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7. The Treatment of Cobalt/Nickel Solutions Using CYANEX

Extractants: W. A. Rickelton, D. Nucciarone, Proceedings of the

Nickel-Cobalt 97 International Symposium - Hydrometallurgy

and Refining of Nickel and Cobalt, W. C. Cooper and I.

Mihaylov, editors, pp. 275-292, Canadian Institute of Mining,

Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal, 1997.

8. Cobalt-nickel separation by solvent extraction with bis

(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid: W. A. Rickelton, D. S.

Flett, D.W. West, Solvent Ext. Ion Exch. 2(6) (1984)

9. Selectivity-structure trends in the extraction of cobalt (II) and

nickel (II) by dialkylphosphoric, alkyl alkylphosphonic, and

dialkylphosphinic acids: P. R. Danesi, L. Reichley-Yinger, G.

Mason, L. Kaplan, E. P. Horwitz, H. Diamond. Solvent Extr. Ion

Exch. 3 (4) pp 435-52, 1985.

10. Extraction of lanthanide metals with bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)

phosphinic acid: K. Li, H. Freiser, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 4 (4),

pp 739-55, 1986.

11. Equilibrium and mass transfer for the extraction of cobalt and

nickel from sulfate solutions Into bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)

phosphinic acid, CYANEX 272 Extractant: Fu, Xun, J. A.

Golding, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 6 (5) pp 889-917, 1988.

12. Extraction of uranium (VI) from hydrochloric acid solutions by

dialkyl phosphinic acid: T. Sato, K. Sato, Proc. Symp. Solvent

Extr. pp 61-6, 1988.

13. Process for Separating Cobalt and Nickel by Solvent Extraction:

D. S. Flett, US Patent 4,210,625, 1980.

14. Solvent Extraction of Cobalt and Nickel by Organophosphorus

Acids. I. Comparison of Phosphoric, Phosphonic and

Phosphinic Acid Systems: J. S. Preston, Hydrometallurgy, 9,

pp 115-133, 1982.

15. Separation of Cobalt and Nickel by Solvent Extraction: A.

Fugimoto, I. Muira and K. Noguchi, U.S. Patent 4,196,076, 1980.

16. Extraction of Metal, Especially Cobalt, from Aqueous Sulphate

Solution Saturated with Calcium with Limited Contact Between

Solution and Extractant in the Final Stage: J. Babjak, U.S. Patent

4,610,860, 1981.

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219

17. The Cobalt Catalysed Oxidation of Solvent Extraction Diluents:

D. W. Flett and D. W. West, Proceedings ISEC '86, II, pp 3-10,

1986, DECHMA.

18. The Significance of Diluent Oxidation in Cobalt Nickel

Separation: W. A. Rickelton, A. J. Robertson and J. H. Hillhouse,

Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., 9(1), pp 73-84, 1991.

19. Operation of a Cobalt Purification Pilot Plant: J. Gray, M. J. Price

and J. E. Fittock. Value Adding Through Solvent Extraction,

Vol. 1, Proceedings of ISEC ’96, D.C. Shallcross, R. Paimin, L. M.

Prvcic, editors, University of Melbourne, pp 703-708.

CYANEX 921

1. CYANEX 921 Extractant Technical Brochure, Cytec Industries

Inc., West Paterson New Jersey, and references therein.

2. Solvent Extraction of Uranium and Vanadium From Acid

Liquors With Trialkylphosphine Oxides: C. A. Blake, et. al.,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Report No. 1964 (1955).

3. Solvent Extraction of Uranium From Wet-Process Phosphoric

Acid: F. J. Hurst, D.J. Crouse and K.B. Brown, Oak Ridge

National Laboratory, Report #ORNL-TM-2522 (1969).

4. Recovery of Uranium From Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid: F. J.

Hurst, D.J. Crouse and K.B. Brown, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process

Des. Develop., Vol. 11, No. 1, (1972) pp. 122-128.

5. Reductive Stripping Process For The Recovery of Uranium

From Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid: Fred J. Hurst and David J.

Crouse, U.S. Patent 3,711,591 (1973).

6. Removing Carboxylic Acids From Aqueous Wastes: R.W. Helsel,

CEP May 1977.

7. Solvent Equilibria For Extraction of Carboxylic Acids From

Water: J.M. Wardell and C. Judson King, Journal of Chemical

and Engineering Data, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1978.

8. Solvent Properties For Organic Bases For Extraction of Acetic

Acid From Water: N. L. Ricker, J. N. Michaels and C. J. King,

J. Separ. Proc. Technol 1(1), pp 36-41 (1971).

9. Solvent Extraction With Amines For Recovery of Acetic Acid

From Dilute Aqueous Industrial Streams: N. L. Ricker, E. F.

Pittman, C. J. King, J. Separ. Proc. Technol 1(2), pp 23-30, 1980.

Mining Chemicals Handbook

220

Solvent extraction

221

10. Extraction of Acetic Acid From Dilute Aqueous Solutions With

Trioctylphosphine Oxide: Janvit Golob, et. al., Ind. Eng. Chem.

Process Des. Dev. Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 433-435, 1981.

11. R. R. Grinstead: U.S. Pat. 3,816,524 1974.

12. W. Kantzler and J. Schedler, Verfahren Zur Extraktion Von

Essigsaure, Ameisensaure, Gegebenfalls Furfural: Austrian

Patent 365080, 1980.

13. Production of Pure Niobium Using a New Extraction Process

for Niobic Oxide and Optimal Reduction Processes: R. Hahn &

H. Retelsdorf. Erzmetall, 37, (9), pp 444-448, 1984.

14. Use of a TOPO Solution for Separating and Producing High

Purity Oxides of Tantalum and Niobium: J. Eckert & J. Bauer,

German Offen 3241832, 1984.

15. Selective Recovery of Rhenium From Sulphuric Acid Solutions:

J. H. Bright, European Patent 113912-A.

16. R. Marr, et.al. Verfahren zum Abtrennen von Arsen aus einem

Kupferelectrolyten: European Patent 0 106 118 Al, 1983.

17. Separations by Solvent Extraction with Tri-n-octylphosphine:

J. C. White and W. J. Ross, Oxide: Oak Ridge National

Laboratory, ORNL Central Files Number 61-2-19, 1961.

18. Extraction of Phenols from Aqueous Solutions: C. Savides and

J. H. Bright, U.S. Patent 4,420,643, 1983.

CYANEX 923

1. CYANEX 923 Extractant Technical Brochure, Cytec Industries

Inc., West Paterson New Jersey, and references therein.

2. A Liquid Phosphine Oxide; Solvent Extraction of Phenol,

Acetic Acid and Ethanol: E. K. Watson, et.al., Solvent Extr. Ion

Exch., 6, No. 2, pp 207-20, (1988)

3. Solvent Extraction Separation of Niobium and Tantalum at MHO:

G. Haesebroek, et.al. Process Metall., 7B, pp 1115-20, 1992.

4. Phenol Recovery with SLM using CYANEX 923: A. Garea, et.al.

Chem. Eng. Commer., 120, pp 85-97, 1993.

Mining Chemicals Handbook

222

5. Computer Modeling of Countercurrent Multistage Extraction

for Ti(IV) – H

CYANEX 923 System: Int. Conf. Process.

Mater. Prob., pp 521-4, Ed. Henein, H. Pub. Miner. Met. Mater.

Soc., Warrendale PA, 1993.

6. Gold (I) Extraction Equilibrium in Cyanide Media by the

Synergic Mixture of Primene 81R-CYANEX 923: C. Coravaca,

Hydrometallurgy, 35(1), pp 27-40, 1994.

7. The Phosphine Oxides CYANEX 923 and CYANEX 923 as

Extractants for Gold(I) Cyanide Aqueous Solutions: F. J.

Alquacil, et.al. Hydrometallurgy, 16, No. 3, pp 369-84, 1994.

8. Liquid Phosphine Oxide Systems for Solvent Extraction:

European Pat. Appl. EP 132700 Al, 1985.

9. Procede de Separation des Terres Rares par Extraction Liquide-

Liquide: T. Dellaye, et.al. European Pat. Appl. 0284504, 1988.

10. Recovery of Uranium from Wet Process Phosphoric Acid Using

Asymmetrical Phosphine Oxides: W. A. Rickelton, U.S. Patent

4,778,663, 1988.

11. Process for Solvent Extraction Using Phosphine Oxide

Mixtures: A. J. Robertson and W. A. Rickelton, U.S. Patent

4,909,939, 1990.

12. Recovery of Indium from Acidic Solutions by Solvent

Extraction Using Trialkylphosphine Oxide: W. A. Rickelton,

Canadian Pat. Appl. CA 2077601, 1994.

13. Method for Recovering Carboxylic Acids from Aqueous

Solutions: J. C. Gentry, et.al. U.S. Patent 5,399,751, 1995.

CYANEX 301

1. CYANEX 301 Extractant Technical Brochure, Cytec Industries

Inc., West Paterson New Jersey, and references therein.

2. Solvent extraction characteristics of thiosubstituted organophos-

phinic acid extractants: K. C. Sole and J. B. Hiskey,

Hydrometallurgy, 30, No. 1-3, pp 345-65, 1992.

3. The selective recovery of zinc with new thiophosphinic acids:

W. A. Rickelton, R. J. Boyle, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 8(6),

pp 783-97, 1990.

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223

4. Solvent Extraction with CYANEX 301 and 302 for the

Upgrading of Chloride Leach Liquors from Lateritic Nickel

Ores: N. M. Rice and R. W. Gibson, Value Adding Through

Solvent Extraction: Vol. 1, Proceedings of ISEC 1996: D.C.

Shallcross, R. Paimin, L. M. Prvcic, editors. University of

Melbourne, pp 715-720.

5. Process for the Extraction and Separation of Nickel and/or

Cobalt: I. Mihaylov, E. Krause, S. W. Laundry, C. V. Luong: U.S.

Patent 5,378,262, January 3, 1995.

6. Solvent Extraction of First-Row Transition Metals by

Thiosubstituted Organophosphinic Acids: K. C. Sole, Ph.D.

Thesis, University of Arizona, 1995.

CYANEX 302

1. CYANEX 302 Extractant Technical Brochure, Cytec Industries

Inc., West Paterson New Jersey, and references therein.

2. Solvent extraction characteristics of thiosubstituted organophos-

phinic acid extractants: K. C. Sole and J. B. Hiskey,

Hydrometallurgy, 30, No. 1-3, pp 345-65, 1992.

3. The selective recovery of zinc with new thiophosphinic acids:

W. A. Rickelton and R. J. Boyle, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 8 (6),

pp 783-97, 1990.

4. Solvent Extraction with CYANEX 301 and 302 for the

Upgrading of Chloride Leach Liquors from Lateritic Nickel

Ores: N. M. Rice and R. W. Gibson, Value Adding Through

Solvent Extraction, Vol. 1, Proceedings of ISEC 1996, D.C.

Shallcross, R. Paimin, L. M. Prvcic, editors. University of

Melbourne, pp 715-720.

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.11

METALLURGICAL COMPUTATIONS

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226

Section 11 Metallurgical computations

Useful formulas and computations

With few exceptions, modern ore dressing plants are continuous

operations from the moment crushed run of mine ore enters the

process until the barren tailings are impounded and the extracted

mineral values are ready for shipment or subsequent processing.

Almost invariably, some form of wet grinding is employed as an

initial treatment to liberate the mineral values from the gangue,

with subsequent transport of the finely divided ore solids through

the separation or extraction process as aqueous slurries or pulps.

More than ever, the successful performance of today's large,

complex mineral processing plants is entirely dependent upon

precise measurement and control of many process variables. These

variables are measured by frequent sampling and analysis of various

process pulp streams.

The following formulas and computational methods will provide

the mineral engineer with a rational basis for calculating what is

occurring in the plant. The material shown has been widely used

by the industry in one form or another and is included here as a

convenient reference for the reader.

11.1 Ore-specific gravity and pulp density relations

The inherent specific gravity of the incoming run of mine ore and

the subsequent pulp densities generated in various parts of the

milling circuit are important factors in many of the formulas and

computations used to control plant operations and to achieve

optimum process performance. Although many computer programs

are now available to perform these calculations, it is important to

understand the fundamental relationships involved and how they

are determined.

1. The specific gravity of a solid, liquid or slurry (pulp) is defined as

the ratio of the weight of a given volume of the substance to the

weight of an equal volume of water at standard conditions (sp. gr.

1.000 at 4°C). For convenience, in plant practice it is usually

assumed that the specific gravity of mill water is unity when

making specific gravity (or density) determinations. For practical

purposes, this assumption does not affect the accuracy of subse-

quent computations, however a correction will be necessary if

precise values are required.

Metallurgical computations

227

a. Ore specific gravity can be readily determined by placing a

known weight of dried ore into a graduated cylinder containing a

known volume of water. Care should be taken to insure that the

ore particles have been completely wetted and that any entrained

air has been allowed to escape. The volumetric increase represents

the volume of the ore sample, as follows:

Let: S = specific gravity of the ore.

w = ore weight, grams.

V = volume increase, ml.

Then:

= S

2. Pulp density is defined as any weight per unit volume relation-

ship, including specific gravities. As employed in ore beneficia-

tion, the term pulp density is often used to refer to the weight

percentage of solids contained in the ore-water slurry. It is a

measure of the water-to-solids ratio of the ore pulp which can be

of critical importance to certain unit processes in the flowsheet.

This necessitates that suitable pulp density levels be established

and maintained for optimum results. Pulp density measurements

are also valuable for estimating important plant tonnages and

flows where other means are not available.

a. Definition and notation

Let: P = Decimal fraction of solids by weight.

S = Specific gravity of ore solids.

s = Specific gravity of pulp.

W = Weight (grams) of 1 liter of pulp.

w = Weight (grams) of dry ore in 1 liter of pulp.

D = Dilution ratio - wt. of water: wt. of dry ore in pulp

L = Weight (grams) or volume (ml) of water in 1liter of pulp.

K = The solids constant.

Assume: The specific gravity of mill water as unity:

(1000 grams per unit volume of 1 liter).

b. Formulas

From 2a, P x W = w, or

= P (1)

then, W – (P x W) = W(1 – P) = L , the weight and volume of water. (2)

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