Digiulio M., Keogh J. Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified
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INDEX
A
“a fib”. See atrial fibrillation
abdominal ultrasound, 325
abdominal x-rays, 325
ABG (arterial blood gas), 79–80, 136–137
absence seizures, 253
abused substances, 545–550
ACE inhibitors, 28–37
acid-base balance, 422
metabolic acidosis, 438–440
metabolic alkalosis, 440–441
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),
145–147
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and, 151
acromegaly, 341–343
ACTH overproduction (Conn’s syndrome),
351–353
ACTH stimulation test, 365
actual dehydration, 444–445
acute bronchitis, 101
acute glomerulonephritis, 379–381
acute leukemia, 189–191
acute nephritic syndrome, 379–381
acute pain, 537–540
acute renal failure, 388–390
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 87–91
acute respiratory failure, 124–127
addiction, drug, 550–553
Addison’s disease, 348–349
ADH (antidiuretic hormone), 421
diabetes insipidus, 345–346
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
secretion (SIADH), 346–348
adrenal cortex, 333
aldosterone secretion, 351–353, 421
corticosteroid underproduction, 348–349
glucocorticoid overproduction, 349–351
adrenal glands, 333
adrenal medulla, 333
tumor on (pheochromocytoma), 353–354
AF (atrial fibrillation), 53–56
afferent neurons, 211
AI (aortic insufficiency), 62–63
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome),
145–147
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and, 151
alanine transaminase (ALT) test, 327
albumin and total protein test, 327
aldosterone, 333, 421
measurement test, 365
overproduction (Conn’s syndrome), 351–353
alimentary canal, 284
alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test, 327
allergens
anaphylaxis, 145
asthma from, 93–95
allergy skin testing, 413–414
ALP (alkaline phosphatase) test, 327
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), 216–218
ALT (alanine transaminase) test, 327
alveoli, 87. See also respiratory system
amenorrhea, 497
amputated extremities, pain from, 544–545
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 216–218
ANA test, 167
anaphylaxis, 147–149
anatomical location of surgery, 477
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590
Index
androgens, 333
anemia, 177–179
aplastic anemia (pancytopenia), 179–181
iron deficiency anemia, 181–183
pernicious anemia, 183–185
anesthesia, 482
nausea from, 490
postanesthesia care, 483–484
anesthesiologists, 481
angina, 7–11
angiography, cardiac, 72–73
angiography, cerebral, 256
angiotensin-converting enzyme, 421
inhibitors, 28, 37
angiotensinogen, 421
ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 149–151
anorexia nervosa, 465–467
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide), 421
anterior pituitary glands, 333
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 421
diabetes insipidus, 345–346
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
secretion (SIADH), 346–348
antinuclear antibodies (ANA) test, 167
anxiety, 453–456
panic disorder, 456–458
aortic aneurysm, 4–6
aortic insufficiency (AI), 62–63
aortic valve, 1, 3
aplastic anemia (pancytopenia), 179–181
appendicitis, 286–287
appendicular skeleton, 262
appendix, 285
ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome),
87–91
arterial blood gas (ABG), 79–80, 136–137
arterial stents, 301–304
arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, 4, 7, 11, 18
arthritis
ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 149–151
osteoarthritis, 271–273
rheumatoid arthritis, 155–157
arthrogram, 278
arthroscopy, 278
AS (ankylosing spondylitis), 149–151
asbestosis, 91–93
assessing pain, 537
AST (aspartate transaminase) test, 327
asthma, 93–96
astrocytoma, 222
asystole, 56–58
atelectasis, 96–98, 128
atherectomy, 20
atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, 4, 7, 11, 18
atonic seizures, 253
atopic asthma, 93
atria, 1, 3
atrial fibrillation (AF), 53–56
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 421
atrioventricular (AV) node, 3
atrioventricular (AV) valves, 1, 3
axial skeleton, 262
B
B-cells, 144–145
β-hCG test, 529
bacterial infection. See infection
bacterial meningitis, 234–236
basal cell carcinomas, 405, 406
basal ganglia, 211
basilar skull fractures, 213
Bell’s palsy, 218–219
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 375–377
beta cells (pancreatic), insulin from, 358, 363
beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin test,
529
bile, 285
bilirubin test, 328
biopsy, 128, 278
bone marrow, 203–204
liver, 325–326
lung, 139–140
musculoskeletal, 278
skin, 414
women’s health, 529
bipolar disorder, 461–463
bladder, 375
cancer of, 377–379
testing for tumors (cystoscopy), 394
x-ray of (KUB study), 394
x-ray of (voiding cystogram), 396–398
bleeding from gastrointestinal tract, 304–306
bleeding time, 205
blood, oxygenation of, 3
blood acid-base balance, 422
metabolic acidosis, 438–440
metabolic alkalosis, 440–441
blood calcium level test, 365
blood chemistry, 77–78
blood clots. See also coagulation
myocardial infarction (MI) from, 11
peripheral arterial disease (PAD) from, 18
pulmonary embolism from, 127
591
Index
removal of (embolectomy), 20
stroke from, 225, 249–252
in vein (thrombophlebitis), 51, 199
blood pressure, high. See hypertension (HTN)
blood production. See hematologic system
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test, 447
BNP (brain natriuretic peptide), 421
body fluids. See fluids and electrolytes
body temperature during surgery, 481–482
body weight/type issues, 465–469
bone marrow, 176, 263
biopsy, 203–204
bone scan, 278–279
bones, 262–263. See also musculoskeletal system
Borrelia burgdorferi, 162
bowel preparation, preoperative, 479
Bowman’s capsule, 374
BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy), 375–377
Braden scale, 409
brain, 211
brain abscess, 218–221
brain attacks. See stroke
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), 421
brain tumor, 222–224
brainstem, 211
breast cancer, 497–499
Broca’s area, 211
bronchi, 87
bronchiectasis, 99–101
bronchitis, 101–104
bronchoscopy, 132
bronchospasm, 93
bulimia nervosa, 467–469
bullae, 400
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) test, 447
Bundle of His, 3
burns, 401–403
bursa, 263
C
Ca. See calcium
CA 125 (cancer antigen 125) test, 530
CABG (coronary artery bypass graph), 9–10
CAD (coronary artery disease), 15–18
calcitonin, 333
calcium (Ca), 276, 333
abnormally high amount (hypercalcemia), 356,
428–430
abnormally low amount (hypocalcemia), 354,
426–428
blood test for, 365, 447
hyperparathyroidism and, 356–358
hypoparathyroidism and, 354–356
calcium deposits in blood vessels.
See arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
cancer. See also tumors
bladder cancer, 377–379
brain tumor, 222–224
breast cancer, 497–499
cervical cancer, 500–501
endometrial cancer, 505–506
kidney cancer, 381–382
leukemia, 189–192
lung cancer, 110–112
of lymphatic tissue and skin, 151
lymphoma, 153–155
ovarian cancer, 512–514
prostate cancer, 375, 384–386
testicular cancer, 390–392
cancer antigen (CA) 125 test, 530
carbon dioxide in blood, 87, 120
cardiac catheterization (angiography), 72–73
cardiac sphincter, 285
cardiac tamponade, 21–23
cardiogenic shock, 23–26
cardiomyopathy, 26–29
cardiovascular system, 1–82
how it works, 3
map of, 1
angina, 7–11
aortic aneurysm, 4–6
aortic insufficiency (AI), 62–63
asystole, 56–58
atrial fibrillation, 53–56
cardiac tamponade, 21–23
cardiogenic shock, 23–26
cardiomyopathy, 26–29
coronary artery disease (CAD), 15–18
diagnostic tests, 71–82
arterial blood gas (ABG), 79–80, 136–137
blood chemistry, 77–78
cardiac catheterization (angiography), 72–73
chest x-rays, 76–77, 133
digital subtraction angiography, 75
echocardiographs, 73–74
electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG), 71–72
hematologic studies, 78–79
hemodynamic monitoring, 75–76
nuclear cardiology, 74
pulse oximetry, 81–82
venograms, 80–81
endocarditis, 29–31
heart failure, 31–35, 104–106
592
Index
cardiovascular system (continued)
hypertension (HTN), 35–38
hypovolemic shock, 38–40
mitral insufficiency, 63–65
mitral stenosis, 65–67
mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 67–69
myocardial infarction (MI), 11–15
myocarditis, 41–42
pericarditis, 42–44
peripheral arterial disease (PAD), 18–21
postoperative complications, 484–486
pulmonary edema, 45–47
Raynaud’s disease, 47–49
rheumatic heart disease, 49–51
thrombophlebitis, 51–53, 199
tricuspid insufficiency, 69–71
ventricular fibrillation, 58–59
ventricular tachycardia, 59–61
carpal tunnel syndrome, 263–265
cartilage, 263
catecholamines, 333
CBC (complete blood count), 78, 79, 145, 205
CD4 and CD8 cells, 145
cell walls, 420
cellulitis, 407–409
central nervous system, 210
cerebral aneurysm, 225–227
cerebral angiography, 256
cerebral cortex, 211
cerebrovascular accident (CVA). See stroke
certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), 481
cervical cancer, 500–501
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 500
CFS (chronic fatigue syndrome), 160–162
chambers of heart, 1, 3
chandelier sign, 517
chest x-rays, 76–77, 133
CHF (congestive heart failure), 31–35
Cor Pulmonale and, 104–106
chloride (Cl) test, 447
cholecystitis, 288–290
cholesterol deposits in blood vessels.
See arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
cholesterol levels, 78
chorea, 232–234
choriocarcinomas, 518
chronic bronchitis, 101
chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), 160–162
chronic leukemia, 189–191
chronic pain, 540–542
chronic renal failure, 388–390
Chvostek’s sign, 338
cilia (respiratory system), 87
CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), 500
circulating nurses, 481
cirrhosis, 290–294
CK (creatine kinase), 77
Cl (chloride) test, 447
classification of surgical procedures, 476–477
clearance for surgery, 478
clonic seizures, 253
closed head injuries, 212
closed pneumothorax, 118
closure, wound, 482
clotting. See blood clots; coagulation; coagulation
studies
coagulation. See also blood clots
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),
185–187
hemophilia, 187–189
coagulation studies, 79, 204–205
cognitive function. See mental health
colonoscopy, 325
complete blood count (CBC), 78, 79, 145, 205
complete bone fractures, 266
complete mole (trophoblastic disease), 517–519
complex partial seizures, 253
complications, postoperative, 484–492
cardiovascular, 484–486
gastrointestinal, 490–492
infection, 488–490
respiratory, 486–488
compound bone fractures, 266
computed tomography. See CT
concussion, 212
congestive heart failure (CHF), 31–35
Cor Pulmonale and, 104–106
connective tissues, 263
Conn’s syndrome, 351–353
contractions (labor and delivery), 522
Cor Pulmonale, 104–106
core biopsy, 529
coronary artery bypass graph (CABG), 9–10
coronary artery disease (CAD), 15–18
coronary artery stents, 301–304
corpus luteum, 497
cortex (adrenal glands), 333
aldosterone secretion, 351–353, 421
corticosteroid underproduction, 348–349
glucocorticoid overproduction, 349–351
cortex (bone), 263
cortex (cerebral), 211
corticosteroid underproduction (Addison’s disease),
348–349
593
Index
corticosteroids, inadequate secretion of, 348–349
cortisol, 333
cortisol test, 366
cosmetic surgical procedures, 477
creatine kinase (CK), 77
CRNAs (certified registered nurse anesthetists), 481
Crohn’s disease, 294–297
CT angiography, 256
CT scans, 256, 278–279, 325–326
culture and sensitivity tests
sputum, 134–135, 169–170
urine, 394
curative surgical procedures, 477
Cushing’s syndrome, 349–351
CVA (cerebrovascular accident). See stroke
cystoscopy, 394
cysts, ovarian, 514–515
D
deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 199–201
dehydration, 444–446
delayed union (bone fractures), 267
delirium, 469–471
delivery (baby). See labor and delivery
demyelination. See multiple sclerosis (MS)
depressed skull fractures, 213
depression, 458–460
dermatitis, 403–405
dexamethasone suppression test, 350
diabetes insipidus, 345–346
diabetes mellitus, 358–363
diagnostic studies, 478
after surgery, 483
cardiovascular system, 71–82
endocrine system, 365–369
fluids and electrolytes, 446–447
gastrointestinal system, 324–329
genitourinary system, 396–398
hematologic system, 175–205
immune system, 167–171
integumentary system, 413–415
musculoskeletal system, 277–280
nervous system, 255–257
pain management, 553
respiratory system, 132–140
women’s health, 529–531
diagnostic surgical procedures, 477
diaphragmatic hernia, 311–313
diary, pain, 537
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation),
185–187
diencephalon, 211
dietary intake and fluid balance. See fluids and
electrolytes
digestion of food, 285
digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 75
dilated cardiomyopathy, 26
direct feedback (hormone production), 333
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 185–187
diverticulitis disease, 297–299
dopamine, 463
drains, surgical, 482, 483
drug addiction, 550–553
drug testing, 553
DSA (digital subtraction angiography), 75
duodenal ulcers, 319, 324
duodenum, 285
DVT (deep vein thrombosis), 199–201
dysmenorrhea, 502–503
dysmetabolic syndrome, 363–365
E
eating disorders
anorexia nervosa, 465–467
bulimia nervosa, 467–469
ECG (electrocardiogram), 71–72
echocardiograph, 73–74
eclampsia, 527–529
ectopic pregnancy, 503–505
edema, 420
EEG (electroencephalogram), 256
EKG (electrocardiogram), 71–72
elective surgical procedures, 477
electrical conduction system of heart, 3
asystole, 56–58
atrial fibrillation (AF), 53–56
graphic representation. See electrocardiogram
(EKG, ECG)
ventricular fibrillation, 58–59
ventricular tachycardia, 59–61
electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG), 71–72
electroencephalogram (EEG), 256
electrolytes. See fluids and electrolytes
electromyography (EMG), 279
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay),
168–169
embolectomy, 20
embolus, 127–128. See also blood clots
from bone fractures, 267
EMG (electromyography), 279
emotional pain, 537
emphysema, 107–110
594
Index
encephalitis, 227–229
endocarditis, 29–31
endocrine functions of pancreas, 285
endocrine system, 331–369
how it works, 332–333
map of, 331
Addison’s disease, 348–349
Cushing’s syndrome, 349–351
diabetes insipidus, 345–346
diabetes mellitus, 358–363
diagnostic tests, 365–369
goiter, 338–340
Graves’ disease, 335–338
hyperparathyroidism, 356–358
hyperpituitarism (acromegaly and gigantism),
341–343
hyperprolactinemia, 343–344
hyperthyroidism, 335–338
hypoparathyroidism, 354–356
hypopituitarism, 340–341
hypothyroidism (myxedema), 333–335
metabolic syndrome (Syndrome X), 363–365
pheochromocytoma, 353–354
primary aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome),
351–353
simple goiter, 338–340
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
secretion (SIADH), 346–348
endometrial cancer, 505–506
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatiography
(ERCP), 326–327
endotracheal intubation, 59
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),
168–169
epidural anesthesia, 482
epidural hematoma, 212–213
epinephrine, 333
overproduction (pheochromocytoma), 353–354
epiphyseal closure, 341–342
Epstein-Barr virus, 160–162
ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangio-
pancreatiography), 326–327
ERT (estrogen replacement therapy), 511
erythocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 78, 79, 167,
447
erythopoetin, 375
esophagus, 285
reflux of stomach acid into (GERD), 301–304
ESR (erythocyte sedimentation rate), 78, 79, 167, 447
estrogen, 497
estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), 511
excisional biopsy (skin), 414
exocrine functions, pancreas, 285
expiration (breathing), 86
extent of surgery, 477
extracellular fluids, 420
extrinsic asthma, 93
F
fatty deposits in blood vessels. See arteriosclerosis
and atherosclerosis
fecal occult blood test, 204
female body, about, 496–497. See also women’s health
femoropopliteal bypass grafts, 19
fertilization, 497
ectopic pregnancy, 503–505
infertility, 508–510
fibrin deposits in blood vessels. See arteriosclerosis
and atherosclerosis
fibroids (leiomyomas), 507–508
fine needle biopsy/aspiration, 366
first-degree burns, 401–402
flu (influenza), 130–132
fluids and electrolytes, 419–447
how they work, 420–422
dehydration, 444–446
diagnostic tests, 446–447
hypercalcemia, 356, 428–430
hyperkalemia, 432–434
hypermagnesemia, 436–438
hypernatremia, 424–426
hyperphosphatemia, 443–444
hypocalcemia, 354, 426–428
hypokalemia, 430–432
hypomagnesemia, 434–436
hyponatremia, 422–424
hypophosphatemia, 356, 441–443
metabolic acidosis, 438–440
metabolic alkalosis, 440–441
preoperative preparation, 479
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), 497
testing for, 366
follicular phase, menstrual cycle, 497
food, digestion of, 285
food intake
anorexia nervosa, 465–467
bulimia nervosa, 467–469
preoperative, 479
fractures (skeletal), 266–268
frontal lobe (brain), 211
tumor in, 222
595
Index
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), 497
testing for, 366
fungal meningitis, 234–236
G
gallbladder, 285
inflammation of (cholecystitis), 288–290
gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) test, 328
gastric ulcers, 319, 324
gastrin, 285
gastritis, 306–308
gastroenteritis, 299–301
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 301–304
gastrointestinal bleed, 304–306
gastrointestinal system, 283–329
how it works, 284–285
map of, 283
appendicitis, 286–287
assessment after surgery, 483
cholecystitis, 288–290
cirrhosis, 290–294
Crohn’s disease, 294–297
diagnostic tests, 324–329
diverticulitis disease, 297–299
gastritis, 306–308
gastroenteritis, 299–301
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),
301–304
gastrointestinal bleed, 304–306
hepatitis, 308–311
hiatal hernia, 311–313
intestinal obstruction and paralytic ileus,
313–314
pancreatitis, 315–317
peptic ulcer disease (PUD), 319–321
peritonitis, 317–319
postoperative complications, 490–492
ulcerative colitis, 322–324
gastrointestinal tract, 284
gastroscopy, 324
gate control theory, 537
general anesthesia, 482
generalized seizures, 253
genitourinary system, 373–396
how it works, 374–375
map of, 373
acute glomerulonephritis, 379–381
benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), 375–377
bladder cancer, 377–379
diagnostic tests, 396–398
kidney cancer, 381–382
kidney stones, 382–384
prostate cancer, 384–386
pyelonephritis, 386–388
renal failure, 388–390
testicular cancer, 390–392
urinary tract infection (UTI), 392–393
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease), 301–304
gestational age, 519
gestational diabetes mellitus, 358–359, 362
GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) test, 328
GH (growth hormone)
measurement test, 367
overproduction (hyperpituitarism), 341–343
Ghon’s complex, 122
gigantism, 341–343
glands, 332. See also endocrine system
Glasgow Coma Scale, 215
glioblastoma, 222
gliomas, 222
glomerulonephritis, 379–381
glucagon, 285
glucocorticoid overproduction (Cushing’s syndrome),
349–351
glucose levels, 358
glucose tolerance test, 367
glycosylated hemoglobin (Hgb A1C) test, 367
goiter, 338–340
gout, 268–270
Gram stain (Gram’s method), 414
Graves’ disease, 335–338
grief vs. depression, 458
growth hormone (GH)
measurement test, 367
overproduction (hyperpituitarism), 341–343
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 230–232
H
H. pylori test, 329
Hct (hematocrit) test, 447
head injury, 212–216
heart, map of, 1
heart failure, 31–35
Cor Pulmonale and, 104–106
heartbeat, 3
heat loss during surgery, 481–482
helicobacter pylori test, 329
helper T-cells, 145
hematocrit (Hct) test, 447
hematologic studies, 78–79
596
Index
hematologic system, 175–205
how it works, 176–177
map of, 176–177
anemia, 177–179
aplastic anemia (pancytopenia), 179–181
deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 199–201
diagnostic tests, 203–205
bone marrow biopsy, 203–204
coagulation studies, 204–205
complete blood count (CBC), 78, 79, 145, 205
fecal occult blood test, 204
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),
185–187
hemophilia, 187–189
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP),
201–203
iron deficiency anemia, 181–183
leukemia, 189–192
multiple myeloma, 192–194
pernicious anemia, 183–185
polycythemia vera, 194–196
sickle cell anemia, 187–189
hemodynamic monitoring, 75–76
hemoglobin, low. See anemia
hemoglobin (Hgb) test, 447
hemophilia, 187–189
hemorrhage, from head injury, 212
hemorrhagic stroke, 225, 249–251
hepatitis, 308–311, 328
hepatitis panel, 328
herpes simplex virus (HSV) test, 414–415
Hgb A1C (glycosylated hemoglobin) test, 367
Hgb (hemoglobin) test, 447
hiatal hernia, 311–313
high blood pressure. See hypertension (HTN)
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 145
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 168
Western Blot test, 169
Hodgkin’s disease, 153
holding area nurses, 481
homeostasis, 333
hormones, 332. See also endocrine system
menstrual cycle, 497
regulation of fluids and electrolytes, 421
replacement therapy (HRT), 511
hospitalization for mental health issues, 453
HPV (human papillomavirus), 500
HRT (hormone replacement therapy), 511
HSG (hysterosalpingogram), 530
HSV (herpes simplex virus) test, 414–415
HTN (hypertension), 35–38
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 145
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),
168
Western Blot test, 169
human papillomavirus (HPV), 500
Huntington’s disease (chorea), 232–234
hydatidiform mole, 517–519
hypercalcemia, 356, 428–430
hypercapnia, 120
hyperglycemia, 358. See also diabetes mellitus
hyperkalemia, 432–434
hypermagnesemia, 436–438
hypernatremia, 424–426
hyperparathyroidism, 356–358
hyperphosphatemia, 443–444
hyperpituitarism, 341–343
hyperprolactinemia, 343–344
hypertension (HTN), 35–38
hyperthyroidism, 335–338
hypertonic solutions, 420
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 26
hypocalcemia, 354, 426–428
hypoglycemic agents, 361
hypokalemia, 430–432
hypomagnesemia, 434–436
hypomania, 461
hyponatremia, 422–424
hypoparathyroidism, 354–356
hypophosphatemia, 356, 441–443
hypopituitarism, 340–341
hypothalamus, 211
hypothyroidism, 333–335
hypotonic solutions, 420–421
hypovolemic shock, 6, 38–40
hypoxemia, 88
hysterosalpingogram (HSG), 530
hysteroscopy, 530
I
IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus),
358–363
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP),
201–203
ileocecal valve, 285
ileum, 285
ileus, paralytic, 313–314
immovable joints, 263
immune system, 143–171
how it works, 144–145
map of, 143
597
Index
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),
145–147, 151
anaphylaxis, 147–149
ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 149–151
diagnostic tests, 167–171
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),
168–169
immunologic blood studies, 167–168
lymphangiography, 170–171
sputum culture and sensitivity, 169–170
Western Blot test, 169
Epstein-Barr virus (chronic fatigue syndrome),
160–162
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), 151–152
lyme disease, 152–153
lymphoma, 153–155
mononucleosis, 159–160
rheumatoid arthritis, 155–157
scleroderma, 157–159
septic shock, 163–165
systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), 165–167
incisional biopsy, 529
incomplete bone fractures, 266
infection, 168
of bone (osteomyelitis), 273–275
brain abscess, 218–221
bronchi and bronchioles, 99, 101
duodenal ulcers from, 319, 321
encephalitis from, 227
of endocardium, 29–31
of gastric and intestinal mucosa, 299–301
of heart muscle, 41–42
hepatitis, 308–311, 328
herpes simplex virus (HSV) test, 414–415
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 145,
168–169
human papillomavirus (HPV), 500
influenza, 130–132
of intestinal diverticula, 297–299
kidney (acute glomerulonephritis), 379–381
kidney (pyelonephritis), 386–388
lyme disease, 152–153
meningitis, 234–237
mononucleosis, 159–160
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),
515–517
of pericardium, 42–44
perioperative, 488–490
of peritoneum, 317–319
pneumonia, 115–117
septic shock, 163–165
skin (cellulitis), 407–409
sputum culture and sensitivity, 134–135, 169–170
tuberculosis (TB), 122–124, 128
urinary tract (UTI), 392–394
inferior vena cava, 1, 3
infertility, 508–510
influenza, 130–132
informed consent, 478–479
injury, intraoperative, 481–482
INR (Internationalized Normalized Ratio), 79, 205,
446
inspiration (breathing), 86
insulin, 285
diabetes mellitus, 358–363
metabolic syndrome (Syndrome X), 363–365
integumentary system, 399–415
how it works, 400
map of, 399
burns, 401–403
cellulitis, 407–409
dermatitis, 403–405
diagnostic tests, 413–415
preoperative skin preparation, 479
pressure ulcers, 409–411
skin cancers, 400, 405–407
wounds and healing, 411–413
Internationalized Normalized Ratio (INR), 79, 205,
446
interstitial space (fluids), 420
intestinal obstruction, 313–314
intestine. See large intestine; small intestine
intracellular fluids, 420
intracerebral bleed, 213
intraoperative period, 480–482
intravenous access site, 479
intrinsic asthma, 93
invasive mole (trophoblastic disease), 517–518
iodine insufficiency (simple goiter), 338–341
iron deficiency anemia, 181–183
iron replacement therapy, 182–183
iron studies, 205
ischemic stroke, 249–251
isotonic fluids, 420
ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura),
201–203
J
jejunum, 285
joints, 263
arthritis in. See arthritis
598
Index
joints (continued)
visual examination of (arthroscopy), 278
x-ray of (arthrogram), 279
K
K. See potassium
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), 151–152
kidney stones, 382–384
kidneys, 374
acid-base balance, 422
acute nephritic syndrome, 379–381
cancer of, 381–382
infection (pyelonephritis), 386–388
renal failure, 388–390
renin secretion, 421
x-ray of (KUB study), 394
KOH (potassium hydroxide preparation) test,
415
KS (Kaposi’s sarcoma), 151–152
KUB x-ray study, 394
L
labor and delivery, 521–523
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test, 77, 328
large intestine, 285
Crohn’s disease, 294–297
diverticulitis disease, 297–299
ulcerative colitis, 322–324
laser angioplasty, 20
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) test, 77, 328
leiomyomas (fibroids), 507–508
LES (lower esophageal sphincter), 285
leukemia, 189–192
LH (luteinizing hormone), 497
testing for, 367–368
ligaments, 263
Likert pain scale, 537
limb pain, phantom, 544–545
liver, 177, 285, 374
biopsy, 325–326
cirrhosis, 290–294
function tests, 327–328
inflation of liver cells. See hepatitis
location (anatomical) of surgery, 477
loop of Henle, 374
Lou Gehrig’s disease, 216–218
lower gastrointestinal bleeds, 304–306
lower upper esophageal sphincter (LES), 285
lumbar puncture, 256–257
lungs, 87. See also respiratory system
acid-base balance, 422
assessment of (PFT), 136
biopsy, 139–140
cancer of, 110–112
lupus, 165–167
luteinizing hormone (LH), 497
testing for, 367–368
lyme disease, 152–153
lymphangiography, 170–171
lymphocytes, 144–145
lymphocytic leukemia, 189–191
lymphoma, 153–155
M
macrophages, 145
macules, 400
magnesium
abnormally high amount (hypermagnesemia),
436–438
blood test for, 447
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 257
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 257, 279–280,
325–326
mammograms, 530–531
mania, 461
Mantoux intradermal skin test (PPD), 138–139
melanoma, 405, 406
menarche, 496–497
meningiomas, 222
meningitis, 234–237
menopause, 496–497, 510–512
menstrual cycle, 496–497
pain after ovulation (dysmenorrhea), 502–503
mental health, 451–471
anorexia nervosa, 465–467
anxiety, 453–456
bipolar disorder, 461–463
bulimia nervosa, 467–469
delirium, 469–471
depression, 458–460
panic disorder, 456–458
schizophrenia, 463–464
metabolic acidosis, 438–440
metabolic alkalosis, 440–441
metabolic syndrome, 363–365
MI (myocardial infarction), 11–15
mineral (dietary) sufficiency. See calcium;
magnesium; phosphorus; potassium;
sodium