÍÓθÍÓ ÏÂ̸¯Â, ˜ÂÏ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ ‚ ÔÓÎÌÓÏ Ì‡·Ó ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚÓ‚ ‚˚‚ÂÚË-
‚‡ÌËfl „‡ÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚Ó„Ó ÒÎÓfl, %: Pr – 0.7, Eu – 0.7, Ta – 0.7, Sn – 0.7, Tb –
0.7, Dy – 0.7, Ho – 0.7, Ni – 0.7, Na – 0.6, Ga – 0.6, Pb – 06, Sc – 0.6, Gd – 0.6,
Er – 0.6.
àÁ·˚ÚÓÍ ‚ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ÎÂÚÛ˜Ëı ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚÓ‚ ÔÓÌflÚÂÌ. çÂÍÓÚÓ-
˚È Ì‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓÍ Na ‚ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ ÏÓÊÂÚ
·˚Ú¸ ÒΉÒÚ‚ËÂÏ Ì‡ÍÓÔÎÂÌËfl Â„Ó ‚ Ó͇̇ı. éÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ËÁ·˚Ú͇ Ë Ì‰Ó-
ÒÚ‡Ú͇ ‚ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ‰Û„Ëı ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚, ÚÓ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ
Ë‰Û˘Ë ‚˚‚Ó‰˚ ÔÂʉ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚. èÓ͇ ̇˷ÓΠ‡ÍÚۇθÌÓ ÛÚÓ˜ÌÂÌËÂ
Ò‰ÌËı ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËÈ ˝ÚËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı.
1.1.3. Ç˚‚Ó‰˚
è˂‰ÂÌÌ˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â Ó Ò‰ÌÂÏ ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËË ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚
„ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı, Ò·„‡˛˘Ëı ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È Ë „‡ÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚˚È ÒÎÓË ÍÓÌ-
ÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚, fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ̇˷ÓΠÔÓÎÌ˚ÏË. ÑÎfl ç, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs,
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, Ga, C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, ê, As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F, Cl, Cu,
Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta,
Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌ˚ ÔÓÎÌ˚ ËÎË ÔÓ˜ÚË ÔÓÎÌ˚ ̇·Ó˚ ‰‡Ì-
Ì˚ı Ó Ò‰ÌËı ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËflı ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı, ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ ‰Îfl ÔË·ÎËÁË-
ÚÂθÌÓÈ ÓˆÂÌÍË ‡ÒÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl χÒÒ ÓÚϘÂÌÌ˚ı ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚
‡ÒÒӈˇˆËË „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰, Ò·„‡˛˘Ëı ‚ÂıÌ˛˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ
ÍÓ˚. í‡ÍËÏ Ó·‡ÁÓÏ, ÒÓÁ‰‡Ì‡ Ô‰ÔÓÒ˚Î͇ ‰Îfl ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ÓÔÂ-
‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ÓÎË ÏË̇ÎÓ‚-ÍÓ̈ÂÌÚ‡ÚÓÓ‚ Í‡Í ÌÓÒËÚÂÎÂÈ ˝ÚËı ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı
˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ‚‡ÊÌÂȯËı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı Ë ‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθ-
ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ. ֢ ‰Îfl ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌ˚
˝ÔËÁӉ˘ÂÒÍË ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â. ÑÎfl Ëı ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËfl Ë ÛÚÓ˜ÌÂÌËfl ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ Ì‡-
ÍÓÔÎÂÌË ÌÓ‚˚ı ҂‰ÂÌËÈ Ó ‚‡Ë‡ˆËflı ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËfl ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚
‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı.
39
1.2. ëêÖÑçàâ åàçÖêÄãúçõâ ëéëíÄÇ
1.2.1. åÂÚÓ‰Ë͇ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl Ò‰ÌËı ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËÈ ÏË̇ÎÓ‚
‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı
è‚˚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl Ò‰ÌÂ„Ó ÏË̇θÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚ‡‚‡ ÁÂÏÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ ·˚-
ÎË ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌ˚ ̇ „‡Ìˈ XIX Ë XX ‚‚. çÓ ‚ÌËχÌËfl ˝ÚÓÈ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ ۉÂ-
ÎflÎË Ï‡ÎÓ (îÂÒχÌ, 1933). ÑÓ 1999 „. ·˚ÎÓ ÓÔÛ·ÎËÍÓ‚‡ÌÓ ÓÍÓÎÓ ‚ÓÒ¸ÏË
ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËÈ Ò‰ÌÂ„Ó ÏË̇θÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚ‡‚‡ ÁÂÏÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ Ë ‚ÂıÌËı ÂÂ
ÒÎÓ‚. ÇÓ ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÎË ÔÂÂÒ˜ÂÚ Ô‰ÔÓ·„‡ÂÏÓ„Ó Ò‰ÌÂ„Ó ıË-
Ï˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚ‡‚‡ ˝ÚËı Ó·˙ÂÍÚÓ‚ ̇ ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚË ËÁ 6–20 ÏË̇ÎÓ‚ ÚÂ-
ÓÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚ‡‚‡ (Clarke, 1924; Berg, 1929; Wedepohl, 1967; îÂÒχÌ,
1933; êÓÌÓ‚, üӯ‚ÒÍËÈ, 1967; åÂÈÒÓÌ, 1971; Nessbitt, Young, 1984; ÅÛ·ı,
1996). ÅÓΠÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ ÔÓfl‚ËÎËÒ¸ ‚ 1999 „. Ä‚ÚÓÓÏ ËÁ ÎËÚ‡ÚÛ-
˚ ·˚ÎË ‚˚·‡Ì˚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ˚ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÏË̇Îӄ˘ÂÒÍËı ‡Ì‡ÎË-
ÁÓ‚ ÓÚ‰ÂθÌ˚ı ˝Ú‡ÎÓÌÌ˚ı ÔÓ· ‚‡ÊÌÂȯËı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰ Ë ÒÍÓÂÍÚËÓ-
‚‡Ì˚ ‰Îfl Ô˂‰ÂÌËfl ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Ë ÒÓ Ò‰ÌËÏ ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËÏ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÓÏ
‚‡ÊÌÂȯËı „ÛÔÔ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰ ÔÓ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË Ä.Å. êÓÌÓ‚‡ Ò ÍÓÎ΄‡ÏË
(1990). èÓ ˝ÚËÏ ‰‡ÌÌ˚Ï ‡ÒÒ˜ËÚ‡ÌÓ Ò‰Ì ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË 41 ÏË̇· Ë
ÚÂı ÌÂÏË̇θÌ˚ı ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚ ‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÁÂÏÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ Ë ‚ Ò·„‡˛˘Ëı
 ÒÎÓflı (É˄Ӹ‚, 1999). ÇÔÓÒΉÒÚ‚ËË ‡‚ÚÓÓÏ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌÓ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ
·ÓΠÍÓÂÍÚÌ˚ı ‡Ò˜ÂÚÓ‚ ÏË̇θÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚ‡‚‡. çËÊ Ô˂‰ÂÌ˚ ÔÓ-
ÒΉÌË ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â.
ë‰Ì ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌË ÏË̇ÎÓ‚ ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ‡ÒÒ˜ËÚ‡ÌÓ ÔÂËÏÛ-
˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú‡Ï ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÏË̇Îӄ˘ÂÒÍËı ‡Ì‡ÎËÁÓ‚.
ã˯¸ ‰Îfl ˝‚‡ÔÓËÚÓ‚ Ôӂ‰ÂÌ ÔÂÂÒ˜ÂÚ Ò‰ÌÂ„Ó ıËÏ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚ‡‚‡ ̇
ÒÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚‡ÊÌÂȯËı ÏË̇ÎÓ‚. êÂÁÛθڇÚ˚ ÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÏËÌÂ-
‡Îӄ˘ÂÒÍËı ‡Ì‡ÎËÁÓ‚ ·ÓΠ˜ÂÏ 3000 ÔÓ· Ë Ó·‡ÁˆÓ‚ ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ Á‡ËÏ-
ÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ì˚ ËÁ ÎËÚ‡ÚÛ˚. ì˜ÚÂÌ˚ Ú‡ÍÊ ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ ‡‚ÚÓÛ ÔÓÎÛÍÓ΢ÂÒÚ-
‚ÂÌÌ˚ ӈÂÌÍË ÏË̇θÌÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚ‡‚‡ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰. ç‡Ë·ÓΠ‚‡ÊÌ˚Â
Ô‚ÓËÒÚÓ˜ÌËÍË ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı Ó ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËË ÏË̇ÎÓ‚ (ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‡Í-
ˆÂÒÒÓÌ˚ı) ‚ ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ̇Á‚‡Ì˚
ÌËÊ ‚ ‡Á‰Â·ı ˝ÚÓÈ „·‚˚. è‚ÓËÒÚÓ˜ÌËÍË ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı Ó ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËË Û‰-
Ì˚ı Ë ‡ÍˆÂÒÒÓÌ˚ı ÏË̇ÎÓ‚ ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ÎËÚÓ„ÂÓıËÏ˘ÂÒÍËı ÓÂ-
ÓÎÓ‚ Ë ‚ ‰ÍÓÏÂÚ‡ÎθÌ˚ı Û‰‡ı, ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ ÔË ‡Ò˜ÂÚ‡ı,
Ô˂‰ÂÌ˚ ‚ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ëı „·‚‡ı. åÂÚÓ‰Ë͇ ‡Ò˜ÂÚÓ‚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎfl·Ҹ ı‡-
‡ÍÚÂÓÏ ËÒıÓ‰Ì˚ı ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı. Ç ˝ÚÓÏ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ÏË̇Î˚ ÏÓÊÌÓ ÛÒÎÓ‚ÌÓ
‡Á‰ÂÎËÚ¸ ̇ ÚË „ÛÔÔ˚.
èÂ‚Û˛ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛Ú ÔÓÓ‰ÓÓ·‡ÁÛ˛˘Ë ÏË̇Î˚, ‡ Ú‡Íʠ̉ÍÓ
ÓÚÌÓÒËÏ˚Â Í ÌËÏ ÔËËÚ, ÔËÓÚËÌ, χ„ÌÂÚËÚ, „ÂχÚËÚ, ËθÏÂÌËÚ, ÚËÚ‡ÌËÚ.
àÒıÓ‰Ì˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â Ó ‚‡Ë‡ˆËflı ÒÓ‰ÂʇÌËÈ ˝ÚËı ÏË̇ÎÓ‚ ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓ-
Ó‰‡ı Á‡ËÏÒÚ‚Ó‚‡Ì˚ ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ËÁ ‡·ÓÚ ÔÂÚÓ„‡Ù˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ë ÎË-
ÚÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÓËÂÌÚ‡ˆËË. ë‰ÌËÈ ÏË̇θÌ˚È ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰ Ë
‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ, ‡ÒÒ˜ËÚ‡ÌÌ˚È ÔÓ ÂÁÛθڇ-
Ú‡Ï ÏË̇Îӄ˘ÂÒÍËı ‡Ì‡ÎËÁÓ‚, Ì ‚ÔÓÎÌ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Ò‰ÌÂÏÛ ıËÏË-
˜ÂÒÍÓÏÛ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Û ˝ÚËı Ó·˙ÂÍÚÓ‚. ç‡ÔËÏÂ, ‡Ò˜ÂÚ ÏË̇θÌÓ„Ó ·‡Î‡ÌÒ‡
Fe ÔÓ ‰‡ÌÌ˚Ï Ç.Ç. ãflıӂ˘‡ (1967) Ó Ò‰ÌÂÏ ÏË̇θÌÓÏ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ „‡ÌË-
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