Драгункин А.Н. Cправочная часть к 10-ти занятиям по английскому
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wherever âåçäå; ãäå áû òî íè áûëî,
ãäå óãîäíî, êóäà óãîäíî
whether ëè
while ... ïîêà, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ...
15. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÇÀÏßÒÛÕ.
Ïðè íàïèñàíèè òåõ èëè èíûõ àíãëèéñêèõ òåêñòîâ çàïÿòàÿ íåîá-
õîäèìà, â îñíîâíîì, äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ðàçäåëÿòü äëèííûå ïðåäëîæå-
íèÿ íà áîëåå êîðîòêèå.
Çà÷àñòóþ îò ñàìîãî àâòîðà òåêñòà çàâèñèò, ïîñòàâèò îí çàïÿòóþ
èëè íåò. Åñëè ó Âàñ áóäóò ñîìíåíèÿ ñòàâèòü èëè íå ñòàâèòü
ëó÷øå îáîéäèòåñü áåç íå¸!
È íàîáîðîò åñëè çàïÿòàÿ ïîìîæåò ëó÷øå ïîíÿòü ñìûñë ïðåä-
ëîæåíèÿ, òî ëó÷øå å¸ ïîñòàâüòå!
Âîò îñíîâíûå ïðàâèëà óïîòðåáëåíèÿ çàïÿòûõ:
1) Åñëè â ñëîæíîñî÷èí¸ííîì ïðåäëîæåíèè åãî ÷àñòè ñîåäèíåíû
ñîþçàìè and, or, but, for, nor, neither, yet:
– Mary works hard, but her sister is lazy.
– Ìýðè óïîðíî ðàáîòàåò, íî å¸ ñåñòðà ëåíèâà.
NB: Íî â êðàòêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ çàïÿòûå íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ:
– Mary studied and John played.
Ìýðè ó÷èëàñü, à Äæîí èãðàë;
2) Çàïÿòûìè âûäåëÿþòñÿ âòîðîñòåïåííûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èëè ãðóï-
ïû ñëîâ, èìåþùèå ÷èñòî îáúÿñíÿþùóþ ôóíêöèþ, è áåç êîòîðûõ
ìîæíî îáîéòèñü:
– The date of Easter, as is well known, changes from year to year.
Äàòà ïàñõè, êàê ýòî õîðîøî èçâåñòíî, ìåíÿåòñÿ â êàæäîì ãîäó;
14. ÏÎÄ×ÈÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÑÎÞÇÛ:
after ïîçäíåå, ïîòîì, ïîñëå
as êîãäà ...; òàêæå êàê è ...
as ... as ... òàê ..., êàê
as if (as though) ... êàê åñëè áû
as long as … ïîêà ; äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå
as soon as … êàê òîëüêî
because ïîòîìó ÷òî
before ðàíåå, äî, ïåðåä
if åñëè; åñëè áû
in order that … ÷òîáû;
äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ...
in spite of … íåñìîòðÿ íà ...
(the fact that) ... (òîò ôàêò, ÷òî) ...
lest ÷òîáû íå
no sooner ... than … íå ðàíåå, ÷åì ...,
íå ïðåæäå, ÷åì ...
not as (not so) ... as … íå òàê ..., êàê ...
provided (that …) ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî ...;
ïðè óñëîâèè, åñëè ...
since ïîñêîëüêó; òàê êàê ;
ñ òîãî âðåìåíè êàê ...;
ñ òîé ïîðû êàê ...
so that … ÷òîáû
so ... that … òàê, ÷òîáû ...
such ... that … òàêîé, êàê ...
supposing (that) … åñëè ... , ïðåäïîëàãàÿ, ÷òî ...
till, until äî; êàê òîëüêî ...,
äî òåõ ïîð êaê ...
... than ... ..., ÷åì ...
that ÷òî, ÷òîáû
though, although õîòÿ, õîòü
unless ... åñëè íå ...
when êîãäà
where ãäå, êóäà
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â) ïåðåä èëè ïîñëå èìåíè ñîáñòâåííîãî ïðè îáðàùåíèè:
- Come in, John!
- Âõîäè, Äæîí!
ã) ïðè ïåðå÷èñëåíèè:
... cars, lorries, ships and planes ... - ìàøèíû, ãðóçîâèêè,
ñóäà è ñàìîë¸òû;
ä) åñëè â ñëîæíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè
âòîðîñòåïåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñòîèò ïåðåä ãëàâíûì:
– When she returned, I made a cup of coffee.
– Êîãäà îíà âåðíóëàñü, ÿ ñäåëàë ÷àøêó êîôå;
6) Çàïÿòûìè âûäåëÿþòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíûå îáúÿñíåíèÿ:
– Mr. Green, the headmaster of our school, told me to write to him.
– Mp. Ãðèí, äèðåêòîð íàøåé øêîëû, âåëåë ìíå íàïèñàòü åìó;
7) Çàïÿòîé âûäåëÿþòñÿ äååïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû:
– Íå came here, having first parked his car.
– Îí ïðèø¸ë ñþäà, ïðèïàðêîâàâ ñíà÷àëà ñâîþ ìàøèíó;
8) Çàïÿòàÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñ ïðÿìîé ðå÷üþ:
– She said, “It’s none of your business!”.
– Îíà ñêàçàëà: «Ýòî íå òâî¸ äåëî!».
– “By mistakes we learn!”, said John.
– «Ìû ó÷èìñÿ íà îøèáêàõ!», ñêàçàë Äæîí.
– “In my view”, said the judge, “he is innocent!”.
– «Ïî ìîåìó ìíåíèþ, – ñêàçàë ñóäüÿ, – îí íåâèíîâåí!»;
3) Çàïÿòûìè âñåãäà îòäåëÿþòñÿ îïðåäåë¸ííûå ñëîâà è âûðàæå-
íèÿ.
Ïðåæäå âñåãî ðå÷ü èä¸ò î:
however êàê áû òî íè áûëî
nevertheless òåì íå ìåíåå, íåñìîòðÿ íà ...
in òó opinion ïî ìîåìó ìíåíèþ
therefore ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïîýòîìó
indeed íà ñàìîì äåëå, äåéñòâèòåëüíî
evidently è obviously âèäèìî, ïîæàëóé, ÿâíî
well íó, ...
– In my opinion, he was guilty.
– Ïî ìîåìó ìíåíèþ, îí áûë âèíîâåí.
– The judge’s opinion, however, was that he was innocent.
– Ho no ìíåíèþ ñóäüè, êàê áû òî íè áûëî, îí áûë íåâèíîâåí;
4) Çàïÿòîé îòäåëÿþòñÿ ðàâíîçíà÷íûå, íî ïðîòèâîðå÷àùèå
äðóã äðóãó âûðàæåíèÿ:
– His name is Michael, not John.
– Åãî çîâóò Ìàéêë, à íå Äæîí;
5) Çàïÿòàÿ îáÿçàòåëüíà:
à) ïåðåä è ïîñëå “PLEASE”:
– Can you lend me the book, please?
– Âû íå îäîëæèòå ìíå êíèæêó, ïîæàëóéñòà?
á) ïîñëå “YES” è “NO”:
– Yes, I can.
– Äà, ÿ ìîãó.
– No, I cannot.
– Íåò, íå ìîãó;
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around – ýðàóíä = âîêðóã; êðóãîì
at –æò = ó; âîçëå; â;
â (ñî çíà÷åíèåì âðåìåíè)
before – áèô
îî = äî (ñî çíà÷åíèåì âðåìåíè),
ïåðåä (äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ìåñòà)
behind – áèõ
àéíä = ïîçàäè; çà
below – áèë
îó = ïîä; íèæå
beside – áèñ
àéä = ðÿäîì ñ; îêîëî
between – áèòw
èèí = ìåæäó äâóìÿ
beyond – áè
¸íä = ïî òó ñòîðîíó; çà
by – áàé = ê (ê êàêîìó-òî ñðîêó); ó; âîçëå; ìèìî
during – äú
þýðèíã = â òå÷åíèå; âî âðåìÿ
except – èêñ
ýïò = çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì
for – ôîî = äëÿ; çà
from – ôðîì = îò; ñ
in – èí = â (â çíà÷åíèè ìåñòà);
÷åðåç (â çíà÷åíèè âðåìåíè)
of – îô, îâ = èç; â;
à òàêæå óêàçûâàåò íà ðîäèò. ïàäåæ,
ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü
on – îí = íà (â çíà÷åíèè ìåñòà); ïî; ïîñëå;
î, îá
out,–
àóò,
= èç
out from
àóò ôðîì
over –
îóâý = íàä; ñâåðõ; ÷åðåç
through – 6ðóó = ÷åðåç; èç-çà
till – òèë = äî; âïëîòü äî
towards – òýw
îîäç = ê; ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê
under –
àíäý = ïîä (÷åì-òî)
up – àï = ââåðõ ïî; ââåðõ
with – w
è, =ñ
}
9) Çàïÿòîé ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ äàòû è íàçâàíèÿ ìåñòíîñòåé:
Íå left May 10, 1998 to go to London.
– Îí óø¸ë 10 ìàÿ 1998 ãîäà, ÷òîáû îòïðàâèòüñÿ â Ëîíäîí.
– There he met a young woman from Cincinnati, Ohio.
– Òàì îí âñòðåòèë äåâóøêó èç Öèíöèííàòè, øòàò Îãàéî;
10) Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà, ñòîÿùèå â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáÿçàòåëü-
íî îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé:
– Outside, a lot of people were waiting for me.
– Ñíàðóæè ìåíÿ æäàëî ìíîæåñòâî ëþäåé;
11) Çàïÿòàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä àëüòåðíàòèâíûì âîïðîñîì:
– This house is theirs, isn’t it?
– Ýòîò äîì èõ, íå òàê ëè?
– John wasn’t ill, was he?
– Äæîí íå áûë áîëåí, íå òàê ëè?
– Jack didn’t find the key, did he?
Äæåê íå íàø¸ë êëþ÷à, íå òàê ëè?
16. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈß ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÎÂ:
about – ýá
àóò = î, îá; îêîëî; âîêðóã; êðóãîì
above – ýá
àâ = íàä, âûøå; áîëüøå, ÷åì...
across – ýêð
îñ = ïîïåðåê; ÷åðåç; ïî òó ñòîðîíó
after –
ààôòý = ïîñëå (ïî âðåìåíè);
çà (â ñìûñëå ìåñòà); ïîòîì
against – ýã
ýéíñò = ïðîòèâ (÷åãî-ëèáî, êîãî-ëèáî)
along – ýë
îíã = âäîëü; ïî
among – ýì
àíã = ìåæäó; ñðåäè
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against ïðîòèâ; íà, î(á)
We discussed the arguments for and against.
Ìû îáñóäèëè àðãóìåíòû «çà» è «ïðîòèâ».
He leaned against the wall.
Îí îáëîêîòèëñÿ íà (îá) ñòåíó.
along âäîëü, ïî
I love driving along narrow country lanes.
Ëþáëþ åçäèòü ïî óçêèì ñåëüñêèì äîðîãàì.
among ñðåäè, ìåæäó
He was never particularly popular among his
colleagues.
Îí íèêîãäà íå áûë ïîïóëÿðåí ñðåäè
ñâîèõ êîëëåã.
around (round) âîêðóã
The satellite has passed once more around
the Earth.
Ñïóòíèê åù¸ ðàç îáëåòåë âîêðóã Çåìëè.
at íà, â, ó (î ìåñòå), çà
He was standing at the window.
Îí ñòîÿë ó îêíà.
at ê, ïî, íà, â (íàïðàâëåíèè)
He picked up a stone and threw it at me.
Îí ïîäíÿë êàìåíü è áðîñèë åãî â ìåíÿ.
at â (î âðåìåíè)
He is having breakfast at this moment.
 ýòîò ìîìåíò îí çàâòðàêàåò.
before ïåðåä, äî, ðàíüøå (î âðåìåíè)
Ill get home an hour before the time.
ß ïîïàäó äîìîé íà ÷àñ ðàíüøå.
7:00
ÍÀÃËßÄÍÛÅ ÈËËÞÑÒÐÀÖÈÈ
ÏÎ ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÞ ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÎÂ
about î, îá
They are talking about nature.
Îíè ãîâîðÿò î ïðèðîäå.
about îêîëî, ïðèìåðíî (â )
Ill come about 8 oclock.
Ïðèäó îêîëî âîñüìè.
about âîêðóã, îêîëî (î ìåñòå)
She likes to have people about her.
Îíà ëþáèò èìåòü ëþäåé âîêðóã ñåáÿ.
above íàä, âûøå
The temperature was above average recently.
Íåäàâíî òåìïåðàòóðà áûëà âûøå ñðåäíåé.
across ÷åðåç, ñêîâçü
I helped the blind man across the street.
ß ïîìîã ñëåïîìó ïåðåéòè ÷åðåç óëèöó.
across íà ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîé ñòîðîíå
My house is just across the square.
Ìîé äîì ñòîèò íà ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîé
ñòîðîíå ïëîùàäè.
after ïîñëå, ÷åðåç (î âðåìåíè)
She returned after me.
Îíà âåðíóëàñü ïîñëå ìåíÿ.
8:00
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down âíèç, ïî
Steve was running down the hill, crying
silently.
Ñòèâ áåæàë âíèç ïî ñêëîíó õîëìà
è ìîë÷à ïëàêàë.
during âî âðåìÿ , â òå÷åíèå ,
â òî âðåìÿ êàê
During the night a woman was shot dead in the hotel.
Íî÷üþ â îòåëå áûëà çàñòðåëåíà æåíùèíà.
for äëÿ, çà, ðàäè, èç-çà (ïðè÷èíà)
Children couldnt speak for laughing.
Äåòè íå ìîãëè ãîâîðèòü èç-çà ñìåõà.
for íà, äëÿ (öåëü); â òå÷åíèå
A poor man brought his old watch for sale.
Áåäíÿê ïðèí¸ñ ñâîè ñòàðûå ÷àñû íà ïðîäàæó.
for íà, â, ê (íàïðàâëåíèå)
Before you take a train for Glasgow, you must
change twice.
Ïåðåä ïîåçäîì íà Ãëàçãî ó Âàñ
äâå ïåðåñàäêè.
for ê, ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê
Her hatred for her husband was obvious.
Ÿ íåíàâèñòü ê ìóæó áûëà î÷åâèäíîé.
for çà (÷òî-òî), âçàìåí çà
I paid two pounds for the new textbook.
ß çàïëàòèë äâà ôóíòà çà íîâûé ó÷åáíèê.
from èç, îò
Our cottage stands ten miles from the coast.
Íàø êîòòåäæ íàõîäèòñÿ â 10 ìèëÿõ
îò ïîáåðåæüÿ.
20:00
24:00
ð
ð
before ïåðåä, äî (î ìåñòå,
î ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè)
His name comes before mine on the list.
Åãî èìÿ ñòîèò â ñïèñêå ïåðåä ìîèì.
behind çà, ñçàäè, ïîçàäè
The garden behind your house is beautiful.
Ñàä, êîòîðûé íàõîäèòñÿ çà òâîèì äîìîì,
âåëèêîëåïåí.
below ïîä, íèæå ÷åì, ïî
The water reaches to just below the knees.
Âîäû â ðåêå åäâà ïî êîëåíî.
beside îêîëî, âáëèçè, ðÿäîì ñ
She sudddenly got up from beside me
and hurried out.
Îíà âíåçàïíî âñòàëà ñ ìåñòà ðÿäîì ñî
ìíîþ è âûáåæàëà.
between ìåæäó (äâóìÿ)
The train was standing on the border between
France and Spain.
Ïîåçä ñòîÿë íà ãðàíèöå ìåæäó
Ôðàíöèåé è Èñïàíèåé.
beyond çà, íà äðóãîé ñòîðîíå, ïî äðóãîé ñòîðî-
íå; ïîçàäè, ñçàäè; âíå
Beyond our house we have a long sandy beach.
Ïîçàäè íàøåãî äîìà åñòü äëèííûé ïåñ÷àíûé
ïëÿæ.
by ó, ïðè, îêîëî
During summer holidays they spent three days
by the sea.
Âî âðåìÿ ëåòíèõ êàíèêóë îíè ïðîâåëè òðè äíÿ
ó ìîðÿ.
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over íàä, íà, ïî, â(î)
Many singers are famous all over the world.
Ìíîãèå ïåâöû çíàìåíèòû âî âñ¸ì ìèðå
(ïî âñåé Çåìëå).
over î(á), íà, íàä, ñâåðõó
Garry stumbled over a stone and fell over the railings.
Ãàððè ñïîòêíóëñÿ îá êàìåíü
è ïåðåëåòåë ÷åðåç ïåðèëà.
past ïîñëå
She went to sleep past sunset.
Îíà ëåãëà ñïàòü ïîñëå çàõîäà ñîëíöà.
past ìèìî, âäîëü
The bus runs past the house every day.
Àâòîáóñ ïðîåçæàåò ìèìî äîìà
êàæäûé äåíü.
since ñ, îò, íà÷èíàÿ ñ (î âðåìåíè), ñî âðå-
ìåíè
Ive worked abroad since my school-leaving exams.
ß ðàáîòàë çà ãðàíèöåé ñî âðåìåíè ìîèõ
âûïóñêíûõ ýêçàìåíîâ.
through ñêâîçü, íàñêâîçü, ÷åðåç
I searched through the whole house.
ß îáûñêàë íàñêâîçü âåñü äîì.
throughout âåçäå, ïî âñåìó
You can find these flowers throughout the country.
Âû ìîæåòå íàéòè ýòè öâåòû ïî âñåé ñòðàíå.
throughout âåñü, â òå÷åíèå âñåãî
Throughout his life he was always interested
in nature.
 òå÷åíèå âñåé ñâîåé æèçíè îí âñåãäà
èíòåðåñîâàëñÿ ïðèðîäîé.
}
×
in â; ÷åðåç (î âðåìåíè)
In the evening I lost my watch in the dark.
Âå÷åðîì ÿ ïîòåðÿë ÷àñû â òåìíîòå.
Ill be back in a sec.
ß âåðíóñü ÷åðåç ñåêóíäó.
in front of ïåðåä(î), âïåðåäè
The car in front of me stopped suddenly
and I had to brake.
Ìàøèíà ïåðåäî ìíîþ âíåçàïíî îñòàíîâèëàñü,
è ÿ áûë âûíóæäåí çàòîðìîçèòü.
into â, âîâíóòðü, âíóòðü
Two rivers flow into the Baltic Sea.
Äâå ðåêè âïàäàþò â Áàëòèéñêîå ìîðå.
of î, èç
People who stay abroad often dream of home.
Ëþäè, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ çà ãðàíèöåé,
÷àñòî ìå÷òàþò î äîìå.
on íà (î ìåñòå)
Their clothes hung on a couple of nails.
Èõ îäåæäà âèñåëà íà ïàðå ãâîçäåé.
on çà, ïîñëå (î âðåìåíè)
A long period of peace followed on the war.
Äîëãèé ïåðèîä ìèðà ïîñëåäîâàë
ïîñëå âîéíû.
out of èç
With your passport you cant travel out of Russia.
Ñ Âàøèì ïàñïîðòîì Âû íå ìîæåòå âûåõàòü
èç Ðîññèè.
home
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208
Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
17. ÎÁÙÀß ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕ:
Êîëè÷åñòâåííûå Ïîðÿäêîâûå
(Cardinal Numerals) ( Ordinal Numerals)
1 one the first
2 two the second
3 three the third
4 four the fourth
5 five the fifth
6 six the sixth
7 seven the seventh
8 eight the eighth
9 nine the ninth
10 ten the tenth
11 eleven the eleventh
12 twelve the twelfth
13 thirteen the thirteenth
14 fourteen the fourteenth
15 fifteen the fifteenth
16 sixteen the sixteenth
17 seventeen the seventeenth
18 eighteen the eighteenth
19 nineteen the nineteenth
20 twenty the twentieth
21 twenty-one the twenty-first
30 thirty the thirtieth
40 forty the fortieth
50 fifty the fiftieth
60 sixty the sixtieth
70 seventy the seventieth
80 eighty the eightieth
90 ninety the ninetieth
100 one hundred the hundredth
101 one hundred and one the one hundred and first
110 one hundred and ten the one hundred and tenth
1000 one thousand the thousandth
1 000 000 one million the millionth
till (untill) äî (î âðåìåíè)
I was cooking from morning till night.
ß ãîòîâèë åäó ñ óòðà äî íî÷è.
to ê, äî, íà â (î íàïðàâëåíèè)
The old man was sitting with his feet to fire.
Ñòàðèê ñèäåë íîãàìè ê îãíþ.
under ïîä
Theres a cat under the table.
Ïîä ñòîëîì ñèäèò êîøêà.
up ââåðõ, ââåðõó; íàâåðõ, íàâåðõó
Go up the stairs and then turn to the left.
Èäè íàâåðõ è ïîâåðíè íàëåâî.
with ñ
With your help I will be able to do it.
Ñ Âàøåé ïîìîùüþ ÿ ñìîãó ñäåëàòü ýòî.
without áåç
There is no milk, so we have to do without it.
Ìîëîêà íåò, ïîýòîìó ìû äîëæíû
îáîéòèñü áåç íåãî.
×
NB !
Ìîÿ ìîñêîâñêàÿ ôèðìà «ÀÍÄÐÀ-Ì»
îðãàíèçóåò îáó÷åíèå àíãëèéñêîìó ïî ìîåé ìåòîäèêå
ñ âûåçäîì â ò¸ïëûå ñòðàíû èëè â Àíãëèþ.
Ïðåïîäàþ ÿ ñàì.
Ìîæíî ñîâìåñòèòü ïðèÿòíîå ñ ïîëåçíûì!
E-mail: andra_m@pochta.ru
Òåë.: (095) 517-00-95
À. Äðàãóíêèí
211
Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
210
Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
22. ÎÁÎÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÅ ÊÎËÈ×ÅÑÒÂÀ:
Ñëîâà Ñî ñ÷èòàåìûìè C íåñ÷èòàåìûìè
è (èëè (èëè
âûðàæåíèÿ:ñ «èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè») «íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûìè»)
ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè: ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè:
one – wàí one orange –
îäèí
åach èèò÷ each orange –
êàæäûé
åvery
ýâðè every orange –
êàæäûé
two – òóó two oranges –
äâà
both – á
îó6 both oranges –
oáà
a couple of – ýê
àïë îâ a couple of oranges –
ïàðà, íåñêîëüêî
three (or more) three oranges
òðè (èëè áîëåå) –
a few – ýôú
þó a few oranges
íåñêîëüêî
several – ñ
ýâðýë several oranges –
íåñêîëüêî
many – ì
ýíè many oranges –
ìíîãî
a number of – ýí
àìáý îâ a number of oranges –
íåñêîëüêî
a great deal of – a great deal of sugar –
ý ãðýéò ä
èèë îâ
ìíîãî
much – ìàò÷ – much sugar
ìíîãî
a little – ýë
èòë – a little sugar
íåìíîãî
18. ÄÂÎÉÍÛÅ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ:
íè ..., íè ... neither ... nor … í
àé,ý ... íîî ...
èëè ..., èëè ... either ... or ...
àé,ý ... oo...
è ... , è ... both ... and ... á
îó6 ...æíä ...
19. ÑÒÅÏÅÍÈ ÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈß ÍÀÐÅ×ÈÉ:
1 ñòåïåíü: 2 ñòåïåíü: 3 ñòåïåíü:
îäíîñëîæíûå soon sooner soonest
ñêîðî ñêîðåå ñêîðåå âñåãî
ìíîãîñëîæíûå quickly more quickly most quickly
áûñòðî áûñòðåå áûñòðåå âñåãî
20. «ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÅ» ÑÒÅÏÅÍÈ ÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈß
ÍÀÐÅ×ÈÉ:
Çíà÷åíèå: 1 ñòåïåíü: 2 ñòåïåíü: 3 ñòåïåíü:
ïëîõî badly [bædli] worse [w
9s] worst [w9st]
äàëåêî far [fa:] further/farther furthest/ farthest
[ ´f9,G/fà:,G] [ ´f9,ist/’fa:,ist]
ìàëî little [litl] less [les] least [li:st]
ìíîãî much [mat
∫] more [mo:] most [mîust]
õîðîøî well [wəl] better [betG] best [best]
21. ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅ˨ÍÍÛÉ è ÎÏÐÅÄÅ˨ÍÍÛÉ ÀÐÒÈÊËÈ:
Åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî: Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî:
Íåîïðåäåëåííûé a dog – ý äîã dog
S äîãç
àðòèêëü (êàêàÿ-òî) ñîáàêà (êàêèå-òî) ñîáàêè
an orange – æí
îðèíüäæü orangeS – îðèíüäæèç
(êàêîé-òî) àïåëüñèí (êàêèå-òî) àïåëüñèíû
Îïðåäåëåííûé the dog – ,ý äîã the dog
S – ,ý äîãç
àðòèêëü (òà) ñîáàêà (òå) ñîáàêè
(the orange – ,ý
îðèíüäæü the orangeS – ,ý îðèíüäæèç
(òîò) àïåëüñèí (òå) àïåëüñèíû
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212
Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
24. ÌÅÑßÖÛ (ïèøóòñÿ ñ áîëüøîé áóêâû):
ÿíâàðü January – äæü
æíúþýðè
ôåâðàëü February – ô
ýáðóýðè
ìàðò March – ìààò÷
àïðåëü April –
ýéïðèë
ìàé May – ìýé
èþíü June äæü
þóí
èþëü July – äæü
þóëàé
àâãóñò August –
îîãýñò
ñåíòÿáðü September – ñýïò
ýìáý
îêòÿáðü October – ýêò
îóáý
íîÿáðü November – íîóâ
ýìáý
äåêàáðü December – äèñ
ýìáý
NB: â èþíå = in June
25. ÂÐÅÌÅÍÀ ÃÎÄÀ:
âåñíà spring – ñïðèíã
ëåòî summer – ñ
àìý
îñåíü autumn –
îîòýì
fall (US) – ôîîë
çèìà winter – w
èíòý
NB: ëåòîì = in summer
26. ÊÀÊ ÇÂÎÍÈÒÜ ÏÎ ÒÅËÅÔÎÍÓ?
Ïî-àíãëèéñêè òåëåôîííûå íîìåðà ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ ïî îäíîé öèô-
ðå, íàïðèìåð:
312-59-36 =
three - one - two - five - nine - three - six
6ðèè w
àí òóó ôàéâ íàéí 6ðèè ñèêñ
Åñëè Âàì íóæíî ïîïðîñèòü ñîåäèíèòü Âàñ ñ äîïîëíèòåëüíûì íî-
ìåðîì (íàïðèìåð, ñ ¹ 358), òî íóæíî ñêàçàòü òàê:
extension number three - five - eight
èêñò
ýíøüí íàìáý 6ðèè ôàéâ ýéò
all –
îîë all oranges all sugar
âñå, âåñü
most – ì
îóñò most oranges most sugar
áî´ëüøàÿ ÷àñòü
plenty of – ïë
åíòè îâ plenty of oranges plenty of sugar
ìíîãî, êó÷à
lots of – ë
îòñ îâ lots of oranges lots of sugar
ìíîãî
a lot of – ýë
îò îâ a lot of oranges a lot of sugar
ìíîãî
some – ñàì some oranges some sugar
íåñêîëüêî; íåìíîãî
not any/ – í
îò ýíè not any oranges/ not any sugar/
no – í
îó no oranges no sugar
íè îäèí, íèêàêîé
Ïðèìå÷àíèå:
ïî òðàäèöèîííîé òåðìèíîëîãèè
âìåñòî «ñ÷èòàåìûé» è «íåñ÷èòàåìûé»
óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ âûðàæåíèÿ «èñ÷èñëÿåìûé» è «íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûé».
23. ÄÍÈ ÍÅÄÅËÈ (ïèøóòñÿ ñ áîëüøîé áóêâû):
âîñêðåñåíüå Sunday – ñ
àíäýé, ñàíäè
ïîíåäåëüíèê Monday – ì
àíäýé, ìàíäè
âòîðíèê Tuesday – òú
þóçäýé, òúþóçäè
ñðåäà Wednesday – w
ýíçäýé, wýíçäè
÷åòâåðã Thursday – 6
¸îñäýé, 6¸îñäè
ïÿòíèöà Friday – ôð
àéäýé, ôðàéäè
ñóááîòà Saturday – ñ
æòýäýé, ñæòýäè
NB: â ïÿòíèöó = on Friday
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Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
Kîä ãîðîäà èëè ìåñòíîñòè íàçûâàåòñÿ
dialing code ä
àéýëèíã êîóä
èëè area code –
ýðèý êîóä
27. ÖÂÅÒÀ:
blue – áë
þó = ñèíèé
light/dark – ëàéò/äààê = câåòëûé/ò¸ìíûé
light blue – ë
àéò áëþó = ãîëóáîé
dark blue – ä
ààê áëþó = ò¸ìíî-ñèíèé
violet â
àéëåò = ôèîëåòîâûé, ëèëîâûé
purple – ï
œœïë = ïóðïóðíûé, áàãðÿíûé
red – ðýä = êðàñíûé
pink – ïèíê = ðîçîâûé
orange –
îðèíäæü = îðàíæåâûé
black – áëæê = ÷¸ðíûé
grey – ãðýé = ñåðûé
white – w
àéò = áåëûé
brown – áð
àóí = êîðè÷íåâûé
beige – á
ýéæü = áåæåâûé
yellow –
åëîó = æ¸ëòûé
green – ãðèèí = çåë¸íûé
knaki – ê
àêè = õàêè
azure –
ýæå = ëàçóðíûé
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