Faroqhi S.N. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 3, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839
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diplomacy, 3–4, 107–14
bureaucratisation, 81, 108, 109, 110
concepts and tools, 107–14
embassies abroad, 73, 79–80, 81, 108, 519; see
also Yirmisekiz C¸ elebi Mehmed
Efendi
European embassies in Istanbul, 79–80, 81,
108–9, 292, 320, 454
Europeanisation, 81, 107–14
mediation, 109, 110, 111–12
oral culture and, 108
political theory works by diplomats, 73–4
reciprocity, 97, 107, 109
translation in, 108, 109, 321
turn to, 70, 107–8
see also individual treaties, capitulations;
dragomans; ‘Eastern Question’; and
under individual countries and Islam;
legitimacy, Ottoman; Mahmud II; trade
(WESTERN); ulema
dirliks (revenue assignments), 447
disease, 35–6, 101, 103, 245, 377
display, 234–5
divan, imperial, 54, 213
judicial role, 67, 213
divans, poetic, 503, 507–9
divination, see fortune-telling
divorce, 238–9, 247–9, 250
Diyarbakırlı Ahmed M
¨
urs¸id, 502
Diyarbakırlı H
ˆ
am
ˆ
ı, 502
Diyarbekir, xx, 126, 245, 374, 394
cotton production, 368–9, 371
Dniester river, 103–4
Do
˘
gubayazit, 15–16
Donado, Giovanni Battista, 394
dowries, 238–9, 248, 249
dragomans, 108, 321
drama, 260
Drava marshes, 96
dreams, interpretation of, 455
dress, see clothing
Druze, 186, 187, 189, 190–1, 195–6
Dubrovnik (Ragusa), xxi, 162, 276, 303–4
durak (dervish liturgical song), 401
D
¨
urrizade family, 223
dyeing
centres: Aleppo, 128; Ambelakia, 385;
Ayntab, 367; Boyalı, 363; Bursa, 343;
Cairo, 365; Chios, 372; Tire, 342;
Tokat, 128, 371
collectives and partnerships, 340, 341
colours: indigo, 365, 366, 367, 371; red, 363,
366, 368, 369, 372; violet, 369
printing, 369
tax records, 357
trade in dyestuffs: exports, 298, 313, 329, 331,
333, 334; imports, 313, 315, 322, 331, 333,
334
earthquakes, 245, 457, 467–9, 475
East India Company, British, 201, 312
‘Eastern Question’, 57–8, 111, 112
Ebu
˙
Ishakzade family, 212, 223, 252, 515
Ebubekir Pas¸a, 180, 182–3
Ebu’s-suud Efendi, s¸eyh
¨
ulislam, 275
´
echelles du Levant, 312, 313–14, 335
ecnebi defterleri (register books of foreigners),
287n.1
ecology, 18–42, 42n.51
and demography, 19–21
diversity, 18
natural catastrophes, 35–7
see also agriculture; basins, fertile; climate;
desertion and resettlement; forests;
mountains; nomads and semi-nomads;
settlement patterns; steppe,
anthropogenic
economy
capital formation, 9
circle of equity, 68, 307
commercialisation, 169
and European system, 5–6, 308–9, 316–17
Jews’ role, 268–70
market, 43, 343
and mercantilism, 307
military supply and, 115
provisionalism, fiscalism and
traditionalism, 8, 307–8
reform, 112, 113
rentier, 129
textiles as indicators, 356–7
resistance to Western penetration, 308–9
warfare and, 90, 97–8, 140, 312, 317–18, 353,
362
see also agriculture; craftsmen and craft
production; finance; markets;
monetarisation; protectionionism,
economic; trade
Edirne (Adrianople), xx, xxi
architecture, 434, 454, 460; palace, 434, 454,
460–1; Selimiye complex, 448, 453;
stone cutters, 469
ayan oppose Selim III, 185
court in, 432, 434, 454, 459, 460–1
‘Edirne incident’, deposition of Mustafa II,
xviii, 171
588
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1603-1839 - Volume 3
Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi
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elite land holdings, 382
medreses, 220
music, 394
painting, 429, 432, 433, 465
silk manufacture, 373
treaty of, 60, 106, 113
in wars, 103, 106
Edirnek
ˆ
ar
ˆ
ı veneered woodwork, 465
education
in Arabic and Persian, 484–5
Diyarbakırlı Hami’s self-, 502
in political households, 76
reforms, 35, 61, 80
royal, 14, 66
secularisation, 273
teachers’ status, 14
of ulema, 212, 216–20
women’s, 242, 252–3, 516n.101
see also learning; medreses; schools
eflaks (Vlachs), 160–1
Eger (E
˘
gri), 91, 448
Egypt
architecture, 470, 479–80
army garrison, 198
Christianity, 273–4, 275, 351
ecology, 26
French
´
echelles, 335
identity, 198, 206
judiciary, 149–50
Leibniz’s scheme for conquest, 301
Mecca subsidised by, 87
musicians in Istanbul, 393
power-holders, 135, 137, 139–40, 146;
administrative establishment, 141–2;
Khedival dynasty, 105, 113; Mamluks,
13–14, 59, 141–2, 144, 146, 197–9;
military elite, 139, 141, 146, 147–8, 198;
political households, 13–14, 59, 144,
146, 197–9; pre-Ottoman elites, 139–40,
147, 197; shaykh al-balad, 198–9, 205–6;
see also Mehmed Ali Pas¸a
sugar, 315
supply of armies, 104
taxation, 141–2, 188, 197, 198
textiles, 364, 365, 366; see also under cotton
wars: Selim I’s conquest, 67; battle of
Navarino, xix, 106; British naval
expedition (1807), 58; Napoleonic
occupation, xviii, 58, 79, 104–5, 130,
181, 188, 199;
seventeenth/eighteenth-century
revolts, 104, 135, 144–5
ehl-i hiref (court artists), 411, 428
ehl-i
¨
orf, see provincial power-holders
(administrative establishment)
Ekmekc¸io
˘
glu Ahmed Pas¸a, 454
elite, ruling, 45–6, 65, 70–1
aristocratisation, 53–4
artists and architects in, 411–12, 448–50
Christians, 54, 102, 272–3
collective rule under Ahmed III, 469
and constitutionalism, 80
janissaries, 45–6, 49, 50, 111
marriages, 71, 236–7
malik
ˆ
ane holders, 127–8, 168, 447
mobility between branches, 53
new, nineteenth-century, 80, 105, 113
patronage of arts, 430–1, 441; see also under
architecture
pre-Ottoman survivals, 163, 197
reaya infiltrate, 73
scribes’ upward mobility, 71
slave status, 66, 74–5, 76, 80
taxation and composition of, 166–7
and Western knowledge, 55–6
women of, 252–4
see also askeri; court, imperial; households,
political; kapıkulu; officials; provincial
power-holders
Elizabeth I, queen of England, 290–1
Elma Da
˘
gı, 26
embassies, see diplomacy
Emincik, 181
Emirzade, son of Ani Fatma Hatun, 516
empire, Ottoman notions of, 107, 158–9, 257
engineering, 88–9, 96
Enlightenment, European, 17, 79–80
epidemics, 245, 377
see also disease
Epirus, 41, 377
equity, circle of, 68, 307
Eritrea, 204
Erivan, see Revan
Erkeksu, near Ankara, 342
Erzurum, xx, 52, 106, 245, 374
Erzurumlu Feyzullah Efendi, see Feyzullah
Efendi
Esad Efendi, s¸eyh
¨
ulislam, 396–7, 398, 400, 405
esame (pay tickets), 88, 98, 105
eschatology, see apocalyptic and eschatology
esham (shares of revenue sources), 129–30
Esma, daughter of Abd
¨
ulhamid I, 251
Esma, daughter of Ahmed III, 251
esoteric knowledge, 433
Esrar Dede, 489, 492, 493
Estergom, 90–91, 96–7
589
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es¸raf ve ayan, see ayan
Ethiopia, 147
ethnic groups, 34–5
accommodation (istimalet), 158–9
and Istanbul dialect, 486
in Middle East, 189, 190
see also individual groups and tribal and clan
based groups
Eugene of Savoy, 100, 109
eulogy, 77, 413–15
see also na‘t
eunuchs, chief
black, 71, 431, 441, 448, 449
white, 413, 423, 431, 449
Europe, 3–4
diplomacy, 3–4, 104–5, 108–9; see also under
individual countries
and finance, 6, 314, 322–3
and independence movements and rebels,
47, 59; Mehmed Ali Pas¸a, 59–60, 112
influence, 18, 55–6, 70, 116–17, 171–2; see also
under architecture; diplomacy;
government organisation; literature;
music; painting; warfare
land as motive for Ottoman expansion, 202
military revolution (1550–1750), 117
and North Africa, 202
technology, 8–9, 55–6, 85, 89, 98–9, 116, 304
travel quarantine, 108
and turqueries, 55
see also individual countries, trade
(WESTERN), and under economy
evkaf properties, 121, 125
Evliya C¸ elebi, xvii, 497, 518–19
on artists, 428–9, 433
on carpet manufacture, 363
on craftsmen, 347–8, 351
on history of Revan campaign, 427
on library of Abdal Han, 429–30
on Meccan rebellion, 379
on medrese education, 484–5
on musical instruments, 404
on S
¨
uleyman the Magnificent, 351
on tarih inscriptions, 514
on Veyi
ˆ
ı, 504
executions, 49, 77, 177, 503
exorcist, Cinci Hoca, 49
eyalets (administrative units), 167
Ey
¨
up Sultan, tomb of, 502
factionalism, 67, 74–9, 123, 167, 221, 449
urban military, 91, 143–4, 148, 191
Fahri, 498
fairs, 338, 379, 500
Fa’iz Efendi, 503
Fa’izi, 493
Fakhr al-d
ˆ
ın Maian, xvii, 47, 48
falnames (books of divination), 415–19
family, 242–50
family-aid vakıfs, 240–1
guardianship, 243–4
Jewish, 270–1
law, 246
see also households
Faqariyya household, 198
Farhi family, 264
Farrukh family, 142
fashions, 16, 254–5, 260, 445
Fasih Ahmed Dede, 498
Fasihi, 490
fasıl suite (music), 405–7
Fatima, daughter of Ahmed III, 252
Fatma Fa’ize Hanım, 514–15
Fazıl Bey Ender
ˆ
un
ˆ
ı, 488n.22, 444–88, 510, 512
Fehim-i Kadim, 492
Ferdi, 490
Ferriol, Charles, Marquis de, 443
festivities, royal, 347–9, 443, 444
see also circumcisions, royal; surname;
weddings (royal)
fetvas (legal opinions), 213, 351–2
feudalism, 29–30
see also timar system
Feyzullah Efendi, s¸eyh
¨
ulislam, 52, 171, 212
,
222–3
death, xviii, 171
Feyzullahzade family, 224, 253
fez, 62
fiction, 518, 519–20
fig trees, 23
Filibe (Plovdiv), xxi, 185
woollens, 360–1, 373–4, 386
finance, public, 118–30
and architectural projects, 446–7
bureaucracy, 106, 121–2, 123–4
calendar and, 118
crises, 113, 178, 187, 458
devaluation, 118, 119, 122, 126
esham system, 129–30
and European finance, 6, 314, 322–3
expenditure, 118, 122
grand viziers’ successes, 122, 123–4
income, 119–22
Istanbul as international centre, 125–6
ministry of finance created, 106
price revolution and, 118
590
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in provinces, 124, 173
reform, 79, 123–4, 130–1
timar system and, 119
and warfare, 89–90, 104, 118, 187, 202;
Crimean war, 6; cycle of indebtedness,
83, 114; Habsburg war (1683–99),
124–5; lack of corporatism and capital
investment, 89–90, 99, 114, 116;
military pay, 122; Nizam-ı Cedid, 130,
179–80, 371; Russo-Austrian–Ottoman
war, 126; Venetian war, 167–8
see also bills of exchange; coinage; credit;
taxation
fiqh, 214
firearms, small, 45, 70, 71, 83, 88–9
fires, urban, 245, 266, 457, 459, 461, 467–9
firewood, 26
fiscalism, 8, 307–8
Fıtnat Hanım (born Z
¨
ubeyde), 227, 252–3,
488n.22, 514–15, 516
flight, peasant, see under desertion and
resettlement
Florence, 289, 296
folk culture, 263, 405
see also saz s¸airleri
Fonton, Charles, 394, 404
foodstuffs, 23–5, 95, 329, 331, 343, 459
see also individual types and supply
foreign relations, see diplomacy
forests, 23, 25–9, 32, 43
fortifications
Bosporus, 458
Danube, 86, 100, 101–2, 110
patronage, 177, 478
fortune-telling, 413–19, 486
paintings used in, 420, 428–9, 432
see also prophecies
foundations, socio-religious, 15, 461
craftsmen rent workspace from, 340, 353,
358
credit offered by, 354, 384
financed by conquests, 448, 458
guilds’, 354, 384
land tenure, 381, 382
notables as trustees, 162
patronage: imperial, 67, 130, 509; viziers’,
xviii, 469–70, 474–5; see also under
individual patrons
rural, 382
Selimiye, Edirne, 448, 453
tax collection, 121
waqfs, 192
women founders, 13, 239–41, 509
see also Istanbul (MOSQUES AND
SOCIO-RELIGIOUS COMPLEXES)
fountains, 15, 251–2, 471–3
inscriptions, 498, 499
in Istanbul, 453–4, 455, 469, 472, 474
France, 4, 113
Ahmed III’s francophilia, 252
and Ali of Janina, 182
and Americas, 315–16
artillery instructors from, 179
book collectors, 434
capitulations, 290–2;(1536), 283, 293n.7, 295;
(1569), 295;(1673), 301;(1740), 110,
319–21; abolition (1914), 320
and Catholics in Ottoman Empire, 277, 291
coinage, 306, 312
diplomacy, 58, 110, 320, 454; Yirmisekiz
C¸ elebi Mehmed Efendi’s embassy to,
xviii, 73, 110, 465; see also capitulations
above
Dutch wars, 301, 311
and ‘Eastern Question’, 57
fiction, 520
financial services, 6
Habsburg alliance, 111, 301
military investment, 114
and paintings, 435, 438
Revolution, 130; wars of, 178
and Rumelian uprising, 181–2, 183–4
shipping, 312, 328; coastal caravane, 322, 323;
right to give protection, 291
wars against Ottomans, xviii, xix, 79, 106,
154
TRADE WITH OTTOMANS, 4, 129, 284,
286, 298, 300, 301, 305, 312–13, 315, 316–17
arrangements, 318
balance of trade deficit, 312, 334
capitulations, see above
direct contact with producers, 316–17
´
echelles du Levant, 312, 313–14, 335
eighteenth-century dominance and
collapse, 284, 298–9, 300–1, 311–17, 323–4
foodstuffs: grain, 333, 334, 389–90; olive oil,
5, 333, 334; see also under coffee; sugar
local traders’ relations with, 325
statistics, 301, 326, 327, 331, 333, 334, 335
textiles, 4, 366–8; British competition, 301,
311, 312, 314–15, 317; dyestuffs, 315, 322,
331, 333, 334; exports to Levant, 16, 301,
311, 312, 313, 314–15, 317–18, 322, 326, 333,
334; imports from Levant, 299, 322,
331, 333, 334, 358, 359, 366, 367; see also
under wool
591
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TRADE WITH OTTOMANS (cont.)
see also Egypt (warfare; Napoleonic
occupation); French language; and
individual places, especially Marseilles
Franciscan order, 4
Francos (European Jewish immigrants),
256–7, 263, 268, 269, 271
Frederick I the Great of Prussia, 111
freebooters, 197–8, 203
freedmen, 13
freedom, personal, 236
French language; Ottoman use, 61
fritware production, 469
frontier areas, 107, 137
governors’ powers, 140, 143
Syria as, 87, 114
see also warfare (battlefronts)
fruit, 388
dried, 291, 298
fuel, 26
furniture making, 437
furs, trade in, 302
Gabrovo, 161
Galata, Genoese colony of, 294–5
Galib, S¸eyh, 483, 485, 489, 502, 514
poetry, 488n.22, 510, 513, 514
Galilee, 195
, 199
Galland, Antoine, 394, 398, 427–8, 434
galls, 298
Ganizade Mehmed Nadiri, 423
gardens, 458, 465
Gavur
˙
Imam, 181
Gaybi Sunullah, 502
Gayl
ˆ
an
ˆ
ı, ‘Abd ul-K
ˆ
adir, 47
Gaza, 141
Gazanfer A
˘
ga, chief white eunuch, 413, 423,
431, 449
gazavatname (biographical genre), 430
gazel (poetic form), 495–6, 503, 510–12
gazette, military, 62
Gazi Hasan Pasha, admiral, 84
Gaziantep, see Ayntab
gedik (kedek, right to pursue trade/materials
needed), 352, 354
Gelibolu; tombs of Ottoman fighters,
459
Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali, 415, 431, 451, 494
on Turkish language, 483n.4, 484, 485
gender bias, 244
Gennadios Scholarios, 275
Genoa, 289, 294–5, 296, 389
Georgia, 100, 197, 200
Germany, 317, 368
see also Prussia
Germigny, baron de, 291
Gevheri, 501
al-Ghaz
ˆ
al
ˆ
ı, 227, 232
ghazi tradition, 67, 68
Gibraltar, 3
Golden Age, 52–3, 72, 116, 211
goldsmiths, 351, 453
g
¨
on
¨
ull
¨
uyan (irregular troops), 145
government organisation, 65, 69–70, 71
civilianisation, 67, 71
Europeanisation, 80, 106, 112
Mahmud II’s reforms, 79, 80, 105, 112, 117
rebuilding after Passarowitz, 15
sultan’s role lessens, 167
see also administration; bureaucracy;
centralisation and decentralisation;
finance; officials; scribes, governmental
governors, provincial, 139
ayan on staff of, 153, 193
appointment, central, 45, 66, 71, 140, 186,
190; see also under notables, provincial
and court favour, 195
defence of province, 140
deputies, 139, 140
in frontier areas, 143, 195
households, 76–7
length of tenure, 194, 195, 200
and mercenaries, 140, 164
Phanariote, in principalities, 54, 102
powers augmented in eighteenth century,
142–3
revolts against, 151
revolts by, 47, 135, 136, 164, 188, 361–2
sale of office, 78
struggle for power in Aleppo, 143–4
sub-provincial, sancakbeyis, 78–9, 97, 141
sultan’s sons as, 66
and taxation, 78, 123, 140
trading by Tunisian, 389
grain, 38, 177, 342
domestic consumption, 154, 387
exports, 333, 334, 389–90
military supply system, 115
gravestones, 498, 499
Greece
Ali Pas¸a’s power in, 59
Aristotelian science, 56
demography, 19, 376
exports, 291, 298, 327
independence struggle, xix, 59–60, 80, 104,
106, 113, 480
592
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Edited by Suraiya N. Faroqhi
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Jews and Greek culture, 256, 261, 263
music, 263, 406
shipping, 323, 372
war over, 58
Greek language, 256, 274, 276–7, 278–9
Greeks abroad, 269, 351, 474, 480
merchants, 269, 302, 303, 323, 325
Grocka (Hisarcik), battle of, 101
guardianship, 243–4
guilds, 128–9
as administrative units, 161
and ahis, 351, 354
confessionally mixed, 170, 350, 351–2
and dervish orders, 354
entry restrictions, 353–4
finance, 354, 359
Jewish, 269
kadis and, 350, 353
links amongst, 354, 359
mutual supervision, 346
non-guild workers, 370
officials, 349–52
price-fixing, 344
raw materials procurement, 338–9, 355
regional variation, 349, 351
religious element, 351, 354
rivalries, 349
scribes’ organisation resembles, 71, 74
in small towns, 339
socio-religious foundations, 354, 384
sources, 352, 358
and state, 344–6, 350, 354–5
see also craftsmen and craft production
gun-foundry, Tophane, 412
gunpowder producers, 161
G
¨
ufti, 493
G
¨
ulhane Decree, 80
G
¨
ulnus¸ Emetull
ˆ
ah, 435, 474
G
¨
uls¸eni order of dervishes, 399
G
¨
um
¨
us¸hacik
¨
oy, 463
Gy
¨
or (Yanik), 90–1
Gypsies, Rumanian, 406
Habes¸ci, Elias, 228
Habes¸i Mehmed A
˘
ga, chief black eunuch, 431,
448
Habsburg Empire
French alliance, 111, 301
frontier, 8, 9, 34, 85–6, 97
mediation between Russia and Ottomans,
111–12
military development, 8–9, 114
trade, 323, 327, 389
WARS AGAINST OTTOMANS, 57, 202
ending in, 51, 95–6, 301
‘Long’ (1593–1606), xvii, 46–7, 88, 90–1; see
also Zsitva-T
¨
orok, treaty of
(1683–99), xvii, 51–2, 54, 78, 97; and
economy, 124–5, 304, 365; see also
Karlowitz, treaty of; Vienna (second
siege)
Venetian–Austrian–Ottoman (1716–18), 55,
100, 109; see also Passarowitz, treaty of
Austro-Russian–Ottoman (1736–9), 55,
101–2, 110–11, 126
(1787–92), 103–4
late eighteenth-century rapprochement,
181–2, 323
Hacı Mustafa Pas¸a, 182
H
ˆ
acib ‘
ˆ
As¸ık Tim
ˆ
ur, 424
Hacıo
˘
glu Pazarcık (Tolbuhin), 176–7
Hac¸ova, battle of, 431
Hadıce (daughter of Mehmed IV), 252
Hadıce (daughter of Mustafa III), 251, 468, 479
Hadıce Turhan Sult
ˆ
an, see Turhan Sult
ˆ
an
hadim
¨
ul-haremeyn il-s¸erifeyn (Servitor of the
Two Holy Cities, sultan’s title), 67, 188,
204
hadith compilations, reciters of, 214
Hafiz Post (Mehmed Efendi), 400
Haga, Cornelius, 292
Halab Shah b.
˙
Isa, 464
al-Halabi, Yusuf Dimitri Abbud, 194
Halet Efendi, 77
Halveti order of dervishes, 399, 401
, 455
Hama, 471
Hammamizade
˙
Ismail Dede Efendi, 397
Hammer, Joseph von, 44
Hamon family, 258, 264
Hampartzum Limoncuyan, 399
Hanım Sultan, 252
Harborne, William, 290–1, 296n.14, 298
harem, imperial, 66, 71, 74, 434
haremlik, Jewish, 270
Harfush family, 141
Harput, 240
Hasan A
˘
ga, 457
Hasan C¸ elebi, 495
Hasan Pas¸a (rebel), see Abaza Hasan Pas¸a
Hasan Pas¸a, governor of Baghdad, 143, 200,
201, 408
Hasan Rıdvan, 428
Hasan Sezai, 502
Haseki Sultan, 436
Hashimi emirs of Mecca, 204, 206
Hasib-i
¨
Usk
¨
udari, Seyyid, 489
593
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hass (crown lands), 120, 125, 127
Has¸met Efendi, 253, 491, 510, 516
Hawran, 195
Hayati es-Seyyid
˙
Ibrahim Efendi, 499
Hayreddin Barbaros, 203
Hazin, 491
Hekimoglu Ali Pas¸a, grand vizier, xviii, 473,
474–5
Heraklion (Candia), 96, 301, 463
heraldry, Mamluk, 15
Herzegovina, 160–1
hezel, see hiciv
Hibetullah (sister of Selim III), 479
hiciv (poetic genre), 488–9, 493
hides, 291, 313, 315, 333, 334
Hijaz, xix, 87, 104, 188, 206
see also Mecca
Himara, 159–60
Himmet Efendi, 515
Himmeti dervishes, 515
Hisarcik (Grocka), battle of, 101
historiography, 44–5, 53, 211, 215
see also chronicles; Naima, Mustafa
Hoca Ayni Efendi, 503
Hoca Mehmed C¸ elebi, 428–9, 434
Holy League, 51, 97
holy places, guardianship of, 67, 188, 199, 204
horse-breeding, Balkan, 161
horse-gear, decorated, 16
hospital, 267
Hotin, 48, 101, 103
households
extended and small, 245–7, 250
fluidity of composition, 243, 244
POLITICAL, 46, 50–1, 74–9, 250–1
education in, 76
end of age of, 67, 80
evolution, 76, 78–9
factionalism, 74–9, 167
Feyzullah Efendi’s, 52
loyalties in, 13–14, 77
Mamluk, 144, 148, 197–9, 200–2
marriages, 76
patronage, 14, 46, 50–1, 76–7, 463
political theory and, 53, 72
provincial, 46, 77, 78–9, 144–5, 167, 203–4;in
Arab lands, 141, 146, 148, 193–5, 197–8,
200–2
sultan’s household as model, 144–5
tax-farming, 77, 140–1
women’s role in, 76, 242–50
see also under slaves; state (household
model)
housing, 219, 239, 270
Jewish, 258, 270
in provinces, 38, 460, 464, 470, 471, 479–80
see also interior decoration; Istanbul
(PALACES AND MANSIONS)
hudud (legal punishment), 149
Humbaracı Ahmed Pas¸a (Claude Alexandre,
Comte de Bonneval), 55–6
Hungary
campaigns in, 51, 95, 96, 412, 448
ecology, 28–9
ethnic composition, 35
Habsburg acquisition, xvii, 52, 97, 109
uprisings: R
´
ak
´
oczi, 54–5;Th
¨
ok
¨
oly, 51, 96
hunting scenes, 419, 424–7
Husayn ibn ‘Al
ˆ
ı, Sharif, 204
Husayni dynasty of Tunis, 143, 203
al-Husayni family of Jerusalem, 192
Husrev Pas¸a, 77–8
H
¨
useyin, Musavvir,
H
¨
useyin Alio
˘
glu, Bey of Tunis, 203
Ias¸i, see Jassy
Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad; followers,
see Wahhabi movement
Ibn Khaldun, 73–4, 215
Ibn Ya’ish, Don Shelomoh,
258
Ibn Zonanah family, 264
˙
Ibrahim, sultan, 48, 49, 427
˙
Ibrahim (fl. 1699, border commissioner), 97
˙
Ibrahim Bey, shaykh al-balad, 198–9
˙
Ibrahim Bey Efendi, 218
˙
Ibrahim Hakkı Erzurumi, 502
˙
Ibrahim M
¨
ulhemi, s¸ehnameci, 427
˙
Ibrahim M
¨
uteferrika, xvii
˙
Ibrahim Pas¸a (son of Mehmed Ali Pas¸a), xix,
15, 105, 113, 189
˙
Ibrahim Pas¸a, Kaptan, 469
˙
Ibrahim Rakkim Efendi, 491–2
˙
Ibrahim Ras¸id b. Nu‘man, see Ras¸id
Ice Age, Little, 21–2
I
ˇ
cko settlement, 183
˙
Idris Molla, 184
ilahis (hymns), 401, 405
˙
Ilhami, 488n.22
ilmiye (ulema as institution), 70, 212–14
see also ulema
iltizam tax-farming system, 75–6, 120–1
imdad-ı hazariye (tax), 169
imdad-ı seferiye (tax), 98, 104, 120, 169
imdadiye (tax), 121
imperial family, see queen mothers; royal
family; sultan
594
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˙
Incesu, see Kayseri
independence movements, xix, 59–60, 112
see also nationalism and under Greece;
Serbia
India, 7, 110, 269, 303, 366, 374
European trade, 300, 312, 315, 366
significance to Ottomans, 16, 305
see also under cotton; silk
indigo, 365, 366, 367, 371
imports, 313, 315, 322, 366
Indonesia, 361
industrialisation, 170–1
proto-industry, Ambelakia, 385
inflation, 340, 346
see also coinage (Ottoman, devaluation)
inheritance, 213, 236, 246, 381–2
craftsmen, 346, 352
Jewish law, 270
women, 236, 239, 241, 381–2
inlay, 449–50, 453, 454, 455
inscriptions, poetic, 15, 454, 490, 497–9, 514, 516
interior decoration, 16, 428, 438, 465, 498–9
Ioanina, see Janina
Ionian Islands, 298
irad-ı cedid hazinesi (Treasury of New
Revenue), 130, 179–80
Iran
army, 47
artists, craftsmen and literati, 416, 506–7
books from, 434
carpets, 363
ecology, 26
frontier with Ottomans, 8, 114
portraits by Levni, 439
Safavids’ downfall, 55
Shiism, 47, 49, 55, 68, 86, 93, 224
trade, 7–8, 269, 305
wars, 86, 362;(1590), 47;(1578), 416;
(1603–12), 46, 47, 91, 411;(1615–18), 47;
(1623–39), xvii, 47, 93–4, 427;
eighteenth-century, xviii, 55, 100, 101,
173
see also ‘Abb
ˆ
as I, Shah; N
ˆ
adir Shah; Persian
language; and under cotton; silk
Iraq
clansmen, 189–90
ecology, 26, 35, 36, 298
Iranian threat, 188
Ottoman possession, xvii
power-holders, 135
timar system, 190
Wahhabi raids, 205
iron-mining, Bulgarian, 264–5
irrigation, 38, 40, 41
˙
Isa b. Butrus of Aleppo, 464
Isfahan, xx, 303
˙
Ishak Efendi, grandfather of Fıtnat Hanım, 515
˙
Ishak Pas¸a Sarayı, 480
Islam
and arts and architecture, 364, 428, 451
Christian converts, 55–6, 170, 377
Christian missions prohibited, 276
and diplomacy, 108, 110–1
guardianship of holy places, 67, 188, 199,
204
heresy, 449
and Jews, 262
millennial beliefs, 413, 415
and poetry, 500, 501–2, 508–9
political-philosophical tradition, 68
protection of Muslims abroad, 58, 112, 224
Shiism, 189, 409, 411; see also under Iran
stereotypes, 310
Sufism, see dervishes
sultan’s role, 58, 67, 189, 213–14,
413–15;as
protector, 58, 59, 67–8, 112, 188, 199,
204
visible distinction from non-Muslims, 254
worldwide dissolution of Muslim power,
116
see also dervishes; Kadizadeli movement;
Qur’an; relics; state (and religion); s¸eriat;
ulema; Wahhabi movement; and under
legitimacy, Ottoman; Mahmud II
Ismail, 103
˙
Ismail Bey of Seres, 185
˙
Ismail Dede Efendi, Hammamızade, 397
˙
Ismail Hakkı Bursavi, 502
Istanbul, xx, xxi
army, 91, 104, 105, 347, 349; revolts, xviii, 55,
111, 172, 185, 459
British naval expedition (1807), 58
Christians, 273, 274–6, 277–8; see also
Phanariotes
craftsmen, 351, 353, 378, 469; coalition with
janissaries, xviii, 55, 172, 185; see also
guilds below
cultural centre, 219–20
dervish lodges, 490
dialect as Ottoman standard, 486–7
disease, 36, 103
earthquakes, 245, 457, 467–9, 475
Fatih area, divorce in, 247–8
Fener/Phanarion quarter, 54
financial centre, 125–6
fires, 245, 266, 457, 459, 461, 467–9
595
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Istanbul (cont.)
foreign embassies, 79–80, 81, 108–9, 292,
320, 454
French
´
echelle, 313, 318, 335
guilds, 349, 350, 352, 354
janissaries, see army above
Jews, 259, 260, 261, 262, 265–7, 268, 449, 459
kadis’ repeat appointments, 221
land reclamation, 454
market gardening, 378, 388
music, 394
painters, 411, 415, 433, 443, 444
poetry, 502–3, 505–7, 512; Nev’izade ‘Atayi’s
mesnevis on, 492–3, 496
printing-presses, 55, 56, 276–7
and provinces, 47
revolts, xviii, 55, 111, 172, 185, 450–1, 459
small households, 246
supply, 307, 384, 386–7, 388, 459;byc¸iftliks,
30, 383; wars to secure, 84, 91
textile production, 371, 373, 375
tile production, 474, 475
Tobacco Customs Mukataa, 129
ulema, 111, 216–20, 233
BUILDINGS AND LOCATIONS, 472
Ahmed I’s urban renewal, 453–4
architectural style, 446
armoury (Silahhane-i ‘Amire), 469
barracks, 105; Selimiye, 104
Bab-ı Ali, 70
Bab-ı Defteri, 70
Balat, 266
bazaars, 428, 433–4
cannon foundry (Tophane-i ‘Amire), 469
commercial structures, 469
C¸ uhacı Han, 469
Defterdarburnu, 454, 468, 479
Divanyolu, 461, 462, 467
Edirnekapı cemetery, 515
Ey
¨
up Sultan’s tomb, 502
Galata, 266, 294–5
Hask
¨
oy, 266
Kasr-ı Ali, 454
khans, 457, 462
Kum Kapı, 273
Leander’s Tower, 469
libraries, 373, 471; of Ahmed III, 469, 471;of
Hekimo
˘
glu Ali Pas¸a, xviii, 474–5;
K
¨
opr
¨
ul
¨
u, 462
Mahmud Pas¸a quarter, 428, 434
medrese of Gazanfer Ali, 431
mint (Darphane-i ‘Amire), 469
Mısır C¸ ars¸ısı, 460
Pera, 454
Sarac¸hane saddlers’ compound, 340
Seven Towers fortress, 109
Sublime Porte, 70, 470
Tophane, 453–4, 469, 473
¨
Usk
¨
udar, 344–5, 388; see also Yeni Cami
below
Vezir Hanı, 462
walls, 469
water installations, 453–4, 455, 469, 471–3,
474
Yeni Cami area, 266
see also court; Topkapı Palace
MOSQUES AND SOCIO-RELIGIOUS
COMPLEXES (by name or patron),
474–6
Ahmed I, xvii, 15, 416, 419, 448, 450–3, 455,
456
Ayvansarayi’s work on, 490
Ayzama, 475–6, 479
Bayram Pas¸a, 461
Beylerbeyi, 478
Cerrah Mehmed Pas¸a, 449
C¸ inili, 457
C¸ orlulu Ali Pas¸a, 469
Ey
¨
up, 479
Gazanfer A
˘
ga, 449
Habes¸i Mehmed A
˘
ga, 448
Hekimo
˘
glu Ali Pas¸a, xviii, 474–5
˙
Ibrahim Pas¸a, 469
Kara Mustafa Pas¸a, 457, 461, 462
K
¨
opr
¨
ul
¨
u family, 461–2
Kuyucu Murad Pas¸a, 461
Laleli, 475, 476, 477
Mehmed the Conqueror, xviii, 475, 476
Mesih Mehmed Pas¸a
Nis¸ancı Mehmed Pas¸a
Nuruosmaniye, xviii, 474, 475, 476, 477, 479,
498
Safiye Sultan, see Yeni Cami below
selection of sites, 448, 451, 469, 474
Selimiye, 479
S
¨
uleymaniye, 423, 452–3
S¸ebsefa Kadin, 477
S¸ehzade, 449, 460, 469–70
Valide Hanı, 457, 471
Yeni Cami, xvii, 15, 448, 449–50, 459–60,
474
Zeyneb Sultan, 476, 477
PALACES AND MANSIONS
Akıntıburnu, 479
Bes¸iktas¸, 454, 466, 479
Defterdarburnu, 468, 479
596
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˙
Istavroz, 454
royal women’s, 251, 252, 467, 468, 479
waterfront, 412, 443, 454, 458, 465–7
see also Topkapı Palace
˙
Istanos (Zir), 342
istimalet (accommodation) of subject peoples,
158–9
Istrati, 446
Italy
capitulations, 289, 294–5, 296
Jews, 256–7, 303
trade with Ottomans, 30, 269, 289, 296
see also Florence; Genoa; Livorno; Venice;
and under silk
Itri (Buhurcuo
˘
glu Mustafa Efendi), 400, 401
Ivaz Pas¸azade
˙
Ibrahim Bey Efendi, 218
˙
Izaklizade
˙
Ibis¸A
˘
ga, 176–7
˙
Izmir, xx, 177, 245, 374, 394, 470
French
´
echelle, 313, 335
immigration, 360, 377
Jews, 261, 268
trade, 5–6, 308; cotton, 316–17, 327, 366, 367,
377, 389; silk, 308, 360
˙
Izmit, 245
˙
Iznik, 221–2
tiles, 449, 453, 454, 469
˙
Izzet Molla, 253
Jacobite Christians, 273–4
Jalili family of Mosul, 143, 188, 193–4
James I of England and VI of Scotland, 291
Janina, 144–5, 159–60
see also Ali of Janina
janissaries, see under army
Jassy, xxi
treaty, 58, 103–4, 112
Jenkinson (fl. 1553, English merchant in
Aleppo), 290
Jerusalem, xx
architecture, 4, 190, 469, 471, 477–8
Christianity, 4, 274; Armenian monastery,
363; Cathedral of St James, 469;
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 4,
477–8
House of Osman as servitors of, 67, 188,
204
Jews, 259, 262
power-holders, 192, 193
Jesuits, 4
Jesus, paintings of, 417
jewellery, 16, 338
Jews, 256–71, 271n.48
and ambient society, 259–63, 271
askeri employ as managers, 258, 269
banking, 258, 264, 272–3
beit din isur ve-heter, rituals tribunal, 266–7
courts, 266–7, 270
craftsmen and guilds, 170, 269, 351; Salonika
weavers, 337–8, 358, 359–60, 364
cultural introversion, 263–4, 269–70, 271
decorative arts, 260
and economy, 268–70
education, 265–6, 267
family life, 270–1
and Greek culture, 256, 261, 263
housing, 258, 270
immigrants from Catholic lands, 256–7,
259, 268–9, 270, 271; see also Francos
languages spoken by, 256, 257, 258, 260–1,
271; geographical variations in
Judaeo-Spanish vernacular, 261–2
law, 264, 270
literature, 264, 271
music, 260, 397
mysticism, 260, 264
performing arts, 260
political culture, 257–8
protection by foreign states, 256–7, 259
rav ha-kolel, senior rabbi, 266, 267
religious studies, 264, 267
Sabbatean movement, 259, 264
self-administration, 161
and Slavic culture, 261, 262
social structure, 264–8
and state, 257–9, 268, 269
and taxation, 256–7, 259, 265, 267–8;as
tax-farmers, 268, 269
trade and commerce, 256, 258, 263, 268–9,
272–3, 303
wealthy, 16, 258, 264–5, 267–8, 269
welfare, 265–6
women, 260, 270–1
see also Francos; zimmet/dhimma; and under
individual cities
Jiddah, xx, 199, 202, 204, 361, 368
al-Jil
ˆ
an
ˆ
ı, ‘Abd al-Q
ˆ
adir, see Gaylani, Abd
ul-Kadir
judiciary, 139, 140, 148–51
administrative functions, 139, 140, 150–1
see also kadıaskers; kadis; sultan (judicial
role)
jurisconsults (muftis), 212–13
jurisprudence (fiqh), 214
jus valachicum (eflak kanunu, Vlach Rights), 160
justice, see courts, judicial; law; judiciary
justice decrees, 157, 174
597
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