Григорьев Н.А. Распределение химических элементов в верхней части континентальной коры

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‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚

Chemical element distribution in the upper

continental crust

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES • URAL BRANCH

INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY

N.A. Grigoriev

CHEMICAL ELEMENT

DISTRIBUTION IN THE UPPER

CONTINENTAL CRUST

EKATERINBURG

2009

êéëëàâëäÄü ÄäÄÑÖåàü çÄìä • ìêÄãúëäéÖ éíÑÖãÖçàÖ

àçëíàíìí ÉÖéãéÉàà à ÉÖéïàåàà

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2009

UDK 550.42 + 549.1

Grigoriev N.A. Chemical element distribution in the upper conti-

nental crust. Ekaterinburg: UB RAS, 2009.

The present paper is the continuation of the author's monograph

“Introduction into mineralogical chemistry”, (Ekaterinburg, UB RAS,

1999). The results are published concerning the development of rather

detailed fragment of the earth crust chemical structure model of A.B.

Ronov, A.A Migdisov and A.A. Yaroshevsky (1990) into a mineralogo-

geochemical model of the upper continental crust. Calculations are made on

the published in literature results of many thousands determinations of

chemical element compositions in rocks , as well as more than 3400 quan-

titative mineralogicals analyses of rock samples. New more detailed data is

presented on middle chemical and mineral composition of the upper conti-

nental crust, its layers (sedimentary and granite-gneissic) and the rocks

composing them. New values of middle compositions of 71 elements in

these objects are given. It is characterized a chemical element mass distri-

bution in the association of rocks presenting the upper continental crust and

in mineral associations presenting the rocks. Middle compositions of 276

minerals and their varieties, as well as three non-mineral substances in the

upper continental crust, in its layers and in the composing them rocks are

cited.

Mass shares are determined of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba,

B, Al, C, Si, Sn, Pb, ê, As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F, Cl, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce,

Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn,

Fe, Co, Ni concentrated in potentially commercial minerals containing in

the rocks. The results obtained give the first views on rocks as of possible

reserve of the potential mineral raw materials, as well as of the containing

here masses of substances dangerous for the environment.

The paper is aimed at geologists, geochemists, mineralogists and on

specialists dealing with problems of mineral resources and environmental

control.

Editor-in-chief:

doctor of geol.-min. sciences, prof. V.N. Sazonov

Reviewer

doctor of geol.-min. sciences V.V. Kholodnov

mistry, Urals Branch of Russian

Academy of Sciences, 2009

ìÑä 550.42 + 549.1

ÉË„Ó¸Â‚ ç.Ä. ê‡ÒÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ‚Âı-

ÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚. ÖÍ‡ÚÂËÌ·Û„: ìé êÄç, 2009.

ç‡ÒÚÓﬂ˘‡ﬂ ‡·ÓÚ‡ – ÔÓ‰ÓÎÊÂÌËÂ ÏÓÌÓ„‡ÙËË ‡‚ÚÓ‡ «Ç‚Â‰Â-

ÌËÂ ‚ ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍÛ˛ „ÂÓıËÏË˛» (ÖÍ‡ÚÂËÌ·Û„: ìé êÄç,

1999). èÛ·ÎËÍÛ˛ÚÒﬂ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú˚ ‡Á‚ËÚËﬂ ÌÂÒÍÓÎ¸ÍÓ ‰ÂÚ‡ÎËÁËÓ-

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Ä.Å. êÓÌÓ‚‡, Ä.Ä. üÓ¯Â‚ÒÍÓ„Ó Ë Ä.Ä. åË„‰ËÒÓ‚‡ (1990) ‚ ÏËÌÂ‡-

ÎÓ„Ó-„ÂÓıËÏË˜ÂÒÍÛ˛ ÏÓ‰ÂÎ¸ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚.

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ÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍËı ‡Ì‡ÎËÁÓ‚ ÔÓ· „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰.

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„ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ÌÓ‚˚Â ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌËﬂ ÒÂ‰ÌÂ„Ó ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡ÌËﬂ 71 ıË-

ÏË˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ ‚ ˝ÚËı Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡ı. ï‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÛÂÚÒﬂ ‡ÒÔÂ‰ÂÎÂ-

ÌËÂ Ï‡ÒÒ ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ‡ÒÒÓˆË‡ˆËﬂı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰, ÔÂ‰-

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ﬂı ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ‚, ÒÎ‡„‡˛˘Ëı „ÓÌ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚. èË‚Â‰ÂÌ˚ ÒÂ‰ÌËÂ ÒÓ-

‰ÂÊ‡ÌËﬂ 276 ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ‚ Ë Ëı ‡ÁÌÓ‚Ë‰ÌÓÒÚÂÈ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ÚÂı ÌÂÏËÌÂ-

‡Î¸Ì˚ı ‚Â˘ÂÒÚ‚ ‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚, ‚ ÂÂ ÒÎÓ-

ﬂı Ë ‚ ÒÎ‡„‡˛˘Ëı Ëı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı. éÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌ˚ ‰ÓÎË Ï‡ÒÒ Li, Na,

K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, C, Si, Sn, Pb, ê, As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F,

Cl, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U, Ti,

Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, ÒÍÓÌˆÂÌÚËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÔÓ-

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Ó‰‡ı. èÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚Â ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú˚ ‰‡˛Ú ÌÓ‚ÓÂ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ Ó „ÓÌ˚ı

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ˆË‡ÎËÒÚÓ‚, Á‡ÌËÏ‡˛˘ËıÒﬂ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ‡ÏË Óı‡Ì˚ ÓÍÛÊ‡˛˘ÂÈ ÒÂ‰˚

Ë ÓˆÂÌÍÓÈ ÏËÌÂ‡Î¸Ì˚ı ÂÒÛÒÓ‚.

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ISBN 978-5-7691-2083-1 © àÌÒÚËÚÛÚ „ÂÓÎÓ„ËË Ë „ÂÓıËÏËË

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ISBN 978-5-7691-2083-1

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‡ÚÛÂ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ‡‚ÚÓÒÍËı. Ç ‡·ÓÚÂ ÔÓ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚËÓ‚‡Ì ¯ËÓÍËÈ ÔÓ‰ıÓ‰ Í

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ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û˛˘Ëı ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â Ó ÒÂ‰ÌÂÏ ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍÓÏ Ë ÏËÌÂ‡Î¸ÌÓÏ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Â „Ó-

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ˆË‡ˆËﬂı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰ Ë ‚ ‡ÒÒÓˆË‡ˆËﬂı ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ‚, Ëı ÒÎ‡„‡˛˘Ëı.

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‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ‰Û„Ëı ÎËˆ, ËÌÚÂÂÒÛ˛˘ËıÒﬂ ÒÓÒÚÓﬂÌËÂÏ ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ˚ ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ„Ë-

˜ÂÒÍÓÈ „ÂÓıËÏËË ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ Í‡Í Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡, «‚ÏÂ-

˘‡˛˘Â„Ó» ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÛ˛ ÁÂÏÌÛ˛ ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆË˛, ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎﬂÂÚÒﬂ ‰‚ÛÏﬂ ÔË-

˜ËÌ‡ÏË.

èÂ‚‡ﬂ – ÁÌ‡ÌËÂ ‡ÒÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËﬂ Ï‡ÒÒ ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ‡ÒÒÓˆË‡-

ˆËﬂı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰ Ë ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ‚, ÒÎ‡„‡˛˘Ëı „ÓÌ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚, – ·Û‰ÂÚ Í‡È-

ÌÂ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ‚ ·ÎËÊ‡È¯ÂÏ ·Û‰Û˘ÂÏ ‚ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëﬂı ËÒÚÓ˘ÂÌËﬂ Á‡Ô‡ÒÓ‚ Ú‡‰Ë-

ˆËÓÌÌ˚ı ÔÓÎÂÁÌ˚ı ËÒÍÓÔ‡ÂÏ˚ı ‰Îﬂ ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ «ÔÛÒÚ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰» ‚ ‡Áﬂ‰ Û‰

(ÍÒÚ‡ÚË, ˝ÚÓÚ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ÛÊÂ Ë‰ÂÚ). éÌË ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚ Ë ‰Îﬂ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËﬂ ÔÂ-

ÒÔÂÍÚË‚ ÔÓËÒÍÓ‚ Ë ‡Á‚Â‰ÍË ÍÛÔÌÓÓ·˙ÂÏÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚÓÓÊ‰ÂÌËÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â ÏÓ-

„ÛÚ ˝ÍÓÌÓÏË˜ÂÒÍË ‚˚„Ó‰ÌÓ ÓÚ‡·‡Ú˚‚‡Ú¸Òﬂ ÔË ÁÌ‡˜ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓ ÏÂÌ¸¯Ëı, ˜ÂÏ

ÔÂÊ‰Â, ÒÂ‰ÌËı Ë ·ÓÚÓ‚˚ı ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡ÌËﬂı ÔÓÎÂÁÌ˚ı ÍÓÏÔÓÌÂÌÚÓ‚. Ç Ò‚ﬂÁË Ò

˝ÚËÏ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎﬂÂÚ ËÌÚÂÂÒ ‚˚‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ Ï‡ÍÒËÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ‚ – ‡·ÒÓÎ˛ÚÌ˚ı ÏË-

ÌÂ‡ÎÓ‚-ÍÓÌˆÂÌÚ‡ÚÓÓ‚ Ë ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ ‚ÂÎË˜ËÌ˚ ÒÍÓÌˆÂÌÚËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ‚

ÌËı ÂÁÂ‚‡ ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚. Ä‚ÚÓÓÏ Û·Â‰ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓ ÔÓÍ‡Á‡Ì‡ ÌÂÓ·ıÓ-

‰ËÏÓÒÚ¸, ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ ‰Îﬂ ÔËÍÎ‡‰ÌÓÈ „ÂÓıËÏËË, ‚‚Â‰ÂÌËﬂ ÚÂÏËÌ‡ «Ï‡ÍÒËÏË-

ÌÂ‡Î˚», Ì‡ﬂ‰Û Ò ÚÂÏËÌ‡ÏË: «ÏËÌÂ‡Î˚-ÍÓÌˆÂÌÚ‡ÚÓ˚» Ë «ÏËÌÂ‡Î˚-

ÌÓÒËÚÂÎË», ÛÒÔÂ¯ÌÓ ËÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ÏË ‡Í‡‰ÂÏËÍÓÏ ã.Ç. í‡ÛÒÓÌÓÏ ÔË ËÁÛ-

˜ÂÌËË „ÂÓıËÏËË Â‰ÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ „‡ÌËÚÓË‰‡ı.

ÇÚÓ‡ﬂ ÔË˜ËÌ‡ Á‡ÍÎ˛˜‡ÂÚÒﬂ ‚ ÚÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ï‡ÍÒËÏËÌÂ‡Î˚ Ë Ú‡ÍËÂ Ëı ‡Ì‡-

ÎÓ„Ë, Í‡Í ÔËÓ‰Ì˚Â Ó„‡ÌË˜ÂÒÍËÂ ‚Â˘ÂÒÚ‚‡, – „Î‡‚Ì˚Â ËÒÚÓ˜ÌËÍË ‡ÌÚÓ-

ÔÓ„ÂÌÌÓ„Ó Á‡„ﬂÁÌÂÌËﬂ ÔËÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÒÂ‰˚. éÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ Ëı ÓÎË Í‡Í ÌÓÒËÚÂ-

ÎÂÈ ˆÂÌÌ˚ı Ë ÚÓÍÒË˜Ì˚ı ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ Ï‡Ò¯Ú‡·‡ı ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË

ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ ‰‡ÂÚ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ Ó ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ı ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ÒÚ‚Ëﬂı ÌÂ-

‡ˆËÓÌ‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó ËÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÓ‚‡ÌËﬂ ÔËÓ‰Ì˚ı ÂÒÛÒÓ‚.

Ç ‡·ÓÚÂ ÔË‚Â‰ÂÌ˚ Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚Â ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â Ó ÒÂ‰ÌÂÏ ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡ÌËË

71 ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ ‚ ‚‡ÊÌÂÈ¯Ëı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı Ë ‰ÓÎﬂı Ï‡ÒÒ 52 ıË-

ÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â ÒÍÓÌˆÂÌÚËÓ‚‡Ì˚ ‚ Ï‡ÍÒËÏËÌÂ‡Î‡ı ËÎË ‚

Ëı ‡Ì‡ÎÓ„‡ı. ç‡·Ó ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎﬂÎÒﬂ Ëı Ô‡ÍÚË˜ÂÒÍÓÈ

ÁÌ‡˜ËÏÓÒÚ¸˛ Ë ËÏÂ˛˘ÂÈÒﬂ ·‡ÁÓÈ ËÒıÓ‰Ì˚ı ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı. ìÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ Ï‡Í-

ÒËÏËÌÂ‡Î˚ Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ ˆÂÌÌ˚ı ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îﬂ˛Ú 7.15%,

ÏËÌÂ‡Î˚, Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ ÓÔ‡ÒÌ˚Â ‚ ˝ÍÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍÓÏ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË, – 0.3%, ÔÓÚÂÌˆË-

‡Î¸ÌÓ ËÁ‚ÎÂÍ‡ÂÏ˚Â Ï‡ÒÒ˚ Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ ˆÂÌÌ˚ı ËÎË ÚÓÍÒË˜Ì˚ı ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı

˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ – 1.6% ‚ÒÂÈ Ï‡ÒÒ˚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚. èÓÎÛ-

˜ÂÌÌ˚Â ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â ﬂ‚Îﬂ˛ÚÒﬂ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÓÈ ‰Îﬂ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡ Ë ÔÓ„ÌÓÁ‡ ‚Á‡ËÏÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ

‚ ÒËÒÚÂÏÂ ÔËÓ‰‡ – ˆË‚ËÎËÁ‡ˆËﬂ.

èÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËﬂ (ÏÓ‰ÂÎ¸Ì˚Â) Ó ÒÚÓÂÌËË Ë ‚Â˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Â ‚Âı-

ÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚, ÌÂÒÓÏÌÂÌÌÓ, ·Û‰ÛÚ ÏÂÌﬂÚ¸Òﬂ Ë ÏÓ‰ÂÌËÁË-

Ó‚‡Ú¸Òﬂ ÔÓ ÏÂÂ ÔÓÒÚÛÔÎÂÌËﬂ ÌÓ‚Ó„Ó Ù‡ÍÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Ï‡ÚÂË‡Î‡. ùÚÓ ‚ÔÓÎÌÂ

ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ. çÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚Â ‡‚ÚÓÓÏ ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â Ó ÓÎË ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ‚ Í‡Í ÌÓÒËÚÂ-

ÎÂÈ ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‰ÓÎ„Ó ·Û‰ÛÚ ‚ÔËÒ˚‚‡Ú¸Òﬂ ‚ ÌÓ‚˚Â ÏÓ‰ÂÎË ÒÚÓÂ-

ÌËﬂ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚, ıÓÚﬂ Ëı ÛÚÓ˜ÌÂÌËÂ Ë ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ

ÌÂËÁ·ÂÊÌÓ. à ˝ÚÓ Ï˚ ‚ÓÒÔËÌËÏ‡ÂÏ Í‡Í ‰‡Ì¸ ÚÓÏÛ ·ÓÎ¸¯ÓÏÛ ÚÛ‰Û, ÍÓÚÓ-

˚È ‚ÎÓÊËÎ ‡‚ÚÓ ÏÓÌÓ„‡ÙËË ‚ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ ÏËÌÂ‡Î¸Ì˚ı ·‡Î‡ÌÒÓ‚ ıËÏË-

˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÒÛ·ÒÚ‡ÌˆËﬂı ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ-

˚, ‚ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ Â‡Î¸ÌÓÈ Ë ‚ÂÓﬂÚÌÓÈ ÓÎË Ï‡ÍÒËÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ‚ Í‡Í ÌÓÒËÚÂ-

ÎÂÈ ˆÂÌÌ˚ı Ë ÚÓÍÒË˜Ì˚ı ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚.

ê‡·ÓÚ‡ ÍÓÏÔ‡ÍÚÌ‡ﬂ, Ì‡ÔËÒ‡Ì‡ «ÚÂÎÂ„‡ÙÌ˚Ï ÒÚËÎÂÏ», Ì‡Ò˚˘ÂÌ‡ ÂÁÛÎ¸-

Ú‡Ú‡ÏË ‡Ò˜ÂÚÓ‚, ‚˚‡ÊÂÌÌ˚ÏË ‚ ˆËÙ‡ı. ùÚÓ ÚÂ·ÛÂÚ ÓÚ ˜ËÚ‡ÚÂÎﬂ ÔÓ‚˚-

¯ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ÌËÏ‡ÌËﬂ, ÌÓ ‡·ÓÚ‡, ÌÂÒÓÏÌÂÌÌÓ, Ì‡È‰ÂÚ ÔËÁÌ‡ÌËÂ „ÂÓÎÓ„Ó‚, ÒÔÂ-

ˆË‡ÎËÒÚÓ‚-Û‰ÌËÍÓ‚, ¯ËÓÍÓ„Ó ÍÛ„‡ ÎËˆ, ËÌÚÂÂÒÛ˛˘ËıÒﬂ ·Û‰Û˘ËÏ ÏËÌÂ-

‡Î¸ÌÓ-Ò˚¸Â‚ÓÈ ·‡Á˚ Ë ÔÓ·ÎÂÏ‡ÏË ˝ÍÓÎÓ„ËË.

ÑÓÍÚÓ „ÂÓÎÓ„Ó-ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍËı

Ì‡ÛÍ ÔÓÙÂÒÒÓ Ç.ç. ë‡ÁÓÌÓ‚

ÇÇÖÑÖçàÖ

ñÂÎ¸ ‡·ÓÚ˚ – ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍ‡ ‡ÒÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËﬂ Ï‡ÒÒ ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌ-

ÚÓ‚ ‚ ‡ÒÒÓˆË‡ˆËË „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰, ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚Îﬂ˛˘Ëı ÒÓ·ÓÈ ‚ÂıÌ˛˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓÌ-

ÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚, Ë ‚ ‡ÒÒÓˆË‡ˆËﬂı ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ‚, ÒÎ‡„‡˛˘Ëı ‚‡ÊÌÂÈ¯ËÂ

„ÓÌ˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚. ê‡Ò˜ÂÚ˚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌ˚ ÔÓ ÓÔÛ·ÎËÍÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Ï ‚ ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛÂ Â-

ÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú‡Ï ÏÌÓ„Ëı Ú˚Òﬂ˜ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÈ ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡ÌËÈ ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚

„ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ·ÓÎ¸¯Â ˜ÂÏ 3400 ÍÓÎË˜ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ„Ë˜Â-

ÒÍËÏ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁ‡Ï ÔÓ· „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰.

èÓ‰ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚ¸˛ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÔÓÌËÏ‡ÂÚÒﬂ ‡ÒÒÓˆË‡-

ˆËﬂ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜ÌÓ„Ó Ë „‡ÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚Ó„Ó ÒÎÓÂ‚ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸Ì˚ı Ë ÒÛ·ÍÓÌÚË-

ÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸Ì˚ı ·ÎÓÍÓ‚ ÁÂÏÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ ÔÓ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË Ä.Å. êÓÌÓ‚‡, Ä.Ä. üÓ¯Â‚ÒÍÓ„Ó

Ë Ä.Ä. åË„‰ËÒÓ‚‡ (1990). áÌ‡ÌËﬂ Ó ‚Â˘ÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Â ˝ÚÓ„Ó ‚‡ÊÌÂÈ¯Â„Ó

Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ‡ ÒÂ‰˚ Ì‡¯Â„Ó Ó·ËÚ‡ÌËﬂ ÓÒÚ‡‚Îﬂ˛Ú ÊÂÎ‡Ú¸ ÎÛ˜¯Â„Ó, ÌÓ ıÓ‰ ÂÒÚÂ-

ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓˆÂÒÒÓ‚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ÛÊÂ ËÁÏÂÌÂÌ ‚ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡ÚÂ ‡ÌÚÓÔÓ„ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈ-

ÒÚ‚Ëﬂ. ÇÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÂ ˝ÚÓ Ì‡ÒÚÓÎ¸ÍÓ ÁÌ‡˜ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÌÂ ËÒÍÎ˛˜‡ÂÚÒﬂ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊ-

ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÂÓ·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËﬂ ÒÂ‰˚ Ì‡¯Â„Ó Ó·ËÚ‡ÌËﬂ ‚ ËÒÍÛÒÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÛ˛ (É‡ÎËÏÓ‚,

2001). ÇÂÓﬂÚÌÓ, ÌÂ‰‡ÎÂÍÓ ÚÓ ‚ÂÏﬂ, ÍÓ„‰‡ Â¯ÂÌËÂ ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡ Ó ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ

ËÎË ‡ÌÚÓÔÓ„ÂÌÌÓÏ ÔÓËÒıÓÊ‰ÂÌËË ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı „ÂÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍËı Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÈ

ÔÓÚÂ·ÛÂÚ ÒÔÂˆË‡Î¸Ì˚ı ËÒÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÌËÈ. ùÚËÏ ‚ ÁÌ‡˜ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÈ ÏÂÂ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎﬂ-

ÂÚÒﬂ ‡ÍÚÛ‡Î¸ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËﬂ Ï‡ÍÒËÏ‡Î¸ÌÓ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚ı ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍ ÒÂ‰˚

Ì‡¯Â„Ó Ó·ËÚ‡ÌËﬂ, ÒÎÓÊË‚¯ÂÈÒﬂ ‚ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡ÚÂ ÂÒÚÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ÔÓˆÂÒÒÓ‚, ÓÒÓ-

·ÂÌÌÓ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚, ÔÓ‰‚Â„‡˛˘ÂÈÒﬂ Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ ËÌ-

ÚÂÌÒË‚ÌÓÏÛ ‡ÌÚÓÔÓ„ÂÌÌÓÏÛ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë˛. Ä‚ÚÓ Ì‡‰ÂÂÚÒﬂ, ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚Â

‰‡ÌÌ˚Â ‚ÌÂÒÛÚ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ‚ÍÎ‡‰ ‚ Â¯ÂÌËÂ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ‚ÓÔÓÒ‡.

Ç ‡·ÓÚÂ ÔË‚Â‰ÂÌ˚ ÌÓ‚˚Â Ë Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ ÔÓ‰Ó·Ì˚Â ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â Ó ÒÂ‰ÌÂÏ ÒÓ-

‰ÂÊ‡ÌËË ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ç, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, C,

Si, Sn, Pb, ê, As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F, Cl, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu,

Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu, Th, U, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni. Ö˘Â ‰Îﬂ ÌÂ-

ÒÍÓÎ¸ÍËı ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌ˚ ˝ÔËÁÓ‰Ë˜ÂÒÍËÂ ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â. èË‚Â-

‰ÂÌ˚ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú˚ ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚ı ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÈ ÒÂ‰ÌËı ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡ÌËÈ

276 ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ‚ Ë Ëı ‡ÁÌÓ‚Ë‰ÌÓÒÚÂÈ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ÚÂı ÌÂÏËÌÂ‡Î¸Ì˚ı ‚Â˘ÂÒÚ‚

‚ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı Ó·˙ÂÍÚ‡ı. éı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÓ‚‡ÌÓ ‡ÒÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ Ï‡ÒÒ ÔÂÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌ-

Ì˚ı ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ ‡ÒÒÓˆË‡ˆËË „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰, ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚Îﬂ˛˘ÂÈ

‚ÂıÌ˛˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚. èË‚Â‰ÂÌ˚ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú˚ ÔË·ÎËÁË-

ÚÂÎ¸Ì˚ı ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÈ ÒÂ‰ÌËı ÏËÌÂ‡Î¸Ì˚ı ·‡Î‡ÌÒÓ‚ H, O, Si, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg,

Ca, Na, K ‚ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚, ‚ ÂÂ ÒÎÓﬂı Ë ‚ ÒÎ‡„‡˛˘Ëı

Ëı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı. Ñ‡Ì˚ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú˚ ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚ı ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÈ ÚÂı

‰ÓÎÂÈ Ï‡ÒÒ Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, Ga, C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, ê,

As, Sb, Bi, O, S, F, Cl, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb, Lu,

Th, U, Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â ÒÍÓÌˆÂÌÚËÓ‚‡-

Ì˚ ‚ Ï‡ÍÒËÏËÌÂ‡Î‡ı (ÔÓÚÂÌˆË‡Î¸ÌÓ ÔÓÏ˚¯ÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÏËÌÂ‡Î‡ı). ùÚË ‰‡Ì-

Ì˚Â ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌ˚ ‰Îﬂ ‚ÂıÌÂÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚, ÂÂ ÒÎÓÂ‚ Ë ‚‡Ê-

ÌÂÈ¯Ëı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰.

ê‡Ò˜ÂÚ˚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌ˚ Ì‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ÌÂÒÍÓÎ¸ÍÓ ‰ÂÚ‡ÎËÁËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó Ù‡„ÏÂÌ-

Ú‡ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÒÚÓÂÌËﬂ ÁÂÏÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ Ä.Å. êÓÌÓ‚‡, Ä.Ä. üÓ¯Â‚-

ÒÍÓ„Ó Ë Ä.Ä. åË„‰ËÒÓ‚‡ (1990). èÓÒÚÓÂÌÌ‡ﬂ ÔÓ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú‡Ï „ÂÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍËı

Ò˙ÂÏÓÍ Ò Û˜ÂÚÓÏ ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÈ ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡ÌËÈ „Î‡‚Ì˚ı ıËÏË-

˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚ ‚ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰‡ı ‰Ó Ì‡˜‡Î‡ XXI ‚. ÓÌ‡ ÓÒÚ‡‚‡Î‡Ò¸ Ò‡ÏÓÈ

ÔÓ‰Ó·ÌÓÈ, ‚ ÌÂÈ Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ ‰ÂÚ‡Î¸ÌÓ Óı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ‡ÒÒÓˆË‡ˆËË „ÓÌ˚ı

ÔÓÓ‰, ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚Îﬂ˛˘ËÂ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È Ë „‡ÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚˚È ÒÎÓË (ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜ÌÛ˛

Ë „‡ÌËÚÌÓ-ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙË˜ÂÒÍÛ˛ Ó·ÓÎÓ˜ÍË) ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚÓ‚. ê‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ „ÓÌ˚ı

ÔÓÓ‰ Ì‡ „ÛÔÔ˚ Á‰ÂÒ¸ ·ÓÎÂÂ ‰ÂÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÂ, ˜ÂÏ ‚ ‰Û„Ëı ÏÓ‰ÂÎﬂı, ‡Á‡·ÓÚ‡Ì-

Ì˚ı ‚ XX ‚. ùÚ‡ ‰ÂÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÒÚ¸ ·˚Î‡ ÔÓ˜ÚË ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜Ì‡ ‰Îﬂ ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓ„Ó

Â¯ÂÌËﬂ ‚ÓÔÓÒÓ‚, ÔÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌ˚ı ‡‚ÚÓÓÏ, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ˝ÚÓÚ Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË

Ä.Å. êÓÌÓ‚‡ Ò ÍÓÎÎÂ„‡ÏË (1990) ÔËÌﬂÚ ‡‚ÚÓÓÏ Á‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚Û Ë ÌÂÒÍÓÎ¸ÍÓ ‰ÂÚ‡-

ÎËÁËÓ‚‡Ì. Ç ˝ÚÓÈ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË Í ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓÂ ÓÚÌÂÒÂÌ˚ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ

ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸Ì˚Â Ë ÒÛ·ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸Ì˚Â ·ÎÓÍË. ëÛÏÏ‡Ì‡ﬂ Ëı ÔÎÓ˘‡‰¸

213 ÏÎÌ ÍÏ

. ÇÂıÌﬂﬂ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÍÓÌÚËÌÂÌÚ‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÍÓ˚ ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ‡ Ì‡ ‰‚‡ ÒÎÓﬂ:

ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È Ë „‡ÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚˚È. É‡ÌËˆ‡ ÏÂÊ‰Û ÌËÏË ÔË·ÎËÁËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓ ÒÓ-

ÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÌËÊÌÂÈ „‡ÌËˆÂ ‚ÂıÌÂ„Ó ÔÓÚÂÓÁÓﬂ. ëÂ‰ÌËÂ ÏÓ˘ÌÓÒÚË ÒÎÓ-

Â‚, ÍÏ: ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È – 4.7, „‡ÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚˚È – 14.1. ë˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒﬂ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ÂıÌËÈ

ÒÎÓÈ ÒÎÓÊÂÌ ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ÏË Ë ‚ÛÎÍ‡ÌÓ„ÂÌÌ˚ÏË ÔÓÓ‰‡ÏË, ÌËÊÌËÈ – Ï‡„Ï‡ÚË-

˜ÂÒÍËÏË Ë ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙË˜ÂÒÍËÏË. Ç ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÒÚË ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËﬂ ÒÎÓÊÌÂÂ (êÂ-

Á‡ÌÓ‚, 2002). áÌ‡˜ËÚÂÎ¸Ì‡ﬂ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÚÓÎ˘ (ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓ Ô‡ÎÂÓÁÓÈÒÍËı) ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚-

ÎÂÌ‡ ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ÏË ÍÓÏ·ËÌ‡ˆËﬂÏË ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚ı, Ï‡„Ï‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍËı Ë ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙË˜Â-

ÒÍËı ÔÓÓ‰. àı ‡ÒÒÏ‡ÚË‚‡˛Ú Í‡Í ˜‡ÒÚË ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓﬂ, ‚ÍÎ˛˜‡˛˘ËÂ

Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ˚ „‡ÌËÚÌÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚Ó„Ó. ë˜ËÚ‡ÂÚÒﬂ, ˜ÚÓ ˝ÚË Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ˚ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚-

ÎÂÌ˚ ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙË˜ÂÒÍËÏË ÔÓÓ‰‡ÏË ÁÂÎÂÌÓÒÎ‡ÌˆÂ‚ÓÈ, ˝ÔË‰ÓÚ-‡ÏÙË·ÓÎËÚÓ-

‚ÓÈ Ë ‡ÏÙË·ÓÎËÚÓ‚ÓÈ Ù‡ˆËÈ, ËÌÚÛÁË‚Ì˚ÏË ÔÓÓ‰‡ÏË Ë ÏË„Ï‡ÚËÚ‡ÏË

(ãÛÚˆ, 1975). ùÚÓÈ ÔÓÁËˆËË ÔË‰ÂÊË‚‡ÎÒﬂ Ë ‡‚ÚÓ, Ó‰Ì‡ÍÓ Â„Ó ÔÓÔ˚ÚÍË

‚ÌÂÒÚË ‚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â Ä.Å. êÓÌÓ‚‡ Ò ÍÓÎÎÂ„‡ÏË ÍÓÂÍÚË‚˚, ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛˘ËÂ

ÓÚÏÂ˜ÂÌÌ˚Ï ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËﬂÏ, ÓÍ‡Á‡ÎËÒ¸ ÌÂÛ‰‡˜Ì˚ÏË. äÓÂÍÚÌÓÒÚ¸ ÔÓÎÛ-

˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÈ Ï‡ÒÒ ‡ÁÎË˜Ì˚ı „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰ ÓÍ‡Á‡Î‡Ò¸ ÌÂ ‚˚¯Â,

˜ÂÏ ‚ ËÒıÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÏÓ‰ÂÎË, ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËﬂ Ï‡ÒÒ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰ ·˚ÎË ÔË-

ÌﬂÚ˚ ‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ ÔÓ Ä.Å. êÓÌÓ‚Û Ë ‰. (1990). ÉÛÔÔ‡ «É‡ÌËÚÓË‰˚ Ë „‡ÌË-

ÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ˚» ‡Á‰ÂÎÂÌ‡ Ì‡ „‡ÌËÚ˚, „‡ÌÓ‰ËÓËÚ˚ Ë „‡ÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ˚. ëÓÓÚ-

ÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ï‡ÒÒ „‡ÌËÚÓ‚ Ë „‡ÌÓ‰ËÓËÚÓ‚ (Ò ÔÓ˜ËÏË „‡ÌËÚÓË‰‡ÏË ÔÓ‚˚-

¯ÂÌÌÓÈ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÒÚË) ÔËÌﬂÚ˚ ÔÓ Ä.Ä. ÅÂÛÒÛ (1981). ëÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËÂ Ï‡ÒÒ „‡-

ÌËÚÓË‰Ó‚ Ë „‡ÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚ ÔËÌﬂÚÓ 1:2 (ÉË„Ó¸Â‚, 2000). èË Ú‡ÍÓÏ ÒÓÓÚ-

ÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ÒÂ‰ÌËÈ ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËÈ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ „ÛÔÔ˚ «É‡ÌËÚÓË‰˚ Ë „‡ÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈ-

Ò˚» ÔÓ Ä.Å. êÓÌÓ‚Û Ë ‰. (1990) Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ ·ÎËÁÓÍ Í ÚÓÏÛ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚ-

ÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÒÂ‰ÌÂÏÛ ÏËÌÂ‡Î¸ÌÓÏÛ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Û „‡ÌËÚÓË‰Ó‚ Ë „‡ÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒÓ‚ ÔÓ

‰‡ÌÌ˚Ï ÏËÌÂ‡ÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍËı ‡Ì‡ÎËÁÓ‚. É‡ÌËÚÓ-„ÌÂÈÒ˚ Û˜ÚÂÌ˚ Í‡Í ÓÚÓÏÂ-

Ú‡ÏÓÙË˜ÂÒÍËÂ ÔÓÓ‰˚. ìÎ¸Ú‡·‡ÁËÚ˚ (‚ ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ ÏÂÚ‡ÏÓÙËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Â)

‡‚ÚÓ ÔÓ Ú‡‰ËˆËË ÓÒÚ‡‚ËÎ ÒÂ‰Ë Ï‡„Ï‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍËı ÔÓÓ‰.

Ç ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ËË Ò ÓÚÏÂ˜ÂÌÌ˚Ï, ÔË ‡Ò˜ÂÚ‡ı ·˚ÎË ÔËÌﬂÚ˚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÂ

‰ÓÎË Ï‡ÒÒ ‚‡ÊÌÂÈ¯Ëı „ÛÔÔ „ÓÌ˚ı ÔÓÓ‰. éÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚È ÒÎÓÈ, %: ÔÂÒÍË Ë ÔÂ-

Ò˜‡ÌËÍË (‚ÍÎ˛˜‡ﬂ ·ÓÎÂÂ „Û·ÓÓ·ÎÓÏÓ˜Ì˚Â ÓÒ‡‰Ó˜Ì˚Â ÔÓÓ‰˚ Ë ‡ÎÂ‚ÓÎË-