Engerman S.L., Gallman R.E. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Vol. 1: The Colonial Era
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Bibliographical Essays
407
On
the
economic
and
cultural transformations overtaking peoples
of
the Plains
and
Rocky Mountains,
see
Robert
M.
Utley,
The
Indian
Frontier
of
the American West, 1846-1890 (Albuquerque,
NM,
1984),
chs.
1-3;
Richard White, "The Winning
of
the West: The Expansion
of
the Western Sioux
in
the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal
of
American
History
65
(1978), 319-43; White,
Roots
of
Dependency
(cited
above), chs. 6—9; John C. Ewers,
The
Blackfeet:
Raiders on the Northwestern
Plains (Norman, 1958), and Indian Life on the
Upper Missouri
(Norman,
1968);
Preston Holder, The Hoe and the
Horse
on the Plains:
A
Study of
Cultural
Development among
North
American
Indians (Lincoln,
NE,
1970);
Joseph Jablow, The
Cheyenne
in Plains Indian
Trade
Relations,
1795—1840
(New York, 1950); Paul
C.
Phillips, The Fur Trade,
2
vols. (Norman,
1961);
Richard
E.
Ogelsby, Manuel Lisa and the
Opening
of
the
Missouri
Fur Trade (Norman, 1963); David
J.
Wishart,
The Fur
Trade
of
the
American West:
A
Geographical Synthesis
(Lincoln,
NE,
1979).
On the
Southwest during the same period, see John,
Storms Brewed
in
Other
Men's
Worlds, and Spicer,
Cycles
of
Conquest
(both cited above); David J. Weber,
The
Taos
Trappers:
The Fur Trade
in
the Far
Southwest,
1540-1846 (Nor-
man,
1971); Oakah
L.
Jones,
Jr.,
Pueblo
Warriors
and
Spanish Conquest
(Norman, 1966); Dolores A. Gunnerson, The Jicarilla
Apaches:
A
Study
in
Survival (DeKalb,
IL,
1974); Charles
L.
Kenner,
A
History
of
New
Mexican—Plains
Indian
Relations
(Norman, 1969). For California, see Sher-
burne F. Cook, The
Conflict between
the California Indian and White Civili-
zation (Berkeley, 1943; reprinted 1976); George
H.
Phillips,
Jr.,
Chiefs
and
Challengers:
Indian
Resistance
and
Cooperation
in
Southern
California
(Berkeley, 1975);
and
Albert Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California
Borderland
Frontier,
1819—1860 (New Haven, 1988).
On
the Northwest,
see Robin Fisher,
Contact
and
Conflict:
Indian—European Relations
in British
Columbia, 17-74-1890 (Vancouver, 1977);
and
James
R.
Gibson, Otter
Skins,
Boston Ships
and China
Goods:
The Maritime Fur
Trade
of
the
North-
west
Coast,
1785-1841 (Seattle, 1992).
CHAPTER 2 (THORNTON)
The primary sources
for
Atlantic Africa
in
the seventeenth through nine-
teenth centuries are chiefly written documents
of
African writers, where
there was literacy,
and
European visitors
and
residents. Oral traditions
collected
in
more recent times are sometimes valuable for dynastic history
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
408
Bibliographical Essays
and military chronicles; they are much less helpful for social and economic
history. Archaeology has occasionally provided insights, although most
archaeological work has focused on somewhat earlier periods.
Wri.tten documents vary widely in quality and regional distribution.
For a discussion of their problems and case studies, see Adam Jones and
Beatrix Heintze, eds.,
European Sources
for
Sub-Saharan
Africa
before
1900:
Use
and
Abuse,
special issue of
Paideuma
33 (1987). John Fage, A
Guide to
Original Sources
for
Precoloonial Western
Africa
Published
in
Euro-
pean
Languages
(rev. ed., Madison, 1994), provides an annotated survey
of sources published up to that date. Writing is of the best quality
where there were long-lasting on-shore European bases (Senegambia, the
Gold Coast, Slave Coast, and Angola) or where there were literate
African societies (Senegambia and Angola). Areas that were visited only
for trade, such as the Ivory Coast, Niger Delta, and Gabon Coast, are
very poorly documented.
Written material is in many languages; most western European lan-
guages are represented, but Portuguese, English, French, Dutch, and
Danish are the most important. In addition, useful material is in Arabic.
African language texts from the period exist, but their value is largely for
cultural and religious issues rather than for social and economic ones.
Publication and translation of manuscript documentation has just begun,
and many of the texts published in earlier times still need modern or
accessible editions and translations. An evaluation of the quality of mod-
ern editions and translations is found in Adam Jones, Raw,
Medium,
and
Well
Done:
A
Critical Review
of
Editorial
and
Quasi-Editorial Work on
Pre-
1885
European Sources
for
Sub-Saharan
Africa, 1960-1986 (Madison,
1986).
For the earliest periods, up to 1700, a large body of archival
materials has been published in Ant6nio Brasio,
Monumenta Missionaria
Africana (First series, 15 volumes, Lisbonn, 1952—88), in original lan-
guages for Angola, and for the Upper Guinea Coast (Second series, 5
volumes, Lisbon, 1958-79). The Linschoten Vereeniging (Hague) has
published many Dutch and German documents in the original languages,
while the Haklyut Society (London) has published English texts and En-
glish translations of many other primarily pre-1700 texts. P.E.H. Hair
has translated many of the Upper Guinea Coast documents for the seven-
teenth century in "Sources for Early Sierra Leone,"
African Research Bulletin
(Freetown) 4-13 (1974-84). The Centra da Cartografia Antiga (Lisbon)
has also produced editions and translations (into various languages) of
additional material.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Bibliographical Essays 409
For the later periods much less has been published, and thousands of
valuable documents remain in archives. The most valuable archival collec-
tions are the records of the English, French, Dutch, and Danish African
companies. The Vatican archives are also extremely valuable. Albert Van
Dantzig, The Dutch on the Guinea Coast 1674-1742: A
Collection
of
Docu-
ments
from the
General
State
Archives
at the Hague (Accra, 1978), represents
an initial attempt to publish English translations of selected documents
from Dutch archives for the Gold Coast. English documents for the Slave
Coast have been published by Robin Law,
Correspondence
from the Royal
African Company's
Factories
at Offra and Whydah (Edinburgh, 1990) and
Further
Correspondence
of the Royal African Company Relating to the 'Slave
Coast,' 1681-1699 (Madison, 1991). For Senegambia, a good number of
useful documents have been published in the Bulletin of the Institut
Foundamental
de I'Afrique
noire.
Those not in French have been translated
into French. Many eighteenth-century books on Africa have been re-
printed in recent years, although critical editions are more rare.
Secondary literature on Africa in this period has grown immensely since
1960.
Earlier work tended to focus almost entirely on the lives and work
of Europeans in Africa. The earliest scholars focused on political history
and relations between Africans and Europeans; social and economic history
has grown much more slowly. Comprehensive surveys of the results of this
first thrust can be found in The
Cambridge
History of Africa, especially
volume 4 (Cambridge, 1975), which covers 1600—1790; a different but
more recent survey is in UNESCO General History of Africa, especially
volume 5 (Berkeley, 1992). Another important survey for this period is
found in J.F.A. Ajayi and Michael Crowder, eds., History of
West
Africa (2
vols.,
3rd edition, London, 1985), volume i, which focuses on west
Africa. An interpretation of the relation of African social and economic
history to the slave trade and African American history in the period
before 1680 is in John Thorton, African and Africans in the Making of
the
Atlantic
World,
1400-1680 (Cambridge, 1992). Writing on the history of
the African economy in this period was stimulated by A.G. Hopkins, An
Economic
History of
West
Africa (London, 1973) for west Africa; Philip D.
Curtin,
Economic
Change in
Precolonial
Africa:
Senegambia
in the Era off
the
Slave Trade (2 vols., Madison, 1975) f°
r
Senegambia; and Ralph Austen,
African
Economic
History (London, 1987) for Africa as a whole. Valuable
background information on the environment and its impact on the history
of the region can be found in Thornton, Africa and Africans; George
Brooks,
Landlords
and
Strangers:
Ecology,
Society,
and
Trade
in
Western
Africa,
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
410 Bibliographical Essays
1000—1630 (Boulder, 1993) for Senegambia; and Joseph C. Miller, Way
of
Death: Merchant Capitalism and
the
Angolan Slave
Trade,
1730-1830 (Madi-
son, 1986), and "The Significance of drought, disease and famine in the
agriculturally marginal zone of west-central Africa," Journal of African
History 22 (1982):
17—61,
for Angola.
I. A. Akinjogbin,
Dahomey
and Its
Neighbours,
1708-1818 (Cambridge,
1967);
A.F.C. Ryder, Benin and the
Europeans,
1485—1897 (London,
1969);
Daaku, Trade and
Politics
on the Gold
Coast,
1600-ijoo (Oxford,
1970);
Walter Rodney, A
History
of the
Upper
Guinea
Coast
(Oxford, 1970);
and Boubacar Barry, Le
royaume
du
Waalo:
Senegal
avant la
conquete
(Paris,
1972),
and La
SenSgambie
du XVe au XIXe
Siecle:
Traite
Negriere,
Islam et
Conquet
Coloniale
(Paris, 1988), pioneered a number of issues in the social
and economic history of west Africa; their focus was particularly the
impact of European commerce. A later generation of work focusing on
Senegambia has continued many of these themes in greater detail, among
them Abdulaye Bathily,
Les Portes
de
I'Or:
Le
royaume
de Galam
(Senegal)
de
I'ere
musulmane au temps des
negriers
(VHIe-XViiie sikles) (Paris, 1989);
Sekene-Mody Cissoko, Contribution a
I'histoire
politique de Khasso dans le
Haut-S&nigal, Des
origines
a 1854 (Paris, 1986); James Searing,
West
Afri-
can Slavery and Atlantic
Commerce:
The Senegal River Valley, 1700—1860
(Cambridge, 1993); and Michael Gomez, Pragmatism in the Age of
Jihad:
The
Precolonial
State of
Bundu
(Cambridge, 1991). R. A. Kea's history of
the seventeenth-century Gold Coast,
Settlements,
Trade and
Politics
on the
Seventeenth Century Gold Coast (Baltimore, 1982), is important for the
systematic detail it gives to internal dynamics of an African society, as is
the more detailed work of Yann Deffontaine,
Guerre
et Sociitiau
royaume de
Fetu, Ghana, 1471—1720 (Paris, 1993). Similar work has been published
by Robin Law, The Slave
Coast
of
West
Africa, 1550-17 50: The
Impact
of the
Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society (Oxford, 1991), building on
earlier work, The
Oyo
Empire,
c. 1500—1836 (Oxford, 1977). The discus-
sion of Dahomey as a slave-trading kingdom has been particularly devel-
oped, beginning with Karl Polanyi, Dahomey and the Slave Trade: An
Analysis of an Archaic
Economy
(Seattle, 1966), and including discussion by
Werner Peukert, Der Atlantische Sklavenhandel von
Dahomey,
1749—1797
(Wiesbaden, 1978); Patrick Manning, Slavery, Colonialism, and
Economic
Growth in Dahomey, 1640-1960 (Cambridge, 1982); and Law, The Slave
Coast. In central Africa, an important early survey of the whole region by
Jan Vansina, Kingdoms of
the
Savanna (Madison, 1966), set the tone for
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Bibliographical Essays 411
further work. The Kingdom of Kongo, especially the period before 1700,
has attracted considerable attention. Anthropological interpretation goes
back to Georges Balandieri, Daily Life in
the Kingdom
of
the
Kongo,
Sixteenth
to Eighteenth
Centuries
(New York, 1968); and W.G.L. Randies, L'ancien
royaume
du
Congo des origines
a la fin du XIXe
siecle
(Paris, 1968). Historians
working on these lines include John Thornton, The
Kingdom
of
Kongo:
Civil
War and Transition, 1641—1718 (Madison, 1983); and Anne Hilton, The
Kingdom
of
Kongo
(Oxford, 1985). Angolan history was pioneered by David
Birmingham,
Trade
and
Conquest
in Angola:
The Mbundu
and
Their
Neigh-
bours under
the
Influence
of
the
Portuguese,
1483—1790 (Oxford, 1966), and
continued by Joseph C. Miller,
Kings
and
Kinsmen:
Early
Mbundu States
in
Angola (Oxford, 1976); and Way of Death. Jean-Luc Vellut, "Notes sur le
Lunda at la frontiere luso-africaine, 1700-1900,"
Etudes
d'histoire
africaines
3 (1972): 61—166, produced an additional important study of Lunda in
the eighteenth century.
The study of slavery in Africa has been developed as a part of
a
general
investigation of social history and the impact of the slave trade. Important
early work was done by Claude Meillassoux, ed.,
L'esclavage
en afrique
prkoloniale (Paris, 1976); Suzanne Miers and Igor
Kopytoff,
eds.,
Slavery
in
Africa: Historical and
Anthropological Perspectives
(Madison, 1977); J. E.
Inikori, ed.,
Forced
Migration (London, 1982); and Claire Robertson and
Martin Klein, eds.,
Women
and
Slavery
in Africa (Madison, 1983).
A considerable amount of work has been done on quantifying the slave
trade since Philip Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A
Census
(Madison,
1969),
a pioneering study. More recent work, such as that of Paul Lovejoy,
Transformations
in
Slavery:
A
History
of
Slavery
in
Africa
(Cambridge, 1983),
and Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life:
Occidental,
Oriental, and
African Slavery (Cambridge, 1990), has shifted from quantification of
exports to examining impacts on Africa. Work on African demography,
both in its own terms and in response to the slave trade, includes Christo-
pher Fyfe and David McMaster, eds., African Historical
Demography
(2
vols.,
Edinburgh, 1977, 1981); Thornton, "Demography and History in
the Kingsom of Kongo, 1660-1750," Journal of African History 18
(1977)^507—30, and "The slave trade in eighteenth century Angola: ef-
fects oon demographic structure,"
Canadian Journal
of
African Studies
14
(i98i):4i7—27. Modeling exercises, beginning with John Fage, A History
of
West
Africa (London, 1969), and continuing with Thorton, "The Demo-
graphic Effect of the Slave Trade on Western Africa, 1500-1800" (in Fyfe
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
412 Bibliographical Essays
and McMaster, eds., African Historical
Demography),
2:691—720, and Man-
ning, Slavery and African Life, have sought to explore the demographic
impact of the slave trade beyond the direct evidence of documentation.
CHAPTER 3 (JONES)
Works that trace detailed similarities between Europe and North Amer-
ica include J. R. T. Hughes, Social Control in the Colonial
Economy
(Char-
lottesville, VA: 1976) and his "Transference and Development of Institu-
tional Constraints Upon Economic Activity,"
Research
in
Economic
History
I (1976), 45—68; and Terry G. Jordan and Matti Kaups, The American
Backwoods Frontier: An Ethnic and
Ecological
Interpretation (Baltimore:
1989).
Terry G. Jordan, "Readaptation and European Colonization in
Rural North America," Annals of the Association of American Geogra-
phers 79 (1989), 489—500, states the preadaptationist case as well as
reviewing other explanations. Another statement of the continuity and
readaptation hypotheses is Forrest McDonald, "Cultural Continuity and
the Shaping of the American South," in Eugene D. Genovese and Leon-
ard Hochberg, eds.,
Geographical Perspectives
in History (Oxford: 1989). A
different interpretation can be derived from R. Cole Harris, "The Simpli-
fication of Europe Overseas," Annals of the Association of American
Geographers 67 (1977), 469-83.
David H. Fischer, Albion's
Seed:
Four British Folkways in America (Ox-
ford: 1989), is the major exposition of regional continuity by an historian.
See also the "Forum" on this book in The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd
ser., XLVIII (1991), 223-308, especially Fischer's conceptual remarks,
PP-
3°3-7-
C. M. White, Russia and
America:
The
Roots
of
Economic Divergence
(Lon-
don: 1987), thoughtfully treats the economic implications of colonizing
North America, in the Russian mirror. W. A. Knittle, Early Eighteenth-
century Palatine Emigration (Philadelphia, PA: 1937), and John A.
Hostetler, Amish
Society
(Baltimore: 1963), are useful on European groups
in America. An interesting account of one regional group that emigrated
to early Massachusetts is Frank Thistlewaite, Dorset Pilgrims: the Story of
West
Country Pilgrims who
went
to New England in the
1
jth
Century
(London:
1989).
Material on what was transmitted is to be found in W. C. Mac-
Leod, "Celt and Indian: Britain's old world frontier in relation to the
new," in Paul Bohannon and Fred Plog, eds., Beyond the
Frontier:
Social
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Bibliographical Essays
413
Process
and Cultural
Change
(Garden City, NY: 1967),
25-41,
and K. R.
Andrews, ed., The
Westward Enterprise
(Liverpool: 1978).
The isolationist literature on the American frontier in the tradition of
Frederick Jackson Turner is usually unhelpful. Related but different expla-
nations of the relationship between the old and new worlds include Walter
Prescott Webb, The Great
Frontier
(Boston, MA: 1952) and Louis Hartz et
al.,
The
Founding
of New
Societies
(New York: 1964). Whether both sides of
the Atlantic changed in response to common stimuli is addressed by Peter
Karsten, '"Bottomed on Justice': A Reappraisal of Critical Legal Studies
Scholarship Concerning Breaches of Labor Contracts by Quitting or Firing
in Britain and the U.S., 1630-1889," American Journal of Legal
History
34
(1990),
213-61.
On the British and European side, two useful bibliographies are
Charles Wilson and Geoffrey Parker, eds., An
Introduction
to the
Sources
of
European Economic
History 1500-1800 (London 1980), and W. H. Cha-
loner and R. C. Richardson, eds., British
Economic
and
Social
History: A
Bibliographical Guide (Manchester, 1976). For European background, see
E.
L. Jones, The
European
Miracle:
Environments,
Economies
and
Geopolitics
in the History of
Europe
and Asia, second ed. (Cambridge 1987), R. A.
Dodgshon, The
European
Past: Social Evolution and Spatial Order (Bas-
ingstoke, 1987) (on process) and N. J. G. Pounds, An Historical
Geogra-
phy of
Europe
1500-1840 (Cambridge, 1979) (for description, though
excluding Britain and Russia).
On rural life in continental Europe,
see
Jerome Blum, The End of the Old
Order
in Rural
Europe
(Princeton, 1978). Dudley Dillard,
Economic
Develop-
ment
of
the North
Atlantic
Community:
Historical Introduction to Modern
Econom-
ics
(Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1967), covers economic change on both sides of
the Atlantic fully. See also Ralph Davis, The Rise of
the
Atlantic
Economies
(London, 1973).
Jan de Vries, The
Economy
of
Europe
in an Age of Crisis, 1600—1750
(Cambridge: 1976), is an accessible economic history of early modern Eu-
rope.
Among economic histories of England, see D. C. Coleman, The
Economy
of England I450-i75o(0xfoid: 1977); B. A. Holderness,
Pre-indus-
trial
England:
Economy
and
Society,
1300-1750 (Totowa, NJ: 1976); and
Brian Murphy, A
History
of
the British Economy
1086—1740
(London:
1973).
The classic study of English society by an American is Carl Briden-
baugh,
Vexed
and
Troubled Englishmen
1590—1642 (New York: 1968). For
the American side, see Carl N. Degler, Out of
Our
Past: The
Forces
That
Shaped Modern
America, second ed. (New York: 1970); from the European,
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
414 Bibliographical Essays
see Edward P. Cheyney,
European
Background of
American
History 1300—
1600 (New York: 1961).
On agriculture and ecology, see Carl O. Sauer,
Selected Essays
1963—
'975 (Berkeley, CA: 1981) especially "The Settlement of the Humid East"
and "European Backgrounds of American Agricultural Settlement." See
also Homer L. Kerr, "Introduction of Forage Plants Into Ante-Bellum
United States," Agricultural History 38 (1964), 87-9 and E. L. Jones,
"Creative Disruptions in American Agriculture, 1620-1820," Agricul-
tural History 48 (1974), 510-28.
Ann Kussmaul, A
General
View of the Rural
Economy
of England, 1538—
1840 (Cambridge: 1989), is analytically excellent on English agricultural
history in the period. A fuller descriptive coverage
is
Joan Thirsk, ed., The
Agrarian History of England and
Wales,
Vol. IV, 1500-1640 (Cambridge:
1967).
From the American side, Sumner Chilton Powell, Puritan Village:
The Formation of a New England Town (Garden City, NY: 1965), empha-
sizes English agrarian origins.
CHAPTER 4 (GALENSON)
INSTITUTIONS OF SETTLEMENT
The most authoritative and detailed survey of the history of English
colonization in North America and the West Indies is Charles M. An-
drews, The Colonial
Period
of
American
History, 4 vols. (New Haven, 1934-
8).
Good brief introductions are given by W. Frank Craven, "The Early
Settlements: A European Investment of Capital and Labor," in Harold F.
Williamson, ed., The Growth of
the
American
Economy,
second ed. (New
York, 1951),
19—43,
an
d Bernard Bailyn, "Shaping the Republic," in
Bailyn et. al., The Great
Republic,
Vol. 1 (Lexington, MA, 1977),
1-225.
Other general accounts of the early development of the colonies include
William B. Weeden,
Economic
and Social History of New England, 1620—
1789, 2 vols. (Boston, 1891); George Louis Beer, The
Origins
of the British
Colonial
System,
1578—1660 (New York, 1908); Lewis Cecil Gray, History
of Agriculture in the
Southern
United States to i860, 2 vols. (Washington,
D.C., 1933); W. F. Craven, The
Southern Colonies
in
the Seventeenth
Century,
1607—1689 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1949); Richard Pares,
Merchants
and Plant-
ers (Cambridge, i960); W. F. Craven, The
Colonies
in Transition, 1660—
1713 (New York, 1968); John E. Pomfret,
Founding the American
Colonies,
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Bibliographical Essays 415
1583-1660 (New York, 1970); and K. G. Davies, The North Atlantic
World in the
Seventeenth
Century (Minneapolis, 1974), which also compares
the English colonization experience to those of other European nations.
The classic study of the Virginia Company is W. F. Craven,
Dissolution
of
the
Virginia
Company
(New York, 1932); a more recent account is included in
Edmund S. Morgan,
American
Slavery,
American
Freedom:
The
Ordeal
of
Colo-
nial Virginia (New York, 1975). On investment in English joint-stock
companies at the time, see Theodore Rabb,
Enterprise
and
Empire
(Cam-
bridge, MA, 1967). On the labor problem and the social revolution in early
Virginia, see Sigmund Diamond, "From Organization to Society: Virginia
in the Seventeenth Century," American Journal of
Sociology
63 (1958), 457-
75;
and Diamond, "Values as an Obstacle to Economic Growth: The Ameri-
can Colonies," Journal of
Economic
History 27 (1967), 561—75. A recent
account of the early settlement of New England is given by John Frederick
Martin, Profits in the
Wilderness:
Entrepreneurship
and the Founding of New
England
Towns
in
the Seventeenth Century
(Chapel Hill, 1991). On the evolu-
tion of the colonial economy and society, see E. A. J. Johnson, American
Economic
Thought in
the Seventeenth Century
(London,
1932);
J. R. T. Hughes,
Social Control
in
the Colonial Economy
(Charlottesville, VA, 1976); David W.
Galenson and Russell R. Menard, "Approaches to the Analysis of Economic
Growth in Colonial British America,"
Historical Methods
13 (1980), 3-18;
James T. Lemon, "Spatial Order: Households in Local Communities and
Regions," in Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole,
Colonial
British
America
(Balti-
more, 1984); John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The
Economy
of
British America, 1607-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1985); and Barbara L. Solow,
"Slavery and Colonization," in Solow, ed.,
Slavery
and
the Rise
of
the
Atlantic
System
(Cambridge, 1991), 21-42.
LABOR MARKET INSTITUTIONS
The authoritative history of indentured servitude is Abbot Emerson
Smith,
Colonists
in
Bondage:
White
Servitude
and
Convict
Labor in America,
I6OJ-I-/J6
(Chapel Hill, 1947); a more recent treatment is David W.
Galenson, White
Servitude
in
Colonial
America:
An
Economic
Analysis (Cam-
bridge, 1981). On the English background of indentured servitude, see
Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost, second ed. (London, 1971); Las-
lett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier
Generations
(Cambridge, 1977);
Alan Macfarlane, The Origins of English Individualism (Oxford, 1978);
David Souden, " 'Rogues, Whores and Vagabonds'? Indentured Servant
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
416
Bibliographical Essays
Emigrants to North America, and the Case of Mid-Seventeenth-Century
Bristol," Social History 3 (1978),
23-41;
Ann Kussmaul, Servants in
Husbandry in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1981); and David W.
Galenson, "The Rise of Free Labor: Economic Change and the Enforce-
ment of Service Contracts in England, 1351-1875," in John James and
Mark Thomas, eds., Capitalism in Context:
Essays
on
Economic Development
and Cultural Change in Honor of R. M. Hartwell (Chicago, 1994). Addi-
tional information on indentured servitude is contained in J. C. Ballagh,
White Servitude in the
Colony
of Virginia (Baltimore, 1895); Kari Frederick
Geiser,
Redemptioners
and Indentured Servants in the Colony and
Common-
wealth of
Pennsylvania
(New Haven, 1901); Eugene I. McCormac, White
Servitude in
Maryland,
16)4—1820 (Baltimore, 1904); Philip Alexander
Bruce,
Economic
History of
Virginia
in the
Seventeenth
Century, 2 vols. (New
York, 1907); Cheesman A. Herrick, White
Servitude
in
Pennsylvania
(Phila-
delphia, 1926); Richard B. Morris,
Government
and Labor in Early Amer-
ica (New York, 1946); Wesley Frank Craven, White, Red and
Black:
The
Seventeenth-Century Virginian (Charlottesville, VA, 1971); A. Roger
Ekirch, Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the
Colonies (Oxford, 1987); and Hilary Beckles, White Servitude and Black
Slavery in Barbados, 162J-IJ15 (Knoxville, TN, 1989). On the trans-
Atlantic trade in servants, see David Souden, "English Indentured Ser-
vants and the Transatlantic Colonial Economy," in Shula Marks and Peter
Richardson, eds., International Labour Migration: Historical
Perspectives
(London, 1984),
19-33;
Farley Grubb, "The Market for Indentured
Immigrants: Evidence on the Efficiency of Forward-Labor Contracting in
Philadelphia, 1745—1773," Journal of
Economic
History 45 (1985), 855-
68;
and Russell R. Menard, "British Migration to the Chesapeake Colo-
nies in the Seventeenth Century," in Lois Green Carr, Philip D. Morgan,
and Jean B. Russo, eds.,
Colonial Chesapeake Society
(Chapel Hill, 1988),
99—132.
On the legal basis of indentured servitude, see Robert J.
Steinfeld, The Invention of
Free
Labor: The
Employment
Relation in English
and American Law and Culture, 1350-1870 (Chapel Hill, 1991). The
evolution of servitude is treated in David W. Galenson, "The Rise and
Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis,"
Journal of
Economic
History 44 (1984), 1-26.
Basic studies of the volume and routes of the slave trade include Philip
D.
Curtin, The Atlantic
Slave
Trade:
A
Census
(Madison, WI, 1969); Paul
Lovejoy, "The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade: A Synthesis," Journal
of
African History 23 (1982),
473-501;
and Lovejoy,
Transformations
in Slav-
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