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â)
Íó à çäåñü íàäî äåöë íàïðÿ÷üñÿ!
arise (arose, arisen) ýðàéç (ýðîóç, ýðàéçí) = âîçíèêàòü
bear (bore, born) á
ýý (áîî, áîîí) = ðîæ(ä)àòü
bear (bore, borne) á
ýý (áîî, áîîí) = íåñòè, íîñèòü
beat (beat, beaten) áèèò (áýò, áèèòí) = áèòü
begin (began, begun) áèã
èí (áèãæí, áèãàí) = íà÷èíàòü
blow (blew, blown) áë
¸ó (áëþó, áë¸óí) = äóòü
break (broke, broken) áðýéê (áð
îóê, áðîóêí) = ëîìàòü
choose (chose, chosen) ÷óóç (÷
îóç, ÷îóçí) = âûá(è)ðàòü
do (did, done) äóó (äèä, äàí) = äåëàòü
draw (drew, drawn) äðîî (äðóó, äðîîí) = òàùèòü; ðèñîâàòü
drive (drove, driven) äðàéâ (äð
îóâ, äðàéâí) = ãíàòü;
âîäèòü (ìàøèíó)
eat (ate, eaten) èèò (ýéò, èèòí) = åñòü, êóøàòü
fall (fell, fallen) ôîîë (ôýë, ôîîëí) = ïàäàòü
fly (flew, flown) ôëàé (ôë
þó, ôëîóí) = ëåòàòü
forbear(forbore, forborne) ôîá
ýý (ôîáîî, ôîáîîí) = âîçäåðæèâàòüñÿ
forget (forgot, forgotten) ôýã
ýò (ôîãîò, ôîãîòí) = çàáû(âà)òü
freeze (froze, frozen) ôðèèç (ôð
îóç, ôðîóçí) = çàìåðçàòü
give (gave, given) ãèâ (ãýéâ, ãèâí) = äà(âà)òü
go* (went*, gone) ã
îó (wýíò, ãîí) = èäòè; óõîäèòü
grow (grew, grown) ãð
îó (ãðóó, ãðîóí) = ðàñòè
know (knew, known) í
îó (íúþó, íîóí) = çíàòü
lie (lay, lain) ëàé (ëýé, ëýéí) = ëåæàòü
ride (rode, ridden) ðàéä (ð
îóä, ðèäí) = åõàòü (âåðõîì)
ring (rang, rung) ðèíã (ðæíã, ðàíã) = çâîíèòü
rise (rose, risen) ðàéç (ð
îóç, ðàéçí) = âñòà(âà)òü
see (saw, seen) ñèè (ñîî, ñèèí) = âèäåòü, ñìîòðåòü
shake (shook, shaken) øüåéê (øþê, øüåéêí) = òðÿñòè
×ÅÒ¨ÐÒÀß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ
ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ
(ñ ðàçíûìè 2-é è 3-é ôîðìàìè âñåãî 55 øòóê):
à)
ÊÀÊ ÇÀÏÎÌÈÍÀÒÜ ýòè 3 ñëîâà?
↓
Ëåãêî! Ïîòîìó ÷òî 3-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëîâ ýòîé ïîäãðóïïû
ñîâïàäàåò ñî ñëîâàðíîé:
become (became, become) áèê
àì (áèêýéì, áèêàì) =
= ñòàíîâèòüñÿ
come (came, come) êàì (êýéì, êàì) = ïðèäòè, ïðèõîäèòü
run (ran, run) ðàí (ðæí, ðàí) = áåæàòü, áåãàòü;
á)
À ÝÒÈ ↓ ?
Òîæå ëåãêî, ïîòîìó ÷òî
èõ 2-å ôîðìû ïðàâèëüíûå âñå íà +D,
à 3-è íåïðàâèëüíûå = âñå íà +N:
lade (laded, laden) ëýéä (ëýéäèä, ëýéäí) = ãðóçèòü
mow (mowed, mown) ì
îó (ìîóä, ìîóí) = êîñèòü (òðàâó)
rive (rived, riven) ðàéâ (ðàéâä, ðàéâí) = (ðàç)ðóáèòü
saw (sawed, sawn) ñîî (ñîîä, ñîîí) = ïèëèòü
shave (shaved, shaven) øüåéâ (øüåéâä, øüåéâí) = áðèòü
show (showed, shown) ø
¸ó (ø¸óä, ø¸óí) = ïîêàç(ûâ)àòü
sow (sowed, sown) ñ
îó (ñîóä, ñîóí) = ñåÿòü
strew (strewed, strewn) ñòðóó (ñòðóóä, ñòðóóí) = ñûïàòü
swell (swelled, swîllen) ñw
ýë (ñwýëä, ñwîîëí) = ðàñïóõàòü;
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ÏßÒÀß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ
ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ
(ñ òðåìÿ ðàçíûìè ôîðìàìè.
È îíà æå ñàìàÿ «ï¸ñòðàÿ»! =
= 29 øòóê).
Ýòî, ïîæàëóé, ñàìàÿ òðóäíàÿ ãðóïïà ãëàãîëîâ,
ïîñêîëüêó ïî÷òè âñå èç íèõ èìåþò
ïî äâå 2-ûõ èëè 3-èõ ôîðìû
íî çíàòü-òî èõ âñå ðàâíî íàäî!
(Ñì. ïðèìå÷àíèå â êîíöå ýòîãî ñïèñêà).
Âåäü êðîìå âñåãî ïðî÷åãî
ýòî åù¸ è îáû÷íîå óâåëè÷åíèå Âàøåãî æå ñëîâàðíîãî çàïàñà!
Ïîìíèì, ÷òî âî âòîðîì ñòîëáèêå
ãîòîâûå ôîðìû ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè
áåðèòå è ãîâîðèòå!,
à â òðåòüåì
ãîòîâûå ôîðìû (ïàññèâíîãî) îïðåäåëåíèÿ
áåðèòå è ïîëüçóéòåñü!
1-ÿ ôîðìà Çíà÷åíèå: 2-ÿ ôîðìà 3-ÿ ôîðìà
(ñëîâàðíàÿ): (ïðîø. âðåìÿ): (îïðåäåëåíèå):
awake = ïðîñûïàòüñÿ awoke awaked/awoke
ýw
ýéê ýwîóê ýwýéêò, ýwîóê
bid = âåëåòü; bid/bade bid/bidden
áèä ïðåäëàãàòü áèä, áýéä áèä, áèäí
bind = çàâÿçûâàòü bound bound/bounden*
áàéíä á
àóíä áàóíä, áàóíäýí
bite = êóñàòü bit bit /bitten
áàéò áèò áèò, áèòí
sing (sang, sung) ñèíã (ñæíã, ñàíã) = ïåòü
slay (slew, slain) ñëýé (ñë
þó, ñëýéí) = óáè(âà)òü
speak (spoke, spoken) ñïèèê (ñï
îóê, ñïîóêí) = ãîâîðèòü
spring (sprang, sprung) ñïðèíã (ñïðæíã, ñïðàíã) = ïðûãíóòü
steal (stole, stolen) ñòèèë (ñò
îóë, ñòîóëí) = (ó)êðàñòü
stink (stank, stunk) ñòèíê (ñòæíê, ñòàíê) = âîíÿòü
stride (strode, stridden) ñòðàéä (ñòð
îóä, ñòðèäí) = øàãàòü
strive (strove, striven) ñòðàéâ (ñòð
îóâ, ñòðàéâí) = ñòàðàòüñÿ
swear (swore, sworen) ñw
ýý (ñwîî, ñwîîí) = êëÿñòüñÿ
swim (swam, swum) ñw
èì (ñwîì, ñwàì) = ïëàâàòü, ïëûòü
take (took, taken) òýéê (òóê, òýéêí) = áðàòü, âçÿòü
tear (tore, torn) ò
ýý (òîî, òîîí) = ðàçðûâàòü
throw (threw, thrown)
θ
ðîó (
θ
ðóó,
θ
ðîóí) = áðîñàòü
wear (wore, worn) w
ýý (wîî, wîîí) = íîñèòü (îäåæäó)
weave (wove, woven) w
èèâ (wîóâ, wóâí) = òêàòü
write (wrote, written) ðàéò (ð
îóò, ðèòí) = (íà)ïèñàòü.
* Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå:
ñåãîäíÿøíÿÿ 2-ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà go
(= went w
ýíò = «óø¸ë»)
«âçÿòà» àíãëè÷àíàìè ó ñîâñåì äðóãîãî ãëàãîëà
ó ñòàðîãî ãëàãîëà wend, êîòîðûé ñëàâà Áîãó!
òîæå çíà÷èë «èäòè», «óõîäèòü» (ñì. ñòð. 280)!
Òåïåðü Âû çíàåòå óæå ïðèìåðíî 70% âîîáùå âñåõ
íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, è/ëè çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå ïîëîâèíû
íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ «ïåðâîé íåîáõîäèìîñòè».
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melt = ïëàâèòü melted melted/molten*
ìýëò ì
ýëòèä ìýëòèä, ìîëòí
owe = áûòü äîëæíûì owed/ought owed
îó îóä, îîò îóä
quit = ïîêèäàòü quitted/quit quitted/quit
êwèò êw
èòèä, êwèòêwèòèä, êwèò
rot = ãíèòü rotted rotted/rotten*
ðîò ð
îòèä ðîòèä, ðîòí
seethe = êèïåòü seethed seethed/sodden
ñèè
ð
(÷óâñòâàìè) ñèè
ð
ä ñèè
ð
ä, ñîäí
sew = øèòü sewed sewed/sewn*
ñú
þóñúþóä ñúþóä, ñúþóí
shrink = ñú¸æè(âà)òüñÿ shrank shrunk/shrunken*
øüðèíê øüðæíê øüðàíê, øüðàíêí
sink = îïóñêàòü sank sunk/sunken*
ñèíê ñæíê ñàíê, ñàíêí
spit = ïëåâàòü spit/spat spat
ñïèò ñïèò, ñïæòñïæò
spoil = ïîðòèòü spoiled/spoilt spoiled/spoilt
ñïîéë ñïîéëä, ñïîéëò ñïîéëä, ñïîéëò
strike = óäàðÿòü struck struck/stricken*
ñòðàéê ñòðàê ñòðàê, ñòðèêí
cleave = ðàñêàëûâàòü clave/cleft cleft
êëèèâ êëýéâ, êëýôò êëýôò
dare = îñìåëèòüñÿ dared/durst dared
ä
ýýäýýä, 䜜ñò äýýä
dream = ìå÷òàòü dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
äðèèì äðèèìä, äðýìò äðèèìä, äðýìò
drink = ïèòü drank drunk/drunken
äðèíê äðæíê äðàíê, äðàíêí
get = ïîëó÷àòü got got/gotten*
ãýò ãîò ãîò, ãîòí
grave = âûñåêàòü graved graved/graven*
ãðýéâ ãðýéâä ãðýéâä, ãðýéâí
hang = âåøàòü hanged/hung hanged/hung
õæíã õæíãä, õàíã õæíãä, õàíã
hide = ïðÿòàòü hid hid/hidden*
õàéä õèä õèä, õèäí
lean = îïèðàòüñÿ leaned/leant leaned/leant
ëèèí ëèèíä, ëýíò ëèèíä, ëýíò
learn = èçó÷àòü learned learned/learnt*
ë
œœí뜜íä 뜜íä, 뜜íò
light = îñâåùàòü lighted/lit lighted/lit
ëàéò ë
àéòèä, ëèò ëàéòèä, ëèò
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ØÅÑÒÀß «ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ
ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËλ
(î÷åíü ìàëîóïîòðåáèòåëüíûõ).
20 øòóê:
abide ýá
àéä = æèòü
(abode, abode) (ýá
îóä)
beget áèã
ýò = ðîæäàòü
(begot, begotten)
(áèãîò, áèãîòí)
behold áèõ
îóëä = âèäåòü
(beheld, beheld) (áèõ
ýëä)
beseech áèñ
èèò÷ = óìîëÿòü
(besought, besought) (áèñ
îîò)
chide ÷àéä = áðàíèòü
(chid, chid/chidden)
(÷ûä, ÷ûä/÷ûäí)
fling ôëèíã = êèäàòü
(flung, flung) (ôëàíã)
forsake ôîñ
ýéê = ïîêèäàòü,
(forsook, forsaken) (ôîñ
óê, ôîñýéêí) = áðîñàòü
gild ãèëä = çîëîòèòü
(gilded, gilded/gilt*) (ã
èëäèä, ãèëäèä/ãèëò)
gird ã
œœä = îïîÿñ(ûâ)àòü
(girded/girt, girt) (ã
œœäèä/㜜ò, 㜜ò)
hew õú
þó = ðóáèòü
(hewed, hewed/hewn*) (õú
þóä, õúþóä/õúþóí)
ken** êåí = çíàòü
(kent, kent) (êåíò)
thrive = ïðîöâåòàòü thrived/throve thrived/thriven
θ
ðàéâ
θ
ðàéâä,
θ
ðîóâ
θ
ðàéâä,
θ
ðàéâí
tread = ñòóïàòü trod trod/trodden
òðèèä òðîä òðîä, òðîäí
work = ðàáîòàòü worked/wrought worked/wrought.
w
œœêwœœêò, ðîîò wœœêò, ðîîò
* Ôîðìû, îòìå÷åííûå çâ¸çäî÷êîé,
ñåãîäíÿ óæå
íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ñîñòàâå êîíñòðóêöèé,
à òîëüêî:
à) êàê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ,
íàïðèìåð:
A
SUNKEN ship = ÇÀÒÎÍÓÂØÅÅ ñóäíî.
A
LEARNT scholar = ÏÐÎÑÂÅÙ¨ÍÍÛÉ ó÷¸íûé.
WROUGHT iron = ÊÎÂÀÍÎÅ æåëåçî;
á) èëè
êàê ÷àñòü «ñîñòàâíûõ» îïðåäåëåíèé,
íàïðèìåð:
An horror-
STRICKEN man = ×åëîâåê, ÎÕÂÀ×ÅÍÍÛÉ óæàñîì
æí
îðýñòðèêí ìæí (= «óæàñî-ÎÁÚßÒÛÉ»).
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Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ÀËÔÀÂÈÒ.
Âàì îáÿçàòåëüíî íóæíî âûó÷èòü íàèçóñòü íàçâàíèÿ àíãëèé-
ñêèõ áóêâ, òàê êàê ïðè öèòèðîâàíèè ñëîâ ïî áóêâàì àíãëè÷àíå
÷¸òêî ïðîèçíîñÿò
íàçâàíèÿ áóêâ, èç êîòîðûõ ýòè ñëîâà
ñîñòîÿò.
Ïî-àíãëèéñêè ýòî íàçûâàåòñÿ SPELLING, à «ïðîèçíîñèòü ïî
áóêâàì» = to spell, íàïðèìåð:
ñëîâî APPLE àíãëè÷àíèí ïðî÷ò¸ò ïî áóêâàì
êàê «ÝÉ- äàáë ÏÈÈ - ÝË - ÈÈ»,
ïðè÷¸ì «äàáë» = double çíà÷èò «äâîéíîé» òàê
ãîâîðÿò àíãëè÷àíå âìåñòî òîãî, ÷òîáû ãîâîðèòü «ÏÈÈ - ÏÈÈ»
(òî åñòü «2 ïý»).
À [ýé] Í [ýéò÷] Î [îó] V [âè:]
 [áè:] I [àé] Ð [ïè:] W [äàáëú þ:]
Ñ [ñè:] J [äüæåé] Q [êúþ:] Õ [ýêñ]
D [äè:] Ê [êýé] R [à:] Y [wàé]
Å [è:] L [ýë] S [ýñ] Z [çýä]
F [ýô] Ì [ýì] T [òè]
G [äüæè:] N [ýí] U [þ:]
1. ÌÍÎÆÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÅ ×ÈÑËÎ ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÕ.
Ïðàâèëüíîå îáðàçîâàíèå ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà:
a) ïðè ïîìîùè îêîí÷àíèé “+s”, “+es”:
book
→ books; bus → buses; shoe → shoes;
á) êîíå÷íîå -ó ïîñëå ñîãëàñíîé èçìåíÿåòñÿ íà “-ie+s”:
lady
→ ladies;fly → flies; city → cities;
â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ êîíå÷íîå “-f” ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â “-ve+s”:
half
→ halves; knife → knives; leaf → leaves;
rend ðýíä = ðâàòü
(rent, rent) (ðýíò)
shear øü
èý = ñòðè÷ü
(sheared, sheared/shorn*) (øü
èýä, øüèýä/ø¸îí)
sling ñëèíã = ìåòàòü
(slung, slung) (ñëàíã) (èç ïðàùè)
slink ñëèíê = êðàñòüñÿ
(slunk, slunk) (ñëàíê)
smite ñìàéò = óäàðÿòü
(smote, smit/smitten) (ñì
îóò, ñìèò/ñìèòí)
stave ñòýéâ = ïðîëàìûâàòü
(staved/stove, staved/stove) (ñòýéâä, ñò
îóâ)
string ñòðèíã = íàíèç(ûâ)àòü
(strung, strung) (ñòðàíã)
wend** w
ýíä = óõîäèòü
(went, went) (w
ýíò)
wring ðèíã = æàòü (õëåá).
(wrung, wrung) (ðàíã)
* Ýòè 3-è ôîðìû óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ
òîëüêî
êàê îïðåäåëåíèÿ;
** Ýòè ãëàãîëû ñåãîäíÿ óæå íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ,
íî ñëîâî/ôîðìà went
ñåé÷àñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ åù¸ è 2-îé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà go.
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Ñïðàâî÷íàÿ ÷àñòü
news – íüþóñ = íîâîñ/-òü/-òè
nonsense – í
îíñýíñ = åðóíäà
ðrogress – ïð
îãðýñ = ïðîãðåññ
* Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå business = «áèçíåñ», ðàíåå íå óïîòðåá-
ëÿâøååñÿ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, òåïåðü óæå (íå ñëèøêîì ÷àñ-
òî, íî) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ
(businesses á
èçíèñèç = «áèçíåñû»);
Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, óïîòðåáëÿåìûå òîëüêî
âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå
(è ñ ãëàãîëîì
â ñëîâàðíîé ôîðìå):
archives –
ààêàéâç = àðõèâ/-û
binoculars – áàéí
îêüþëýñ = áèíîêëü
clothes – êë
îó,ñ = îäåæäà
glasses – ãë
ààñèç = î÷êè
jeans – äæü
èèíç = äæèíñû
pants – ïæíòñ = øòàíû; òðóñû
pyjamas – ïýäæ
æàìýç = ïèæàìà
scissors – ñ
èçýñ = íîæíèöû
shorts – øü
¸îòñ = øîðòû
tights – òàéòñ = êîëãîòêè
* Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå trousers òð
àóçýñ = «áðþêè» òåïåðü
óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ è â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå trouser òð
àóçý
(ÿ ñàì âèäåë âî ìíîãèõ
áóòèêàõ â Ëîíäîíå);
Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, èìþùèå ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà,
óïîòðåáëÿåìûå ñ ãëàãîëîì â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (= “+(e)S”):
àthletics –æ6ë
åòèêñ = àòëåòèêà
billiards – á
èëüýäç = áèëëèàðä, áèëüÿðä
draughts – äð
îîòñ = øàøêè
economics – èêýí
îìèêñ = ýêîíîìèêà
gymnastics – äæüèìí
æñòèêñ = ãèìíàñòèêà
Íåïðàâèëüíîå îáðàçîâàíèå ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà:
child ÷àéëä
→ children – ÷ûëäðåí = äåòÈ
foot ôóò
→ feet – ôèèò = ñòóïíÈ
goose ãóóñ
→ geese – ãèèñ = ãóñÈ
louse ë
àóç → lice – ëàéñ = âøÈ
man ìæí
→ men – ìýí = ìóæ÷èíÛ
mouse ì
àóñ → mice – ìàéñ = ìûøÈ
ox îêñ
→ oxen – îêñí = âîëÛ
tooth òóó6
→ teeth – òèè6 = çóáÛ
woman w
óìýí → women – wèìèí = æåíùèíÛ
Îäèíàêîâàÿ ôîðìà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â åäèíñòâåííîì
è âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëàõ:
aircraft –
ýýêðàôò = ñàìîë¸ò/-û
deer – ä
èý = îëåí/-ü/-íè
fish – ôèøü = ðûá/-à/-û
grand – ãðæíä = òûñÿ÷à (ðàçãîâîðí. àìåðèê.)
quid – êwèä = ôóíò (àíãëèéñêèé)
salmon – ñ
ààìýí = ëîñî/-ñü/-ñè
sheep – ø
èèï = îâö/-à/-û
trout – òð
àóò = ôîðå/-ëü/-ëè;
Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå óïîòðåáëÿåìûå ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíî
â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå (è ñ ãëàãîëîì â ôîðìå “+(å)S”):
advice – ýäâ
àéñ = ñîâåò/-û
craft – êðààôò = ñóä/-íî/-à
evidence –
ýâèäýíñ = äîêàçàòåëüñòâ/-î/-à
furniture – ô
œœíèò÷ý = ìåáåëü
hair – õýý = âîëîñ/-û
information – èíôýì
ýéøüí = èíôîðìàöèÿ
knowledge – í
îîëèäæü = çíàíè/-å/-ÿ
luggage – ë
àãèäæü = áàãàæ
money – ì
àíè = äåíüãè
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3. ÏÐÈÒßÆÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß.
Hå óïîòðåáëÿåìûå Óïîòðåáëÿåìûå
ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî: ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî:
My: It’s my car. Mine: It’s mine.
Your: It’s your car. Yours: It’s yours.
His: It’s his car. His: It’s his.
Her: It’s her car. Hers: It’s hers.
Its: The bird hurt its wing. Its: It’s its.
Our: It’s our car. Ours: It’s ours.
Your: It’s your car. Yours: It’s yours.
Their: It’s their car. Theirs: It’s theirs.
4. ÂÎÇÂÐÀÒÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß (= «ñåáÿ», «-cÿ»):
myself – ìàéñ
ýëô – I looked at myself.
yourself – ¸îñ
ýëô – You looked at yourself.
himself – õèìñ
ýëô – He looked at himself.
herself – õ
œœñýëô – She looked at herself.
itself – èòñ
ýëô – It looked at itself.
ourselves – àóýñ
ýëâç – We looked at ourselves.
yourselves – ¸îñ
ýëâç – You looked at yourselves.
themselves – ,ýìñ
ýëâç – They looked at themselves.
5. ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß:
all – îîë = öåëûé, âåñü:
He worked all year round.
Îí ðàáîòàë öåëûé ãîä.
either –
àé,ý = îáà, êàæäûé (èç):
Either plan is corect.
Îáà ïëàíà ïðàâèëüíû.
hysterics – õèñò
ýðèêñ = èñòåðèÿ
mathematics – ìæ
6èìæòèêñ = ìàòåìàòèêà
physics – ô
èçèêñ = ôèçèêà
politics – ï
îëèòèêñ = ïîëèòèêà
statistics – ñòýò
èñòèêñ = ñòàòèñòèêà;
Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, èìåþùèå âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå
äîïîëíèòåëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ:
Åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî: Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî:
arm –
ààì = ðóêà arms – îðóæèå
colour ê
àëý = öâåò colours ôëàãè
custom ê
àñòýì = ïðèâû÷êà customs òàìîæíÿ
good ãóä = äîáðî goods òîâàðû
iron
àéýí = æåëåçî irons íàðó÷íèêè
pain ïýéí = áîëü pains óñèëèÿ
part ï
ààò = ÷àñòü parts öåëîå
scale ñêýéë = ìàñøòàá scales âåñû.
2. ËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß.
Cóáúåêòíûå: Îáúåêòíûå:
I: I like Ann. me: Ann like
sme.
you: You like Ann. you: Ann like
s you.
he: He like
s Ann. him: Ann likes him.
she: She like
s Ann. her: Ann likes her.
it: It like
s Ann. it: Ann likesit.
we: We like Ann. us: Ann like
sus.
you: You like Ann. you: Ann like
s you.
they: They like Ann. them: Ann like
s them.
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7. ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÛÅ ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß.
SOME: ANY: NO: EVERY:
ñàì
ýíè íîó ýâðè
×ÅËÎÂÅÊ: somebody anybody nobody everybody
someone anyone no one everyone
ÏÐÅÄÌÅÒ: something anything nothing everything
ÌÅÑÒÎ: somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere
ÂÐÅÌß: sometimes at any time never every time.
8. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÀÐÈÔÌÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß.
Ñëîæåíèå: 2 + 3 = 5:
two plus three equals (or: is) five (
èêwýëç).
Âû÷èòàíèå: 6 2 = 4:
six minus two equals (or: is) four.
Óìíîæåíèå: 2 × 3 = 6:
two times three equals (or: is) six.
Äåëåíèå: 8 : 2 = 4:
eight divided by two equals (or: is) four.
«Îòâåò ðàâåí 7»:
the result is 7.
Ñòåïåíè: 4
2
:
four squared
4
3
:
four cubed
4
4
:
four to the fourth
4
n
:
four to the n-th;
either … or … –
àé,ý îî = èëè … èëè …:
Either you are wrong or I am.
Èëè Âû îøèáàåòåñü, èëè ÿ.
neither – í
àé,ý = íè îäèí (èç):
Neither of the two is happy.
Íè îäèí èç äâîèõ íå ñ÷àñòëèâ.
neither … nor … – í
àé,ý … íîî … = íè ..., íè ...:
Íå neither drinks, nor smokes.
Îí íè ïü¸ò, íè êóðèò.
every –
ýâðè = êàæäûé:
She visits them every third week.
Îíà ïðèåçæàåò ê íèì êàæäóþ
òðåòüþ íåäåëþ.
each – èèò÷ = êàæäûé (èç):
They cost a pound each.
Îíè ñòîèëè no ôóíòó êàæäàÿ.
6. ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÎÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈÅ “OTHER” – à,ý:
Åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî:
other pen = äðóãàÿ/ñëåäóþùàÿ ðó÷êà
another pen = äðóãàÿ/åù¸ îäíà ðó÷êà
the other pen = (òà) äðóãàÿ ðó÷êà,
îñòàâøàÿñÿ ðó÷êà;
Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî:
other boys = äðóãèå ìàëü÷èêè
the other boys = òå /äðóãèå/îñòàâøèåñÿ ìàëü÷èêè
others* are swimming = äðóãèå ïëûâóò/ïëàâàþò
the others* went = òå /äðóãèå/îñòàâøèåñÿ óøëè
* – èñïîëüçóåòñÿ áåç ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.
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Âðåìÿ îò ïîëóäíÿ äî ïîëóíî÷è (äåíü è âå÷åð)
îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ ñîêðàùåíèåì p.m. [pi: əm]:
5 p.m. = 17:00 èëè «5 ÷àñîâ äíÿ».
10 p.m. = 22:00 èëè «10 âå÷åðà».
Íî ìîæíî, êîíå÷íî, ñêàçàòü è:
at 9 in the morning =â9 óòðà
at 5 in the afternoon =â5 ïîñëå îáåäà
at 7 in the evening =â7 âå÷åðà
at 11 at night =â11 âå÷åðà.
Ïèøåì: ×èòàåì:
8th June 1986 the eighth of June nineteen eighty-six
June 8th 1986 June the eighth, nineteen eighty-six.
10. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ (ÌÎÄÀËÜÍÛÅ) ÝËÅÌÅÍÒÛ:
Íàñòîÿùåå âð.: Ïðîøåäøåå âð.: Áóäóùåå âð.:
Ìîãó, óìåþ: Ìîã, ñ/óìåë: Ñìîãó, ñóìåþ
áóäó â ñîñòîÿíèè:
I can I could I can
I am able to I was able to I will be able to
He ìîãó, íå óìåþ: Íå ìîã, íå óìåë: Íå ñìîãó, íå ñóìåþ,
íå áóäó â ñîñòîÿíèè:
I cannot, I can't I could not, I couldn't I cannot, I can't
I am not able to I was not able to I will not able to
Ìíå ìîæíî, ðàçðåøàåòñÿ, ðàçðåøåíî:
I may – I may
I am allowed to … I was allowed to … I will be allowed to …
Êîðíè: 4:
the square root of four
4:
the cube root of four
4:
the n-th root of four;
Äðîáè: 1/2:
one half
1/3:
one third
11/13:
eleven thirteenths.
9. ÎÁÎÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÅ ÂÐÅÌÅÍÈ è ÄÀÒÛ:
Êîòîðûé ÷àñ? = What is the time?
What time is it now?
l:00 = it’s one o’clock 3:30 = it’s half past 3
3:00 = it’s three o’clock 3:35 = it’s 25 to 4
3:05 = it’s 5 past 3 3:40 = it’s 20 to 4
3:10 = it’s 10 past 3 3:45 = it’s a quarter to 4
3:15 = it’s a quarter past 3 3:50 = it’s 10 to 4
3:20 = it’s 20 past 3 3:55 = it’s 5 to 4
ß âñòðå÷ó òåáÿ â 17
00
= I’ll meet you at 5 p.m.
àéë ìèèò
þó æò ôàéâ ïèè æì
I’ll meet you at seventeen 00.
àéë ìèèò
þó æò ñýâýíòèèí îó-îó
Âðåìÿ îò ïîëóíî÷è äî ïîëóäíÿ (ò. å. íî÷ü è óòðî)
îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ ñîêðàùåíèåì a.m. [ei əm]:
5 à.m. –5 ÷àñîâ óòðà.
10 a.m. – 10 ÷àñîâ óòðà.
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12. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ÂÐĄ̊Í:
Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü:
Íå said, “I study English every day”.
He said, “I studied English”.
He said, “I will study English”;
Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü:
He said (that) he studied English every day.
Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî åæåäíåâíî çàíèìàåòñÿ àíãëèéñêèì.
Íå said he had studied English.
Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî (ðàíüøå) çàíèìàëñÿ àíãëèéñêèì.
He said (that) he would study English.
Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî áóäåò çàíèìàòüñÿ àíãëèéñêèì.
13. ÑÎÅÄÈÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÑÎÞÇÛ:
and à, è
as well as ... òàêæå, ðàâíî êàê è ...
both ... and … è ... è ...; êàê ..., òàê è ...
but íî, à
either ... or … èëè ..., èëè ...
for òàê êàê, ïîòîìó, ïîñêîëüêó
however êàê áû òî íè áûëî
neither ... nor … íè ..., íè ...
nevertheless òåì íå ìåíåå.
or èëè, ëèáî
so òàê ÷òî, èòàê, ïîýòîìó
still íî, òåì íå ìåíåå, âåäü
therefore ïîýòîìó
thus òàêèì îáðàçîì, òàê
yet íî, õîòÿ, òåì íå ìåíåå
Ìíå íåëüçÿ:
I may not – I may not
I must not – I must not
I am not to I was not to –
I am not allowed to I was not allowed to I will be not allowed to
Äîëæåí:
I must – I must
I have to … I had to … I will have to …
I am to … I was to … I’ll be to ...
Íå äîëæåí:
I must not I don’t have to … I will not have to …
I am not to … I was not to … –
I don’t have to … I didn’t have to … I will not have to …
Íå íóæíî:
I need not/needn’t … – I need not/needn’t …
I
don’t need to … I didn’t need to … I won’t need to ...
NB. Îáðàòèòå âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî â ïîñëåäíåì ïðèìåðå âèäíî,
↑ êàê
ðàçíîå ÂÐÅÌß ïîêàçûâàåòñÿ
òîëüêî
ðàçíûìè îòðèöàòåëüíûìè ÷àñòèöàìè !!!
11. ÏÎÐßÄÎÊ ÑËΠâ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÈ:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Ïîäëåæàùåå Ñêàçóåìîå Äîïîëíåíèå Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî
ÑÓÁÚÅÊÒ: ÃËÀÃÎË: ÎÁÚÅÊÒ: äåéñòâèÿ: ìåñòà: âðåìåíè:
Everybody studies languages intensively at school now.
Íå spoke English fluently at our lesson yesterday.