Фогельсон Ю.Б., Ефремова М.Д. Защита прав потребителей финансовых услуг

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   ,    

    - ,    

.       

,

 N 93/13/EEC  <1>.

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<1>  3   : The Unfair Terms in

Consumer Contracts Regulations of 22 July 1999. No. 2083 // The UK Statute Law

Database of Office of Public Sector Information: http:// www.statutelaw.gov.uk/

AZIndex.aspx?LegType= All%20Primary&BrowseLetter=U.

,     

,    ()  -  .

        

 <1>.

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<1> 

(final addressee, final consumer, end consumer), 

  , 

 .      

 : EC Consumer Law Compendium: Comparative

Analysis / Ed. by H. Schulte-Nolke, C. Twigg-Flesner, M. Ebers. P. 678 - 679.

4. 

  .   

   ""   

    <1>. ,  

     ,

.

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<1>  "" .   1. 54  § 2 . 4.

       

: "...,     

 ,     (,

)"   .     

,        

. 

, 

.  

   ,   

,      

.

, 

 . ,    

        

   ?   , 

,    (,    . 1

    N 7 1994 .    

)?

.

 

    ,   .

    .  

. 

    50 . ,  

  .     ,   

     

    N 1985/577 (

, ). , 

      , 

       .

,  ,     

, , ,

       ( ).   

  .    , " ,

  ,     

, ,

         

 , ,   ,   

" <1>.

--------------------------------

<1> Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Fifth

Chamber) of 17 March 1998, No. Case C-45/96 (Bayerische Hypotheken- und

Wechselbank AG v. Edgard Dietzinger).

. . 

 . 4,   -  ,  

) . 

,   ,    

. 

 . 

     .  

, , , 

. 

   .  ,    

     

  N 1985/577    : "

 ",   

", , , 

,  ". ,

 ""      

  .      

: "...

,        .

 : PRESSI ( HERSON )

,  

" <1>.

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<1> Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Fifth

Chamber) of 17 March 1998, No. Case C-45/96 (Bayerische Hypotheken- und

Wechselbank AG v. Edgard Dietzinger).

 . 4, 

       . 

         

. , . 

: ",      

   .   

, ,  ,  "

". ,  ,   

  .    ,  

  ,   

 ,      

   " <1>.   

   .  <2>.  

      , 

 " ": "...  , ,

, , "

<3>.

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<1> Cartwright P. Optimal Consumer Protection in Financial Services // Thesis

of ECRI/CEPS Seminar. 2001. 7 June. .: Consumer Protection in Financial

Services / Ed. by P. Cartwright. The Hague; L.; Boston, 1999. P. 5 - 7.

<2> .: Hondius E. The Notion of Consumer: European Union v. Member

States // Sydney Law Review. 2006. Vol. 28. P. 94.

<3>     N 2002/65/EC ( 

 ) 

,    N 2005/29/EC ( 

).

 ,      

, , 

   )   ,    

  .       

      

       

 (, ). 

.

,       

    ,    , - 

.  - , .

5.  () 

   .    

     ""

:  <1>.

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<1> Herre J., Hondius E., Alpa G. Op. cit.

     .

,       

:     ,     

,    .  ,

, ,

.

   , 

.        , 

    , ,  

, .

,      

 :       

,  a priori, 

    .   ,

,     , 

,  .  ,    

,  ,    

 ,  ,   

  ,   ,  

.



   ,    

"  "", , 

.       

.

       , 

    .    ,  

  .       ,  

. , ,

 .  ,

        

 (      

     )   -

. , , , , 

   ,       (

. - .), , 

      ,  

       ,

, " <1>.

--------------------------------

<1> Judgment of the European Court of Justice (Sixth Chamber) of 3 July 1997.

No. Case C-269/95 (Francesco Benincasa v. Dentalkit Srl) // European Court

Reports. 1997. P. I-03767.

 : PRESSI ( HERSON )

        

 "" - 

  ).    ,   

,   ,    

 .     

      

.   ""   ,   

-

 ,     

 <1>. 

  ,     ,

   .      

 ,      ,  

 ,       

 <2>.

--------------------------------

<1> .:    /  . . , .

, . . ., 1984. . 407.

<2> Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Second

Chamber) of 20 January 2005. No. C-464/01 (Johann Gruber v. Bay Wa AG) //

European Court Reports. 2005. P. I-439.

 , ,  ,    

 "" 

. , 

, .

  ().  ,   

, 

, , 

 ("mixed purposes").

. 

 ,     .

60%  () 

40% - ,  ().

, , 

      

    .

 40% ,

       .  

       

, ,  <1>.

--------------------------------

<1> Ibid. : Loos M. Review of the European

Consumer Aquis // GPR: European Community Private Law Review. 2008. No. 3/08.

P. 118.



     

  :     ,

, "

<1>. 

- ,  <2>.

--------------------------------

<1> Wallis D. Working Document on European Contract Law and the Revision

of the Acquis: State of Play and the Notion of Consumer // Committee on the Internal

Market and Consumer Protection of the European Parliament. 2006. 17 May. P. 4.

<2> .: . 3 Consumer Protection Act, entered into force on 1 September

1978 No. 38/1978 (http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1978/).

     (). 

      .   

,   ""    

 . ,     

,       ..."

("purposes which can be regarded as outside..."),    - ", 

  ..." ("purposes which are outside...").  

, , . 2 . 1  N 87/102/EEC (

).   11  2010 .  

2008/48/EC <1>,      .

: "..., ..." ("purposes which

are not related to...") (, . 2 . 1  N 99/44/EC) <2>.

--------------------------------

<1> Directive 2008/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23

April 2008 on credit agreements for Consumers and Repealing Council Directive

87/102/EEC // Official Journal. 2008. 22 May. No. L 133. P. 66 - 92.

<2>        , 

.

       

,      

.      

,     ()  

   <1>.    

" , , .

--------------------------------

<1> .: Bradgate R., Twigg-Flesner C., Nordhausen A. Op. cit. P. 168.

,      "" 

, , .



) , 

    ,   

, . , , 

,       

 ,       

.

 : PRESSI ( HERSON )

     ?     

 ,      

, .

§ 2. : 

1. 



      

      

 .     

      

,  - , . 

. , 

: 50  - 50  <1>. 

, 

 "", .

--------------------------------

<1> .: Waller S.W. In Search of Economic Justice: Considering Competition

and Consumer Protection Law // Loyola University Chicago Law Journal. 2005. Vol.

36. P. 635.

   ,   

"  ,  

<1>. ?

--------------------------------

<1> .: E-Commerce Law in Europe and the USA / Eds. by G. Spindler, F.

Bonier. Heidelberg, 2002. P. 704.

 ,    .  ,

 () 

,  (U.S. Code). ,

   "    " (Fair

Debt Collection Practices Act).     

   " ,  

" <1>.

--------------------------------

<1> U.S. Code, Title 15, Chapter 41 "Consumer Credit Protection", § 1692a //

Cornell University Law School: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/.

     , 

. , , 

   -  -  (Gramm - Leach - Bliley Act):

 -  "     ,

       ,

  , 

  " <1>. ,     

   ""  "" 

,        

.

--------------------------------

<1> U.S. Code, Title 15, Chapter 94 "Privacy", § 6809 (9) // Cornell University

Law School: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/.

        "

" (Truth in Lending Act). 

    (§ 1602 ()):  - 

  -   ,   

,   ,   

,    " <1>.   

  "  ,

" () 

     (§ 1603).   

      "

   ",     .

.

--------------------------------

<1> U.S. Code, Title 15, Chapter 41 "Consumer Credit Protection", C // Cornell

University Law School: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/.

 ,    , 

   .     

 ,    " "

 .      -

   -    

   .  

     ,     

 <1>.

--------------------------------

<1>     2009 .   : http://

www.consumercal.org/ downloads/ 2009%20Scorecard_1.pdf.

,    "  " (Consumer

Affairs Act)   "  , 

  (  )   (  )

, , , 

" <1>.

--------------------------------

<1> Business and Professions Code, Section 302 (c) // http://

www.leginfo.ca.gov/ cgi-bin/ displaycode?section= bpc&group= 00001-01000&file=

300-303.

       

.  ,   "    

,   " (Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business

Practices Act)  (. 1): " ""  , 

    

 : PRESSI ( HERSON )

     ,       

    ".  

 ""       ,  

" , .   "" 



, , , , ,   .

, , 

 <1>.

--------------------------------

<1> Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Ace. 815ILCS505 //

http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/.

   .  

  ,     

   .    , 

 <1>, .

--------------------------------

<1> E-Commerce Law in Europe and the USA / Eds. by G. Spindler, F. Bonier.

Heidelberg, 2002. P. 704.

         

, :

-  (natural persons);

-   ,  ,  

, .

 ,     ,  

:

-   ""    

. , );

-   () 

 ,  () 

.

2. 

       

   : "  ...

 -     ; , 

,      ,  

, ; -

        ,  

... ,

: "", - 

  ,  

" <1>.        

  ""   

.

--------------------------------

<1>  .,  .   

. ., 1996. . 275.

. , 

    .     

.

        

 "     ,  

". ,     "" , 

   ,    .    ,

.

   ,     

 " 

" (Law Offices Stogsdill v. Cragin Federal Bank). 

      .    

         

,         

 .       , 

, . ,



    .   ,  

   "    

, ", 

          

, .

 ,        

   . ,   ,

 ""  "" ,

 " ,      

 ,       " 

, " <1>.

--------------------------------

<1> Law Offices Stogsdill v. Cragin Federal Bank. Illinois App. 645 NE 2d 564

(1995) // http:// scholar.google.com/ scholar_case?case= 8174487423941475276&q=

Law+ Offices+ Stogsdill+ v.+Cragin&hl= en&as_sdt= 400002.

, ,

,      

<1>.

--------------------------------

<1>   ,       

,  ,  ,    

 Gould&Ratner: The Illinois Consumer Fraud Act - a Potential Weapon that

Businesses Can Utilize to Combat Misrepresentation, Concealment, Unfair or

Deceptive Practices // http:// www.gouldratner.com/ assets/ attachments/ Taking+

Stock- consumer+ fraud.pdf.

    .  

  ""    , 

 : PRESSI ( HERSON )