Faroqhi S.N. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Volume 3, The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839

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Index

Abaza Hasan Pas¸a, 51, 191

Abaza Mehmed Pas¸a, 47, 48–9, 92

Abaza Siyavus¸Pas¸a, grand vizier,

253–4

‘Abb

ˆ

as I, Shah, xvii, 47, 91

‘Abd al-Gh

ˆ

ani al-Nabuls

ˆ

ı, 196

‘Abd ul-K

ˆ

adir Gayl

ˆ

an

ˆ

ı, 47

‘Abd al-Rahm

ˆ

an Kathud

ˆ

a, 473

Abdal Han, library of, 429–30

‘Abd

ˆ

ı, 491

‘Abd

¨

ulahad Nurı, 502

‘Abd

¨

ulbaki Arif, 502

Abd

¨

ulbaki Nasır Dede, 399

Abd

¨

ulhamid I, sultan, 251, 444, 478,

479

Abd

¨

ulmecid I, sultan, 113

Abdurrahman Pas¸a, Kadi, 185

Ab

ˆ

u Han

ˆ

ıfa, 47

abuses, 71–4, 139, 310, 384

see also corruption and under: ayan;

desertion and resettlement; kadis;

notables, provincial; political culture;

provincial power-holders; taxation

Acre, 199, 335

adab (literary culture), 69, 226

adaletname (decrees), 138

Adana, xx, 126

Adile Hanım, 200

administration, see bureaucracy; government

organisation; provinces; state

Adrianople, see Edirne

advice books (nasihatname), 52–3, 72–3,

165–6

Aegean islands, 303, 335, 367–8, 380

Afrasiy

ˆ

ab household, 141, 201

Africa, North, 26, 158, 202–4, 272

see also individual states

agriculture, 38, 41–2

and climate, 21, 22–3, 383

markets, 43; domestic, 386–9; export, 389,

390

products, 37–2; see also individual crops

see also individual products, animal

husbandry; c¸iftliks; peasants; and under

individual regions and taxation; workforce

ahidname, see capitulations

ahis (urban brotherhoods), 349, 351, 354

Ahizade H

¨

useyin, s¸eyh

¨

ulislam, 221

Ahmed I, sultan, xvii, 48

architectural patronage, 419, 450–3, 454;

mosque complex, Istanbul, xvii, 15,

416, 419, 448, 450–3, 455, 456;in

Topkap Palace, 454, 455

Hungarian campaign, 412

hunting, 424

legitimisation, 459

and literature, 424, 454

and pictorial arts, 419, 420, 421, 422, 431,

437

and Saﬁye Sultan, 449, 450

throne, Arıfe Tahti, 437

Ahmed III, sultan, xviii

architectural patronage, 15, 464–5, 469, 471,

472, 474

and army, 344–5

court, 100–1, 438–9, 443, 464–5, 467

deposition, xviii, 55, 100–1, 252, 344–5,

443

external relations, 54–5, 109–10, 252

governmental reforms, 117, 469

library, 441, 469, 471

and painting, 438–9, 441

and poetry, 471, 484

and ulema, 223

women of family, 227, 240, 251, 252

Ahmed Cezzar, 198, 199–200

Ahmed Naks¸i (Nakkas¸ Ahmed), 420–4, 425–7,

431–2

578

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Ahmed Nami, 508–9

Ahmed Pas¸a, governor of Baghdad, 143,

200

Ahv

ˆ

al-i Kiy

ˆ

amet, 419

Aigen, Wolffgang, 364–5

Ajiman family, 264

Akhisar; library, 471

Akif (biographer), 493

Akif Pas¸a, 77–8

Alaeddin Sabit Bosnalı, 481

‘Alawi dynasty, 189, 202–3

Alaybeyizade Mehmed Emin, 489–90

Albania, 34, 41, 160–1, 456

Ali of Janina’s power, 59, 177–8

mercenaries, 12, 175

religions, 272, 377

album paintings, see under painting

alcohol, 49

see also wine

Alemdar Mustafa, see Bayraktar Mustafa Pas¸a

Aleppo, xx

architecture, 15, 190, 464, 470–1

ashraf, 143–4, 192

ayan, 153,

154, 192, 193, 196

caravan trade, 299, 361

Christians, 277–8, 365, 464

court procedures, 151

earthquake damage, 245

European merchants, 290, 313, 335

family law, 243, 248

governors, 142, 143–4, 151, 194–5, 199, 508

hinterland, 126, 189, 196, 364, 386–7

military and paramilitary establishment,

142, 143–4, 146, 147–8, 154, 192, 193

revolts and lawlessness, 145, 191, 192, 193; see

also Abaza Hasan Pas¸a; Canbolado

˘

glu

Ali Pas¸a

supply, 30, 154, 386–7

textiles, 128, 364–5; cotton, 322, 327, 361,

366–7; silk, 299, 360, 365

women vakıf founders, 240

Alexandria, xx, 274, 335, 367

Algeria, 26, 202

Algiers, 3, 46, 137, 203

‘Ali b. ‘Abdullah el-’Us¸s¸aki Nebi Efendi-zade,

484–5

‘A l

ˆ

ı ibn Ab

ˆ

ıT

ˆ

alib, sword of, 14

Ali Bey Bulut Kapan, 199

Ali Bey al-Kabir, 144–5

Ali of Janina (or of Tepelen), 59, 144–5, 177–8,

182, 185, 206

Ali Pas¸a, grand vizier; library, 441

Ali, Catalcali, s¸eyh

¨

ulislam, 214

Ali Ufki Efendi (Wojciech Bobowski,

Albertus Bobovius), xvii, 395, 397–8, 405

Ali

¨

Usk

¨

udar

ˆ

ı, 465

alum mines, 357

aman (pardon, amnesty, safe-conduct), 293

Amasya, 374

Ambelakia, 368, 385

Amsterdam, 303

Anadolukava

˘

gı, fortress of, 458

Anatolia

agriculture, 25, 36, 39, 41–2

ayan, 154, 161–2, 174

census, 130–1

Christians, 272, 480

consumption, 338, 374

demography, 19, 246

depopulation and migrations, 10, 35, 45,

164, 376, 377

domestic architecture, 246, 471

ecology, 23–5, 26, 27, 28–9

Greek presence, 303, 480

malik

ˆ

anes, 127–8

music, 394

nomads, 171, 380–1

power-holders, 80, 135, 137, 157–85, 185n.117

revolts, see Abaza Hasan Pas¸a; Celali

uprisings

taxation, 125, 154

textiles, 364; see also under cotton; silk

women of magnates’ families, 13

‘Anaza tribal confederation, 190, 193, 379

Ancona, 303

Ani Fatma Hatun, 514–16

animal husbandry, 25–6, 41, 127, 388

on c¸iftliks, 30–1

soil damaged by, 30–1, 36, 43

taxation, 119, 179–80

animals, draught and pack, 38, 42, 95

Ankara and region, xx, 26, 162, 245, 246, 352

textiles, 298, 342, 343; mohair, 298, 313, 316,

342, 343, 358, 361

Antalya; library, 471

Antep, 371

Antioch, 274, 277

apocalyptic and eschatology, 413–19, 455

apprentices, 343

aqueducts, 469, 473

Arab lands, 186–206, 206n.35

Christians, 272, 273–4, 277; see also under

individual countries and cities

demographic expansion, 19

Jews, 256, 262

national and Ottoman identities, 205–6

579

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Arab lands (cont.)

power-holders, 186–206, 206n.35; ayan, 142,

152–5, 187–8, 192–5, 196; and centre,

112, 135, 188, 189, 196; governors, 188,

190, 194, 195, 196, 199; military, 187;on

periphery, 186, 202–6; in Syria and

Northern Iraq, 189–96; tribal/clan

based, 186, 187, 188; warlords, 186, 188,

189; see also Mamluks and

neo-Mamluks

Revolt (1916), 204

taxation, 125, 127–8, 206

timar system, 190

tribes and clans, 187, 188, 190, 192, 196, 272;

see also Bedouin; Druze

see also individual regions and under ulema

,

agriculture and ecology, 23, 36, 41–2, 298

‘Anaza migration, 190, 379

see also Mecca; Wahhabi movement

Arabic loanwords

in Judaeo-Spanish, 262

in Ottoman Turkish, 482–6; in poetry, 496,

497, 502, 507, 509, 512; in prose, 517–18

Arabzade family, 224

architecture, 463

architects: non-Muslim, 474, 476–8; see also

individual names, particularly Mi‘mar

Kasım A

˘

ga; Sedefkar Mehmed A

˘

ga;

Sinan, Mimar

‘baroque style’, Ottoman, xviii, 473–4,

477–8

Byzantine inﬂuence, 476–7

dimensional decoration, 474

European inﬂuence alleged, 465,

473–4

ﬁnanced by conquests, 448, 458

historicism, 15–16, 479–80

imperial style and inﬂuence, 446–7

models used in, 477

Ottomanisation, 463–4

patronage, 446–7, 467–71; imperial, 67,

251–2, 447, 450–3, 458–9 (see also under

individual sultans and royal women);

Phanariot, 477; in provinces, 194,

462–3, 464 (see also under individual

regions and places) ; by ruling elite,

446–7, 461–3, 469–70, 474–5, 478 (see

also under individual names)

perspective, 474

political careers of architects, 448–50

provincial, 15–16, 162, 446, 462–3, 471;

domestic, 464, 470–1, 479–80

public buildings, 162, 478

secularism, 251–2

see also Christianity (church buildings);

commerce (buildings); foundations,

socio-religious; fountains; housing;

inscriptions, poetic; kiosks; libraries;

mosques; palaces; sebils; individual

architects, and under individual patrons,

regions and places, and legitimacy,

Ottoman; painting

archontes (notables), 163–4

Arife Tahtı (throne), 437

aristocratisation, see under elite, ruling; ulema

Aristotle, 56

Ariyeh family of Samokov, 264–5

Armenia and Armenians

bankers, 168–9

in Istanbul, 277–8, 351, 474

language, 274, 278

merchants, 7–8, 269, 277–8, 299, 325, 369;in

Europe, 302, 303, 325

music, 397, 399

nationalism, 274, 278

tax and customs farming, 269

see also under Christianity

armour, 16, 96

army

barracks, 104, 105, 344–5; culture of, 14

clothing, 62, 358, 359–60, 386

commanders’ households, 76–7

discipline, 70, 83, 85, 94, 102, 106

economic activities, 14, 39, 142, 147

engineering, 88–9, 96

failure to modernise, 57, 97, 98–9, 102, 106,

116, 179

gratuities, 92, 94–5, 458

janissaries: effectiveness, 70, 92, 104;

Mahmud II eliminates, xix, 60–1, 62,

79, 105, 112, 130; and Osman II, 47, 48,

92, 122; pay tickets (esame), 70–1, 88,

98, 104, 105; in political elite, 45–6, 49,

50, 111; privileges, 139, 147; revolts, 67,

111, 145, 172, 180–3, 185, 206

justice in, 213; see also kadıaskers

marriage and divorce, 248, 250

miri levendat system, 98, 99

mobilisation, 98, 104, 139, 140, 150

Muallem Asakir-i Mansure-yi

Muhammadiye, 105

oppression and looting, 12, 106, 145

pay, 12, 122, 123, 124, 172–85, 346

protection bought from, 128–9, 346–7

provincial regiments, 96, 105

580

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Arabian Peninsula,

204-6, 272,

Index

recruitment, 45–6, 82, 88, 92, 94, 98, 147,

176; see also conscription

reforms, 60–1, 83, 113, 116, 179; Osman II’s

plans, 92, 122; Mahmud II, 60–61, 62,

80, 105–7;(see also under janissaries

above); Selim III, 60–61, 179;(see also

Nizam-ı Cedid)

schools, 107

size, 45–6, 70, 92, 96, 99–100

tax allocation and collection, 119–21, 141

tax-farming in, 88, 120, 122, 127–9, 146, 147

tax privileges, 65, 70–1, 346

treasury, 106

t

¨

ufenkendaz regiments, 91–2

and urban population, 70–1, 91, 143–4, 148,

172, 185, 191

volunteerism, 99

see also artillery; askeri; cavalry; ﬁrearms,

small; mercenaries; Nizam-ı Cedid;

paramilitary forces; provincial

power-holders (military establishment);

sipahi; supply (military); technology

(military); warfare; weapons and under

craftsmen and craft production

Aroumani people, 21, 28, 34–5

artillery, 8–9, 89, 94, 95, 116

European inﬂuence, 55–6, 98–9, 179

light, 55–6, 83, 102

Mahmud II and, 105, 106

under-development, 98–9, 102, 104, 124, 179

artisans, see craftsmen and craft production;

guilds

arts, 14–16, 408–63, 464

centralisation and, 371

decorative, 16, 260, 435; see also inlay;

interior decoration; tiles

Iranian strand, 416

patronage, see under individual branches

ruling elite engaged in, 411–12, 448–50

see also architecture; literature; music;

painting; perspective, visual; poetry;

prose literature and under Islam; ulema

Arvieux, Louis Laurent d’, 228

ashraf (descendants of the Prophet), 143–4

Asia, Central; cultural and political traditions,

257

Asia, South-east; trade, 6–7

Asım, 493

Asiye Hatun, 517

askeri (military elite), 10, 65, 70–1, 191–2, 210

Jews manage affairs, 258, 269

Asow, 52, 55, 100, 101–2, 110

astrology, 434

As¸ık C¸ elebi, 495

As¸ık ‘

¨

Omer, 501, 511

as¸ıklar, see saz s¸airleri

‘Atayi, 431

Athos, Mount; Xeropotamou monastery, 477

Atıf Efendi, Defterd

ˆ

ar, 471

Atlantic economies, rise of, 284

Attica, xix

aurochs, 28

Austria, see Habsburg Empire

Austrian Succession, War of, 111

authoritarianism, state, 62

autonomy, communal, 159–63

see also provincial power-holders

avanias (political abuses), 310

avarız (tax), 119–20, 125, 167–8, 383–4

assessment and collection, 119–20, 121, 376

ayan (local notables), 152–5

abuses of authority, 174, 175

and administrative establishment, 138, 142,

153, 154, 173

ayaniye surcharge paid to, 173

constitution, 163–4, 173–4, 179

councils, 124, 152

discontinuity (1786–90), 179

factionalism, 173, 176, 178, 180–1, 184, 193

ﬁscal protectors of communities, 173

households, 46

as khassa, people ‘who loose and bind’, 152

leadership in eighteenth-century troubles,

172–3

merchants become, 162, 192

military role, 154, 173, 176, 177

ofﬁcials appointed from, 173, 175, 188, 192–3

patronage, 188

religious functions, 192

and state: conformity, 153, 155, 188;

mediation between people and, 53,

152, 153, 154, 157–8, 161–2, 163

tax apportionment and collection, 77, 98,

124, 140, 152, 154, 169, 193

tax-farming, 152, 153–4, 173–4, 192, 196

trade, 317, 319

see also notables, provincial and under

individual regions and cities

Aydın, 177, 479–80

ayin (Mevlevi religious melody), 395, 399, 400,

401–2

Ayni, 429

Ayntab (Gaziantep), 126, 191, 364, 367

Ays¸e, wife of

¨

Omer Pas¸a of Baghdad, 200

Ayvansarayi, H

ˆ

afız H

¨

useyin, 490

Azerbaijan, 90, 100

581

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Aziz Efendi (writer of ﬁction), 518, 519–20

Aziz Mahm

ˆ

ud H

¨

udai, 400, 491, 502

Aziz Mehmed Efendi (Sabbatai Sevi), xvii

Sabbataean movement, 259, 264

‘Azm family, 143, 144, 188, 193–5, 201

Azov, see Asow

badlands, 36–7

Baghdad, xx

governors, 13, 143, 200, 206

local elites, 137, 154, 206; Mamluks, 143, 144,

148, 200–2

military establishment, 142, 147, 148

miniature painting, 408–11

Murad IV’s reconquest, xvii, 47, 49, 87,

93–4, 95, 393

music, 393

revolts, 135

Safavid rule, xvii, 47, 411

supply, 154

bakers, 351, 353

al-Bakri family of Damascus, 192

Balta Limanı, treaty of, xix, 58, 61, 113, 116–17

bandits, 122–3, 164, 172, 178–9, 181, 383

measures against, 45, 140, 157, 173, 176

see also Celali uprisings; kırcali

banking, 168–9, 258, 264, 272–3

Barbary pirates, 291

barley, 38, 333, 334

‘baroque’ style, Ottoman, xviii, 473–4, 477–8

barracks culture, 14

barter systems, 318

Bartlett, William H., 472

basins, fertile, 29–31, 42–3, 45

agriculture, 34, 40–1

Basra, xx, 139, 141, 143, 201, 202

trade, 269, 361, 368

ba

ˇ

stinas (land holdings), 159

baths, public, 476

Bayd

ˆ

aw

ˆ

ı, ‘Abdull

ˆ

ah b. ‘Umar, 232

Bayezid II, sultan, 432

Bayraktar Mustafa Pas¸a (Alemdar Mustafa),

79, 185

Bayram Pas¸a, complex of, 461

Bayrami-Melami order of dervishes, 492, 515

bedel-i n

¨

uz

¨

ul (tax), 94

Bedouin, 187, 189–90, 196, 200, 376–7

‘Anaza confederation, 190, 193, 379

beeswax, 313, 315, 333, 334

Beirut, 199, 335

Bektas¸i order of dervishes, 399

Belgrade, xxi

Habsburgs recapture, 103

janissaries’ revolt, 182–3, 206

Ottoman loss (1688), 51

Ottoman recapture (1690), 124

ceded to Habsburgs at Passarowitz, xviii,

55, 100, 109

Ottoman reconquest (1739), xviii, 55, 101,

102, 110, 319

treaty of (1739), 319

Beli

˘

g,

˙

Isma‘il, 493, 504, 507, 510–11

belts, 372, 498

Benakis, Panayote, 175

Bender, 101

beratlı (prot

´

eg

´

e) status, 321

Berbers, 187, 202

Bergama, 177

Bessarabia, 58, 106

Bes¸ir A

˘

ga, chief black eunuch, 441

Beyhan Sult

ˆ

an, 479, 514

biladiyye (poetic genre), 490

bills of exchange, 125, 128, 322–3

biographical literature

court, 423

on dervish sheikhs, 408

, 489, 490, 491–2,

493

gazavatname genre, 430

golden age nostalgia, 211

on musicians, 396–7, 398, 400, 405

on ofﬁcials, 517

on poets, 484, 488, 489–90, 492–6, 507, 517;

Mevlevi, 489, 492, 493

on ulema, 210–12

Birgivi [Birgili] Mehmed, 227

birth control, 378

Bitlis; library of Abdal Han, 429–30

Bitlisli S¸

¨

ukri, 483–4

Black Sea and region

agriculture, 25, 39, 40

forests, 23, 26, 27–8

navigation, 112, 113, 323; Russian, 55, 57–8,

101–2, 103, 110–11

Ottoman navy, 84

pirates, 430

Straits Convention, 113

boatmen, 261, 345

Bobovius, Albertus, see Ali Ufki Efendi

Bonneval, Claude Alexandre, Comte de

(Humbaracı Ahmed Pas¸a), 55–6

books, 429–30, 433–4, 441, 465, 471

see also libraries

Bosnia, 28, 137, 159, 160–1, 162, 206

campaigns in, 90, 101, 103, 104, 109

Bosporus, 22, 345, 458, 467

navigation, 112, 113

582

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waterfront mansions and gardens, 412, 443,

454, 458, 465–7

bourgeoisie, 107, 113, 255

Boyalı village, 363

Bozcaada (Tenedos), 50

braid manufacture, 373, 386

Br

`

eves, Franc¸ois Savary, Comte de, 454

bribery, 310

bridges, 96, 213, 450

brigands, see bandits

Britain (and England)

diplomacy, 3, 4; Harborne’s embassy, 290–1,

296n.14, 298; mediation, 109, 110;

nineteenth-century, 58, 113, 325; see

also trade (Balta Limanı treaty;

capitulations) below

Dutch wars, 311

East India Company, 201, 312

and ‘Eastern Question’, 57

and Greek independence, xix

Levant Company, 291, 296n.14, 312, 360

military investment, 114

textile trade, 367; broadcloth exports to

Levant, 16, 299, 300, 301, 326, 359, 360;

cotton exports, 368; French

competition, 301, 311, 312, 314–15, 317;

Indian trade, 312, 315, 332;raw

materials from Levant, 329, 358; silk

trade, 312, 315, 332, 359, 360

trade with Ottomans, 4, 284, 289, 291–2,

298, 299–300, 303, 305, 311–12, 325; Balta

Limanı treaty, xix, 58, 61, 113, 116–17;

capitulations, 283, 290–2; statistics,

301, 314, 327, 329, 330; see also textile

trade above

Turkey Company, 291

Venetian trade, 290, 291

wars against Ottomans, xix, 57, 58, 106, 130

brotherhoods, urban, see ahis

Bucharest, 103

treaty of, 106, 113

Buckingham, James, 369

Buda, xvii, xxi, 51, 368, 501

Budin, 412

buffalo, European, 28

Buhar

ˆ

ı, ‘Abdull

ˆ

ah, 443–4, 445

Buhurcuo

˘

glu Mustafa Efendi (Itri), 400–1

building, see architecture

Buldan, 342

Bulgaria

agriculture, 40, 387

anarchy and raiding, 178–9, 180

campaigns in, 103

Christianity, 278–9, 378

demography, 19, 246, 378

derbendci villages, 161

folksong and Jews, 263

guilds, 352

nation-state emerges, 113, 278–9

woollen industry, 360–1, 373–4, 375, 386

Bulut Kapan Ali Bey, 199

Burayk, Mikha’il, 196

bureaucracy, 54, 61, 83

Europeanisation, 61, 112

reform-minded, 105, 113

see also scribes, governmental and under

diplomacy; ﬁnance

Bursa, xx

agriculture, 38–7, 388

ayan, 162

consumption, 343, 362–3, 372, 374, 386–7

cotton production, 367

earthquake damage, 245

guilds, 339, 350, 351–2, 353, 354

Levni paints youths from, 439

Mehmed Selisi on scholars and sheikhs of,

489

money-lending, 385

music, 394

palace, 412

silk industry, 16, 39, 313, 362, 372, 387–8;

development, 305–6, 359, 361, 362–3,

373; domestic market, 362–3, 372;

putting-out systems, 341–2, 343–4

small households, 246

sultans’ tombs, 459

watermills, 388

B

¨

uy

¨

uk S

¨

uleyman Pas¸a, 200

cabbalistic literature, 264

Cafer Efendi, 455–6

Cairo, xx

architecture, 16, 449, 470, 473

court procedures, 151

French

´

echelle, 313, 335

guilds, 349, 351, 352

Jews, 264

Mamluk households, 13–14

medreses, 215–16

military establishment, 141, 146, 147, 346, 347

mosque of Osman A

˘

ga, 449

power-holders, 13–14, 141, 142, 146

supply, 30

textiles, 364, 365

trade, 6, 7, 142, 298, 361, 365

women vakıf founders, 240

583

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Calcutta, 374

calendars, solar and lunar, 118

caliphate, sultan’s claim to, 58, 67

calligraphy, 412, 441, 483, 516

camels, 42, 379

hair, 315, 333, 334

canals, irrigation, 40

Canbolado

˘

glu clan, 196

Canbolado

˘

glu Ali Pas¸a, xvii, 47, 191,

361–2

Canbolado

˘

glu H

¨

useyin, 191

Candia (Heraklion), 96, 301, 463

candle-making, 343

Canikli Ali Pas¸a, 177

Cantemir (Kantemiro

˘

glu), Prince Demetrius,

44, 72, 398, 405–6

capitulations, 289–97, 319–21

breaches, 310

diplomatic interpretation, 108, 295–6

England, 283, 290–2

Florence, 296

Genoa, 294–

5, 296

nature and purpose, 292–7

Netherlands, 292

Prussia, 111

see also under France; Venice

caravan trade, 87, 299, 361

caravane (French coastal shipping), 322, 323

caravanserais, 463

Carcassonne woollen industry, 4

Carmona family, 264

carpets, 363–4, 373, 374

Caspian Sea, 21

catastrophes, natural, 35–7

Catherine II the Great of Russia, 102, 103

Caucasus, 25, 27–8, 197

Ottoman territorial interests, 47, 55, 90,

100, 101

Russian acquisition, xix, 106

cavalry, 10, 52–3, 88–9, 100, 105–6, 146–7

Egyptian, 139, 147

palace, 91

sipahi, 10, 45, 70, 88–9, 145

Tatar, 96, 99–100, 104, 105–6

cebel

¨

u bedeliyesi (tax), 127

Cel

ˆ

aledd

ˆ

ın R

ˆ

um

ˆ

ı, Mevl

ˆ

an

ˆ

a, 400, 408–9, 410,

417

Celali uprisings, 45, 47, 91, 93, 135, 451

measures against, 45, 47, 91, 92–3, 140, 157,

173, 176, 450

and textile production, 361

Celveti order of dervishes, 399, 400, 491

census, 19, 34, 62, 130–1

centralisation and decentralisation, 11–13,

56–7, 65, 79–80, 85, 117, 131

in Christian churches, 273, 274–6, 278–9

and political decline, 11, 17

and sovereignty, 12, 178, 179

see also under arts; provinces; taxation

centre, see state

Cephalonia, 291

ceremonial, 67, 219, 349, 467

see also festivities, royal

Cerrah Mehmed Pas¸a, grand vizier, 449

Cerrahi order of dervishes, 401

Cevdet, Ahmed, 212

Cevri, 483, 484, 509

Cezayirli Hasan Pas¸a, grand admiral, 478

chafarcanis (printed cottons), 368–9

Chaldean Catholic Church, 277

charitable foundations, see foundations,

socio-religious

Charles XII, king of Sweden, 55, 109

Chatziconstantis (head mason at

Xeropotamou monastery), 477

children, 243–4, 249, 378

see also devs¸irme

China, 315

Chios, xx, 277, 290, 292

silk production, 16, 372–3, 374, 385–6

Choiseul-Goufﬁer, Marie Gabriel, Comte de,

321

Christianity, 272–9, 279n.24

architects, 476–8

Armenian: Apostolic, 273–4, 275–6, 277, 278;

Catholic, 277–8

banking, 272–3

centralisation of authority, 273, 274–6, 278–9

Chaldean Catholic, 277

church buildings, 4, 279, 463–4, 477–8

Coptic, 273–4, 351

craftsmen and guilds, 170, 350, 351–2

distribution, 272

education, 273

elites, 16, 54, 159, 163–4, 174, 272–3; see also

Phanariotes

Greek Orthodox, 273, 274–6, 277, 278–9

iconography, 437

and international relations, 4, 277

Jacobite, 273–4

and Jews, 262–3

linguistic conformity, 274, 278–9

Maronite, 273–4

Melkite Catholic, 277

merchants, 255, 272–3, 279

millet system, 273–6, 277, 278–9

584

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music, 397

Nestorian, 273–4, 277

pig-rearing, 25–6

protection, 58, 103, 112, 277, 291

Roman Catholic, 276–8, 279; missions to

Orthodox, 4, 273–4, 276–8

Russia and, 9, 58, 102, 103, 112

Slav Orthodox, 276, 278–9

social class of adherents, 255, 272–3; see also

elites and merchants above

and state, 276, 277, 279; see also millet

system above

Syrian, 272; Catholic, 277–8; Orthodox, 274,

277, 278–9, 365

taxation, 9; see also cizye

Uniate, 196, 276, 277, 279

see also zimmet/dhimma, and under

individual regions and cities and Islam;

nationalism

chronicles, 194, 211

Cicogna album, 434–5

Cihano

˘

glu family of Aydın, 479–80

Cinci Hoca, 49

cinnamon, 6–7

ˇ

Ciprovci, 161

Circassians, 147, 197

circumcisions, royal, 347, 438–9, 443, 490–1

cities, see towns and cities

citizenship reform, 113

citrus trees, 23

civilianisation, 67, 71, 169

cizye (tax), 119, 120, 121, 272, 294, 377–8

reform, 125, 168

clansmen, see tribal/clan-based groups

climate, 20, 21–5, 37, 40, 376, 383, 454

clothing, 38

codes, 49, 62, 65, 432

court silk, 372, 374

military, 62, 358, 359–60, 386

wedding and holiday, 338, 370

see also belts; fashions

cochineal, 313, 315, 322

coffee, 49, 179–80, 298, 361, 508

French exports to Levant, 313, 315–16, 318,

322, 333, 334

Yemeni, 202, 204

coffee-houses, 261, 396, 419, 498, 499, 500

coinage

European, 299, 306, 312, 322–3

Ottoman, 119, 125, 126; devaluation, 118,

119, 122, 126

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 300, 434

collective liability, communal, 162, 166

collective workshops, 340–1, 353–4, 355

commerce

buildings, 462–3, 469; see also caravanserais;

khans; workshops

see also banking; craftsmen and craft

production; trade

commercialisation of everyday life, 167, 169

communications

c¸iftliks and, 30

sea routes, 4–5

sultan’s with government agencies, 70

see also animals, draught and pack; road

system; shipping

complexes, socio-religious, see foundations,

socio-religious

concubinage, 234–7, 248

conduct, code of, 395

conﬁscation, see under property

conscription, 93, 105, 113, 125

Constantinos (architect), 477

constitutionalism, 80

consumption, 16, 17, 315–16, 317–18, 359

European goods, 171–2, 313, 315–16

laws on, 16, 232, 254–5

textiles, 315, 338, 370

women and, 16, 251, 254–5, 343

Copts, 273–4, 351

corn (maize), 25, 39, 43, 170

corruption, 73, 210–11

see also abuses; bribery

cosmos, popular view of, 486

Cossacks, 48, 51, 87, 96, 102, 105–6

piracy, 430, 458

cost of living, 239

cotton

Ambelakiot, 368, 385

Anatolian, 5–6, 40, 298, 316–17, 342, 366, 367,

370–1, 377, 389

ayan and, 170, 317

British competition, 368

cultivation, 40–1, 43, 389

direct purchase from producers, 309, 316–17

domestic trade and consumption, 367–8,

369

Egyptian, 40, 327, 366, 367

export-oriented production, 43, 322, 358,

360, 389

French imports from Levant, 291, 316–17,

322, 366, 367; eighteenth-century, 313,

315, 322, 327, 333, 334, 365–8

Habsburg imports, 389

Indian, 7–8, 16, 317, 361, 366, 368, 374;

Ottoman imitation, 368–9

585

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cotton (cont.)

Iranian, 366, 368–9

printed, 7–8, 368–9

protectionism, 368

quilted, 361

sailcloth, 358, 360, 389

Syrian, 322, 365, 366–7, 369, 370, 371, 388, 389

taxation, 130

Venetian imports, 360

see also dyeing

councils

local and provincial, 124, 152, 161

see also divan, imperial

countryside, 376–90, 390n.51

clothing, 370

craft and home production, 337–8, 341–3,

356–7, 373–4, 375, 385–6

credit, 384–5

militias, 89, 92

notables and economy, 128, 170

peace under Mehmed K

¨

opr

¨

ul

¨

u, 123

pious foundations, 382

population, 376–8

Tanzimat asserts central control, 131

warfare and, 84, 90, 95, 99, 115, 384;

desertion, 32, 164

see also agriculture; bandits; c¸iftliks;

desertion and resettlement; ecology;

land, nomads and semi-nomads;

peasants; settlement patterns; supply

(military); timar system

couriers, ofﬁcial, 384

court, imperial

Abd

¨

ulhamid I’s changes, 444, 478

carpets, 363

ceremonial, 67, 444; see also festivities, royal

cuisine, 6–7

in Edirne, 432, 434, 454, 459, 460–1

harem, 66, 71, 74, 434

patronage, 68, 431, 432, 448, 504–5; see also

individual patrons and under elite,

ruling; ofﬁcials; sultan

traditionalism, 6–7

Tulip Era extravagance, 127, 443

see also ofﬁcials; palace service; queen

mothers; royal family; sultan; Topkapı

Palace; viziers; and under Ahmed III;

clothing; painting

courts, judicial, 151, 163

rabbinical, 266–7, 270

women’s appearance, 238, 242, 249

Covel, John, 398

c

¨

onks (collections of poems), 501

craftsmen and craft production, 336–55,

355n.64

and armed forces; corps membership,

346–7, 349–50; military and naval

supply, 9, 344, 345; parades, 347, 349;

protection, 128–9; urban coalitions,

46, 55, 172

auxiliary labour, 355

categories of workers, 342–4

division of labour, 339–42

entry restrictions, 344, 353–4, 355

and fashions, 16

and festivals, 347–9

home production, 338

Iranian craftsmen, 416

markets, 6, 338, 343

mobility limited, 353

monopolies, 128–9

non-guild workers, 370

partnerships, 341

in Patrona Halil revolt, xviii, 172, 344–5

putting-out systems, 341–2, 343–4

raw materials procurement, 337–9, 344, 355,

360

regulation, 150, 336, 340, 345–6, 353

in society, 162, 336–7

sources, 336–7, 352

and state, 336, 338, 340, 344–6, 354–5, 369

taxation, 128–9, 344, 346, 357–8

training and recruitment, 343–4

women workers, 342–3, 370

see also gedik; guilds; workshops; individual

crafts, and under individual towns and

Christianity; countryside; inheritance;

Jews

credit, 128, 167, 173, 344, 354, 384–5

Crete

architecture, 463

Christianity, 275, 278

trade, 4, 5, 290, 327, 335, 389

Venetian–Ottoman War, 51, 83–4, 96, 104,

301, 304, 434–5, 459

Crimea, xxi

agriculture, 23, 40

campaigns before 1590, 90

Russian–Ottoman rivalry over, 101, 110–11;

K

¨

uc¸

¨

uk Kaynarca treaty, xviii, 57–8,

103, 116; Russian annexation (1783),

xviii, 58, 79, 102, 103, 112

see also Tatars

Cromer, Earl (Evelyn Baring), 228

culture, 14–16

Central Asian traditions, 257

586

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imperial synthesis, 68–9

Jewish, 261, 263–4, 269–70, 271

military, 14, 84–5

see also arts and individual branches

currants, 291, 298

currency, see bills of exchange; coinage

customs dues, 127, 128, 269, 292, 357

Cyprus, 36, 248, 275, 278

trade, 315, 327, 335, 366

C¸ elebizade Ismail Asım, s¸eyh

¨

ulislam,

215

C¸ erkes Muhammad Beg, 47

C¸ erkesler Katibi Yusuf, 484n.8

C¸ erkez A

˘

ga Yusuf Pas¸a, 411, 430

C¸es¸me, battle of, xviii, 102

C¸ esmizade Mustafa Res¸id, m

¨

uderris,

215

c¸iftliks, 29–31, 34, 41, 169, 383, 387

crops, 38–9, 40

C¸ irmen, 469

Dalgıc¸ Ahmed, chief architect, 449–50

Damad

˙

Ibrahim Pas¸a, grand vizier, xviii, 110,

344–5

library, 441

patronage, xviii, 467–70, 495, 504

Damadzade family, 224

Damascus, xx

and Abaza Hasan Pas¸a, 191

administration, 141, 142

agriculture in hinterland, 386–7,

388–9

Ali Bey captures, 199

architecture, 190, 194, 471

ayan, 192–5

‘Azm family, 11, 143, 144, 188, 193–5

Christianity, 277

and clansmen, 196

governors, 11, 143, 199

Jews, 264

judiciary, 149–50

medreses, 215–16

military factions, 46, 146, 147, 148, 191,

192

and pilgrimage, 141, 143

political elites, 137, 147–8

province of, 126, 189, 195

Damietta, 298, 335

Danube region, xxi

ecology, 25–6, 29–31, 96

ﬂeet, 84

fortresses, 86, 100, 101–2, 110

Russia gains delta, xix, 106

settlement, 19

trade routes, 170

wars, 8–9, 86, 96, 99, 103, 114

Dardanelles, 50, 478

date palms, 24

dates, verses concealing (tarih manzumeleri),

488, 496, 508–9, 513–14

Ayvansarayi, 490

Fıtnat Hanım, 516

inscriptions, 514

Sururi, 508

S¸eyh Galib, 514

Davud A

˘

ga, chief architect, 448–9

debt

personal, 168, 382, 384–5

public, 83, 113, 114

decentralisation, see centralisation and

decentralisation

decline paradigm, 44–5, 65, 72, 165–6

in advice books, 72–3, 165–6

and decentralisation, 11, 17

European contacts and, 18, 283

Deliorman, 176

demography, 19–21, 34, 164, 166, 169, 271, 376–8

dendrochronology, 22

Denizli, 342

derbendcis (pass guards), 161, 171, 365, 380

derbendler bas¸bu

˘

gu (chief guardian of the

passes), Ali of Janina as, 177–8

derebe

˘

gis (local magnates), 56, 174

dersiye (type of stipend), 217

dervishes, 68, 224, 354, 417, 490, 498

orders, see individual orders, viz.

Bayrami-Melami, Bektas¸i, Celveti,

Cerrahi, G

¨

uls¸eni, Halveti, Himmeti,

Kadiri, Mevlevi and S¸abani

ulema, 214, 215, 224

see also under biographical literature;

music; painting; women

desertion and resettlement, 10, 32–5, 42–3, 84,

164, 245, 376, 377, 383

caused by abuses, 72, 120

ﬂight: to cities, 72, 164, 378, 383; Great

(B

¨

uy

¨

uk Kac¸gun), 45; to mountains, 28,

30–1, 32, 34, 42–3, 45

see also migration

devs¸irme (child levy), 45–6, 71, 82, 88, 92, 94

dhimma, dhimmi, see zimmet/dhimma

diet, regional variation in, 23–5

Diez Album, 444

dimensionality, 474

Dimetoka, 469

din-

¨

u-devlet (fusion of religion and state), 68

587

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