Digiulio M., Keogh J. Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified
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Chapter 10
1. d 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b
6. c 7. d 8. d 9. a 10. c
Chapter 11
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6. a 7. d 8. b 9. d 10. c
Chapter 12
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6. c 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. d
Chapter 13
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6. a 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. c
Chapter 14
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6. b 7. a 8. a 9. a 10. c
Chapter 15
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6. c 7. b 8. a 9. c 10. d
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Answers to Quiz and Exam Questions
Final Exam
1. d 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b
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Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified
Glossary
CHAPTER 1
ABG: A test that measures the arterial blood gas.
ANA complement: Antinuclear antibody test that measures the amount of auto-
immune antibodies.
antecubital fossa: Triangular cavity of the elbow joint.
AST/ALT: Enzymes released by liver tissue when the liver is damaged. Their levels
are used as a measure of liver function.
BNP: A test that measures the presence and severity of heart failure.
Bradycardia: A heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute.
cardiac troponin levels: A troponin test checks for elevated levels of these proteins
which are released when there is damage to the heart or skeletal muscle.
Cardiomyopathy: A disease of the heart muscle.
Complete Blood Count (CBC): A test used to determine the general health of the
patient.
CK isoenzymes: Enzymes released if there is damage to the heart muscle.
CK-MB: An enzyme released by damaged cardiac tissue 2 to 6 hours following an
infarction.
Creatine Kinase (CK): Enzyme released if there is damage to the heart muscle.
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Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified
Creatinine: A waste product from protein metabolism and muscle that is removed by
the kidneys in urine. Creatinine is tested to determine kidney function.
CXR: Chest x-ray.
DVT: Deep vein thrombosis.
endocarditis antibiotic prophylaxis: Antibiotic given to prevent a bacterial infection.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR): See sed rate.
Fowler’s position: A position where the client is semi-sitting with knees flexed.
Guaiac: A test to locate hidden (occult) blood in stool.
HTN: Hypertension.
Hypoxia: Decreased oxygen to tissues.
IM: Intramuscular.
Internationalized Normalized Ratio (INR): A medical blood test used to determine
the coagulation capability of a patient’s blood.
Ischemia: Reduced blood flow due to an obstructed vessel.
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH): Enzymes released when there is tissue damage in the
heart, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, or lungs.
LDH isoenzymes: A test to check the level of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood.
Myoglobin: A protein in the heart and skeletal muscles. A rising level of myoglobin
is an early indication of a myocardial infarction.
NPO: Nothing by mouth.
Partial Throboplastin Time (PTT): A medical blood test used to measure the coagula-
tion capability of a patient’s blood.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI): Commonly referred to as angioplasty
where the diameter of a narrow blood vessel is increased.
Prothrombin Time (PT): A medical blood test used to determine the coagulant capa-
bility of the patient’s blood.
PT/PTT/INR: Tests that help detect and diagnose bleeding disorders. Also used to
determine the effectiveness of anticoagulants.
RA: Rheumatoid arthritis.
radiopaque dye: Makes structures visible on x-rays.
sed rate: The rate at which red blood cells settle in a test tube. A high rate indicates
inflammation.
Troponins: Proteins in cardiac
and skeletal muscles.
CHAPTER 2
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: A lack of a liver protein that leads to emphysema
and liver disease.
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Glossary
Beta 2-agonist: A bronchodilator that relaxes muscles around the airway thereby
opening the airway during an asthma attack or in COPD.
Cardiac glycoside: Medication that improves cardiac output and reduces distention
of the heart.
Caseous granulomas: Destructive tissue that enters the bronchus causing tuberculous
bronchopneumonia.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A lung disease where excess mucus
in the airways interferes with gas exchange in the lungs resulting in frequent coughing.
Computerized Tomography (CT) scan: A three-dimensional image of the body
structure created from a series of cross sectional images of the patient.
D-dimer: A blood test to diagnose conditions that cause hypercoagulability, a tendency
to produce inappropriate blood clots.
Eosinophils: White blood cells that respond to allergic diseases, parasitic infections,
and other disorders.
Exudate: Fluid from the circulatory system that enters into areas of inflammation.
FEV
1
: A measurement of the volume of air exhaled in the first second.
Ghon’s complex: Infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually
results in primary tuberculosis.
Granulomaous: Inflamed granulation tissue associated with ulcerated infections.
Helical CT scan: Computerized tomography scan produced by a scanner with a con-
tinuously rotating gantry. This innovation enabled a very quick scan time.
Histamine: A substance that is released from mast cells that causes itching, sneezing,
and nasal congestion related to an allergic reaction.
Incentive spirometer: A device that improves the functioning of lungs by exercising
breathing muscles. It is used to prevent development of pneumonia following surgery.
Indurated area: A raised thick or hardening area.
Induration: The process of becoming extremely firm or hard.
Leukotrienes: A substance, released by mast cells during an allergic reaction, which
constricts the bronchial passages in an asthma attack.
Mast cells: These are cells that make and release histamine during an allergic reaction.
Mediastinum: The middle section of the chest cavity.
Pulmonary Function Test (PFT): A test that measures how well the lungs take in
and exhale air and how efficiently they transfer oxygen into the blood.
Postural drainage: The patient is positioned with the head lower than the chest
allowing gravity to clear secretions from the lungs.
Prostaglandins: A hormone-like substance that dilates and constricts blood vessels as
well as contracts and relaxes smooth muscles during an immune response.
Serous fluid: Pale yellow and transparent body fluid.
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Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified
CHAPTER 3
Bamboo spine: Spinal fusion gives a bamboo-like appearance on an x-ray.
Buccal mucosa: Inner lining of the cheeks and lips.
CMV: Herpes virus found in healthy individuals without causing symptoms.
Coagulopathies: A defect in the body’s blood-clotting mechanism.
IgM antibody: The first immunoglobulin antibody made in response to an infection.
Lymphadenopathy: Disease of the lymph nodes.
NSAID: A medication that is an anti-inflammatory and pain-killer such as ibuprofen.
ROM: Range of motion.
Sicca complex: Dryness of mucous membranes in the absence of connective tissue
disease.
Synovial: A cavity filled with synovial fluid.
CHAPTER 4
Ataxia: Loss of muscle coordination.
Bilirubin: A substance, part of bile, that is formed when red blood cells are broken
down.
DDAVP: Medication that mimics the action of an antidiuretic hormone.
Demyelination: The loss or breakdown of myelin, which is the protective coating on
nerve cells.
Erythropoiesis: Formation of red blood cells.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): The amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin
inside red blood cells.
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): The average size of red blood cells.
Myeloid: Relating to bone marrow.
Parenteral: Any type of injectable medication.
Parietal cells: Stomach cells that produce hydrochloric acid.
Petechiae: Small red, purple, or brown spots on the skin or mucosa.
Proprioception: Subconscious awareness of position, posture, movement, and changes
in equilibrium.
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW): A calculation of various sizes of red blood cells.
Reagent: Substance used to produce a chemical reaction.
Reticulocytes: Immature red blood cells without a nucleus that are normally found in
the circulation.
Romberg test: A neurological test to detect poor balance.
Shilling test: Determines vitamin B
12
deficiency.
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Glossary
CHAPTER 5
ADL: Activities of daily living.
Afferent: Nerve signals which travel from the peripheral nervous system to the cen-
tral nervous system.
Aphasia: Unable to speak, write and/or understand due to brain damage.
Arachnoid mater: The middle portion of the meninges that encloses the brain and
spinal cord.
Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP): Device used to provide oxygen to a
person who has sleep apnea.
Coninuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP): Device used to provide oxygen to a
person who has sleep apnea.
Diabetes insipidus: A condition characterized by excessive thirst and increased urina-
tion.
Efferent: Nerve signals which travel from the central nervous system to the peripheral
nervous system.
Lumen: The hollow area of a tube.
NG: Nasal gastric.
Nystagmus: Rapid involuntary eye movement.
Petechial: Small purple spot caused by a hemorrhage.
Pia mater: The inner portion of the meninges that encloses the brain and spinal cord.
Postcal stage: The final stage of an epileptic seizure in which the patient gradually
recovers. Also known as ictal.
Stenosis: Abnormal narrowing of a passage.
Vagal: Related to the vagus nerve.
CHAPTER 6
C-Reactive Protein (CRP): Increases during the inflammatory process and is part of
an early defense system against infections.
Haversian canals: Tubes around the channels in the region of a bone called compact
bone.
Uricosuric agent: Medication that increases the excretion of uric acid.
CHAPTER 7
A & D Ointment: All purpose skin protection ointment.
ALT: Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase is an enzyme that is elevated in liver
disease.
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Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified
AST: Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase is an enzyme that is elevated in liver
disease.
Cast: A cylindrically-shaped aggregation of some particulate in the urine. There are
several different types, such as hyaline casts, red blood casts, etc.
Colostomy: An opening into the colon usually from outside the body.
Encephalopathy: A degenerative brain disease.
Fecalith: Hard mass of fecal matter.
Fistulas: Abnormal connection between vessels or organs that normally do not connect.
Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney.
HAV: Hepatitis A.
HBeAg: A test that measures hepatitis B antigen.
HBsAg: A test that measures hepatitis B surface antigen.
HBV: Hepatitis B.
HCV: Hepatitis C.
HDV: Hepatitis D.
hepatocellular: Liver cells.
IgM: A class of immunoglobulin involved in fighting blood infections.
IgG: A class of immunoglobulin that is the most common serum antibody. It is passed
from mother to fetus.
Manometry: Measures pressure of the rectum and anus muscles.
polyarteritis nodosa: Inflammation of the arteries caused by an autoimmune disease.
Polycast: Presence of many casts in the urine.
RIBA-2: Recombinant immunoblot assay.
septicemia: Blood poisoning.
CHAPTER 8
Dysmetabolic syndrome: Abnormalities in serum insulin/glucose levels.
Ectopic: Tissue growing in an unusual location.
CHAPTER 9
Cryptorchism: Absence of one or both testes from the scrotum.
Hematuria: Blood in urine.
Hydronephrosis: Enlarged kidney resulting from urine accumulation in the upper urinary
tract caused by a blockage of the urinary tract.
Median sulcus: Shallow midline groove.
Stoma: A surgical opening in the abdominal wall.
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Glossary
CHAPTER 10
Atopic: Predisposition to allergies.
Radioallergosobent test (RAST): A test used to measure allergic reactions in the blood.
CHAPTER 11
Ketones: By-product of fat metabolism.
mEq/L: Milliequivalents per liter.
mOsm/L: Osmolarity per liter.
paresthesia: Numbness, prickly sensation or tingling of the skin.
Rhabdomyolysis: Degeneration of skeletal muscle.
SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus.
CHAPTER 12
Caries: Tooth decay.
Echhymosis: Bruise.
Hypoxia: Oxygen reduction.
NMDA: Receptors in the brain.
CHAPTER 13
Asepsis: Without infection.
Atelectasis: Collapse of part or all of the lung.
Chemo receptors Trigger zone: This is the part of the brain responsible for nausea.
Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder.
Laparoscopic: A surgical procedure performed through small incisions in the abdominal
wall using a camera transmitting images to a video monitor.
Paralytic ileus: Movement loss in the small intestine.
Stridor: High-pitched respiratory sound usually occurring in inspiration.
CHAPTER 14
Adnexal: An appendage of an organ.
Beta HCG: A fragment of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) complex used to
determine pregnancy.
Brain hormone (BH): Hormone that causes stimulation of growth.
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Medical-Surgical Nursing Demystified
CA 125: A cancer marker for ovarian cancer.
Dyspareunia: Painful intercourse.
Dysplasia: Noncancerous abnormal cells.
I&O: Intake and output of fluids.
Laparoscopically: A surgical procedure, using a camera transmitting images to a
video monitor, performed through small incisions in the abdominal wall.
Myomectomy: A surgical procedure to remove fibroids from the uterus.
MMR: Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.
Nulliparity: Never pregnant.
Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum.
RhoGAM: Rh immunoglobulin prevents an Rh-negative mother’s antibodies from
attacking the fetus’s Rh-positive cells.
Rapid Plasma Reagin Test (RPR): A new test to diagnose Syphillis.
Salpingitis: Inflammation of the fallopian tubes.
Venereal Disease Reference Laboratory (VDRL): Older test to diagnose Syphillis.
CHAPTER 15
Adjutant modalities: Additional methods of treatments given in addition to the primary
treatment
Epistaxis: Nosebleed.