Environmental Factors of Waste Tire Pyrolysis, Gasification, and Liquefaction - report
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
CalRecovery Report No. 1364
Final Report
Environmental Factors of Waste Tire Pyrolysis,
Gasification, and Liquefaction
____________
California Integrated Waste Management Board
July 1995
Submitted to:
California Integrated Waste Management Board
8800 Cal Center Drive
Sacramento, California 95826
By:
CalRecovery, Inc.
725C Alfred Nobel Drive
Hercules, California 94547
in association with:
American Consulting and Commodities, Inc.
ICF, Inc.
Recycling by Nature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report is based upon work performed pursuant to a contract with the California Integrated Waste
Management Board. The contract number and dollar amount are as follows: IWM-C2050; $69,627.
DISCLAIMER
The statements and conclusions of this report are those of the Contractor and not necessarily those of the
California Integrated Waste Management Board, its employees, or the State of California. The State
makes no warranty, express or implied, and assumes no liability for the information contained in the
succeeding text.
Environmental Factors of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Final Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page Number
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1-1
General ......................................................................................................................1-1
Technologies....................................................................................................................1-4
Methods of Analysis .........................................................................................................1-5
Organization of the Report...............................................................................................1-5
References ......................................................................................................................1-5
2. CURRENT STATUS...............................................................................................................2-1
The Tire PGL Industry......................................................................................................2-1
PGL Processes ................................................................................................................2-4
Historic Development ................................................................................................2-4
Previous Surveys of Tire PGL ................................................................................... 2-6
Current PGL Process ................................................................................................2-7
General ...............................................................................................................2-7
Pyrolysis..............................................................................................................2-7
Gasification .......................................................................................................2-13
Liquefaction.......................................................................................................2-14
References ....................................................................................................................2-14
3. PYROLYSIS, GASIFICATION, AND LIQUEFACTION PROCESS FEEDSTOCKS.............3-1
General ......................................................................................................................3-1
Characteristics of Feedstocks.......................................................................................... 3-1
Quantities ......................................................................................................................3-3
References ......................................................................................................................3-5
4. OPERATING CONDITIONS AND PRODUCTS ....................................................................4-1
General ......................................................................................................................4-1
Operating Conditions .......................................................................................................4-1
July 1995
i CalRecovery, Inc.
Environmental Factors of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Final Report
Temperature and Pressure........................................................................................4-1
Safety ......................................................................................................................4-2
Energy Requirements................................................................................................4-2
Heating Rate..............................................................................................................4-5
Throughput ................................................................................................................4-5
Operating Schedules .................................................................................................4-5
Material Balances ......................................................................................................4-8
PGL Products...................................................................................................................4-8
Quantities...................................................................................................................4-8
Characteristics.........................................................................................................4-11
Oil ....................................................................................................................4-11
Char and Carbon Black.....................................................................................4-11
Gas....................................................................................................................4-14
Steel and Fiber..................................................................................................4-14
References ....................................................................................................................4-16
5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TIRE PGL .......................................................................5-1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................5-1
General ......................................................................................................................5-1
Tire Storage Management ...............................................................................................5-2
Potential Solid Wastes .....................................................................................................5-3
General Background..................................................................................................5-3
Overview of Applicable Solid Waste Statutes and Regulations ................................5-3
Characterization of Solid Wastes .............................................................................. 5-5
Solid Waste Management Options............................................................................ 5-6
Potential Liquid Wastes....................................................................................................5-8
General Background..................................................................................................5-8
Overview of Applicable Liquid Waste Statutes..........................................................5-8
Liquid Waste Management Options ..........................................................................5-9
Air Pollutant Emissions ..................................................................................................5-10
General Background................................................................................................5-10
Overview of Applicable Air Pollutant Statutes and Regulations ..............................5-11
Characterization of Air Emissions............................................................................5-12
Air Pollutant Control Options ...................................................................................5-12
July 1995
ii CalRecovery, Inc.
Environmental Factors of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Final Report
Potential Environmental Impacts from the Storage of PGL Products............................5-13
Resource Utilization .......................................................................................................5-13
References ....................................................................................................................5-17
6. PRODUCT MARKETS ...........................................................................................................6-1
General ......................................................................................................................6-1
Materials Derived from Tire PGL ...............................................................................6-1
Oil ......................................................................................................................6-1
Carbon Black.......................................................................................................6-1
Gas......................................................................................................................6-2
Steel ....................................................................................................................6-2
Variability of End Products ........................................................................................6-2
Market Assessment for Materials Generated from Tire PGL...........................................6-2
Oil ......................................................................................................................6-2
Potential Uses .....................................................................................................6-2
Use as a Fuel ...............................................................................................6-2
Use as a Lubricant........................................................................................6-3
Market Assessment.............................................................................................6-5
Carbon Black .............................................................................................................6-5
General ...............................................................................................................6-5
Surface Area .......................................................................................................6-6
Structure..............................................................................................................6-6
Potential Uses .....................................................................................................6-7
Use in the Manufacture of Plastic Products .................................................6-7
Upgrading to Carbon Black .......................................................................... 6-7
Use as Special Carbon Blacks ..................................................................... 6-8
Use as a Printing Ink ....................................................................................6-9
Use as an Activated Carbon.........................................................................6-9
Use as a Fuel ...............................................................................................6-9
Market Assessment...........................................................................................6-10
Gas ....................................................................................................................6-10
Potential Uses ...................................................................................................6-11
Market Assessment...........................................................................................6-11
Steel ....................................................................................................................6-11
July 1995
iii CalRecovery, Inc.
Environmental Factors of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Final Report
Market Assessment...........................................................................................6-12
References ....................................................................................................................6-12
7. COST SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ...........................................................................................7-1
Introduction .....................................................................................................................7-1
Reported Project Economics ..........................................................................................7-1
Capital Cost Estimates ..............................................................................................7-1
Operating Cost Estimates..........................................................................................7-2
Estimates of Revenues..............................................................................................7-4
Project Economics.....................................................................................................7-4
Tire Disposal Costs In California......................................................................................7-9
Sensitivity Analysis.........................................................................................................7-10
Assumptions ............................................................................................................7-10
Sensitivity to Variations in Costs ............................................................................7-11
Sensitivity to Variations in Revenues .....................................................................7-11
Sensitivity to Carbon Black Sales ...........................................................................7-11
Summary ................................................................................................................7-14
References ....................................................................................................................7-14
8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................................................8-1
Conclusions......................................................................................................................8-1
General ......................................................................................................................8-1
Technology ................................................................................................................8-1
Feedstocks ................................................................................................................8-2
Operating Conditions and Products ..........................................................................8-2
Environmental Impacts ..............................................................................................8-3
Markets ......................................................................................................................8-3
Economics .................................................................................................................8-4
Recommendations ...........................................................................................................8-5
July 1995
iv CalRecovery, Inc.
Environmental Factors of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Final Report
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page Number
A-1 Tire Production and Waste Tire Generation - Nationwide and California....................... A-1
B-1 Explicit or Inferred Corporate Relationships ................................................................... B-1
B-2 Firms, Processes, or Projects Eliminated from Analysis with Comments ...................... B-2
B-3 Survey Summary - Facility Descriptions and Products................................................... B-3
B-4 Throughputs Reported for Actual Facilities................................................................... B-10
B-5 Throughputs Reported for Planned Facilities ............................................................... B-11
C-1 Physical Characteristics of Waste Tires and Supplemental Feedstocks........................ C-1
D-1 Chemical Characteristics of Tire-Derived Char and Carbon Black................................. D-1
D-2 Chemical Characteristics of Tire-Derived Pyrolytic Oil
and Commercial Fuels .................................................................................................... D-2
D-3 Chemical Composition of Tire-Derived Gas and Federal
Air Emissions Regulations .............................................................................................. D-3
D-4 Selected Compounds in Tire-Derived Oil........................................................................ D-4
July 1995
v CalRecovery, Inc.
Environmental Factors of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Final Report
D-5 Physical Properties of Tire-Derived Char or Carbon Black............................................. D-5
D-6 Tire-Derived Gas Composition........................................................................................ D-6
E-1 Selected Properties of Commercial Carbon Blacks........................................................ E-1
E-2 Summary of Types and Applications of Special Carbon Blacks..................................... E-2
F-1 Summary of Potential Waters and Management Options
- All Tire PGL Projects......................................................................................................F-1
July 1995
vi CalRecovery, Inc.