Davim J.P. Tribology for Engineers: A Practical Guide
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290
Tribology for Engineers
hip joint
anatomy and physiology,
245–52
anatomy and biomechanics,
246–9
human hip joint anatomy,
247
wear joint simulator, 272
hip prostheses
biomaterials used, 256–65
history, 253–4
hot rolling, 228
hybrid fractal-wavelet technique, 21
hydrodynamic lubrication, 69, 205
applications, 75–80
cylindrical journal bearings,
77–80
dimensionless pressure and
wedge coeffi cient, 77
dimensionless pressure
distribution, 80
slider bearings, 75–7
pressure distribution between
sinusoidal surfaces
typical pressure distribution
between rough surfaces, 92
typical pressure distribution
between sinusoidal surfaces,
91
pressure distribution between
triangular wave surfaces
asperity height A
1
= A2 = 0.15
and inner wave ratio 3/4,
108
asperity height A
1
= 0.15 and
inner wave ratio 4/3, 108
roughened surfaces, 81–114
asperity heights and
roughness step, 84
roughness parameters and
surface roughness models,
83–4
sinusoidal and triangular
roughness, 84
surface profi le and roughness
parameters, 81
sinusoidal roughness, 85–98
asperity height and intra-
surface wave ratio,
93–8
cavitation wave number, 96
maximal and cavitation
pressures, 95
maximal pressures vs
roughness ratio, 94
reference values, 93
solution for equal wave
numbers, 86–91
unequally roughened
surfaces, 86
triangular roughness, 98–114
asperity height, inter-surface
and intra-surface wave
ratios, 109–14
cavitation threshold and
maximal hydrodynamic
pressure vs wave number,
114
maximal and cavitation
pressures vs inter-surface
wave ratio, 112
maximal pressures vs asperity
height ratio, 111
reference values, 110
surface profi le and gap
geometry, 99
theoretical solution, 101–9
hydrodynamic pressure, 66
291
Index
International Standardisation
Organisation (ISO), 8
IRG transitions diagrams see
ITDs
ISO 14242, 274
ISO 14242–1/2, 275
ISO 14243, 274
ISO 14243–1/2, 275
ITDs, 207
JKR theory, 125, 130, 150–2
joint kinematics, 246
kinetic friction, 36
kinetics, 246
knee joint
anatomy and physiology,
245–52
anatomy and biomechanics,
249–52
human knee joint
anatomy, 250
components, 251
wear joint simulator, 273
knee prostheses
biomaterials used, 256–65
history, 254–6
Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf’s model, 196
lambda ratio, 205
lamellar behaviour, 220
Law of Mass Conservation, 73
Leibnitz’ integration formulae, 73
L/h ratio, 227–8
light-sectioning method, 24
liquid lubricant composition,
208–16
additives to lubricating oils, 209
boundary-lubricated friction
effects of linear undulations,
214
effects of oxide scales, 213
liquid lubrication, 200–16
liquid lubricants composition,
208–16
temperature and pressure effects
on viscosity, 203
lubricants, 67–8
lubrication, 66, 200–27
commonly used lubricants
cold and hot rolling, 228
extrusion of metals, 230
forging operations, 231
sheet metalworking
operations, 232
wire and tube drawing, 229
regimes, 68–71
boundary, 70
elastohydrodynamic, 70–1
hydrodynamic, 69
mixed, 70
and roughness, 65–116
hydrodynamic lubrication of
roughened surfaces,
81–114
hydrodynamic lubrication
theory applications, 75–80
lubricants, 67–8
nomenclature, 115–16
Reynolds’ equation, 71–4
subscripts, 116
manufacturing
friction, 161–200
frictional heating, 193–200
sliding friction, 179–92
static friction and stick-slip,
166–79
292
Tribology for Engineers
lubrication to control friction,
200–27
liquid lubrication, 200–16
solid lubrication, 217–27
tribology, 161–233
equations for calculating
elastic contact stress, 163
surface roughness parameters,
165
McKee–Farrar prosthesis, 261
mean surface temperature, 193–4
medical tribology, 243–77
biological effects of wear,
275–7
hip and knee joints anatomy and
physiology, 245–52
hip and knee prostheses
biomaterials used, 256–65
brief history, 253–6
wear evaluation, 269–75
wear of biomaterials, 266–9
melt wear, 54
metal, 261–3
metal-on-metal, 261
Metasul, 262–3
microtribology, 121–55
experimental investigation,
122–9
atomic and friction force
microscopy, 126–9
comparison of techniques,
123
scanning tunneling
microscopy, 125–6
surface force apparatus
analysis, 123–5
theoretical investigation, 129–55
contact size and multiple
asperities, 146–55
diamond-copper sliding
systems, 131–40
diamond-silicon sliding
systems, 140–6
mild oxidational wear, 53
mixed fi lm regime, 204
mixed lubrication regime, 70
molecular dynamics, 129
modelling of sliding processes,
131
molybdenum disulphide, 223–5
transformations as temperature
rises, 225
molybdenum trioxide, 224–5
Morse potential, 132–3
multiple asperities, 152–5
mechanics model, 152
silicon workpiece and asperities,
154
silicon workpiece through centre
of asperities, 153
multiple-layer-shear models,
189–91
nanotribology, 121–55
experimental investigation,
122–9
atomic and friction force
microscopy, 126–9
comparison of techniques, 123
scanning tunneling
microscopy, 125–6
surface force apparatus
analysis, 123–5
theoretical investigation, 129–55
contact size and multiple
asperities, 146–55
diamond-copper sliding
systems, 131–40
293
Index
diamond-silicon sliding
systems, 140–6
non-Gaussian distribution, 14
no-wear regime, 133–4, 137
optical methods
geometrical, 23
physical, 23
Peclet number, 196
phosphorus, 210
physisorption, 5
pin-on-disk, 271
pin-on-fl at, 271
plastic deformation
different surface damage forms,
50–1
adhesion, 50
delamination, 50
fatigue, 50
mechanical milling and
nanostructuring, 50
seizure, 51
surface cracks, 50
plasticity index, 162
ploughing, 43–5
hard conical asperity ploughing,
44
ploughing regime, 134–5
plowing mode, 185
Poiseuille fl ow, 74
polyethylene (UHMWPE), 259–60
polytetrafl uoroethylene (PTFE),
212, 226–7
effect of additives on blended
PTFE friction, 227
radiation crosslinking, 259
rake angle, 184
reference parameters, 67
relaxation-oscillation
phenomenon, 176
Reynolds’ equation, 71–4
derivation scheme, 71
RMS see root mean square
rolling, 227–8
root mean square, 8
rotation see spinning motion
roughness, 2, 8, 66
hydrodynamic lubrication of
roughened surfaces
sinusoidal roughness, 85–98
triangular roughness,
98–114
hydrodynamic lubrication of
surfaces, 81–114
surface profi le and roughness
parameters, 81
roughness parameters, 7–11
centre line average, 8–9
RMS roughness, 10
skewness and kurtosis, 10–11
and surface models, 83–4
asperity heights and
roughness step, 84
sinusoidal and triangular
roughness, 84
roughness step, 81, 84
rusting, 268
SAE 40 oil, 210
scanning electron microscope, 6,
25
scanning tunneling microscopy
(STM), 125–6
scanning tunnelling electron
microscopy, 26–7
scratch tests, 57
294
Tribology for Engineers
secondary ion mass spectroscopy
(SIMS), 7
severe oxidational wear, 53–4
sheet metalworking, 231–2
silver, 218
single-dislocation-assisted slip, 147
single-layer-shear models, 188–9
sinusoidal roughness, 85–98
slider bearings, 75–7
geometry and coordinates, 75
sliding friction, 179–92
measured values for shear stress
dependence on pressure, 189
models, 180–92
adhesion, junction growth
and shear models, 181–6
molecular dynamics model,
191–2
multiple-layer-shear models,
189–91
plowing models, 180–1
plowing with adhesion, 187–8
plowing with debris
generation, 186–7
single-layer-shear models,
188–9
sliding motion, 246
sliding systems, 131–46
diamond-copper, 131–40
frictional behaviour, 137–40
frictional force and contact
length, 139
modelling and analysis, 131–3
Morse potential parameters,
133
no-wear and wear regimes
transition, 134
regime transition, 135–6
wear mechanisms, 133–7
diamond-silicon, 140–6
defect analysis, 144
inelastic deformation, 141–4
modelling, 140–1
silicon monocrystals, 142–3
wear diagram, 145
wear regimes, 144–6
sodium azide, 275
solid lubrication, 217–27
friction coeffi cients
moisture effect on solid
lubricants, 222
and properties characteristic
of certain compounds, 221
steady-state for solid lubricants
combinations, 226
steel lubricated by solid
lubricants, 219
Sommerfeld number, 204–5
Sommerfi eld’s conditions, 79
specifi c fi lm thickness see lambda
ratio
speckle pattern method, 25
specular refl ection method, 24
spinning motion, 246
static friction, 36, 166–79
reduction by surface fi lms, 176
static friction coeffi cients, 167
clean metals in helium gas, 170
metals and non-metals, 173–5
stick-slip, 166–79
STM see scanning tunnelling
electron microscopy
Stribeck curve, 69, 203–4
stylus profi lometer, 22, 30
surface, 7
surface force apparatus, 123–5
surface layer, 4–7
typical surface layers, 5
295
Index
surface profi lometer, 22–3
component parts, 22
surfaces
profi le and roughness
parameters, 81
roughened, 81–114
surface tension see free surface
energy
surface topography, 1–31
advanced techniques for
evaluation, 25–31
AFM/FFM schematic
operation, 29
different roughness measuring
methods comparison, 31
STM working illustration, 27
general topology of surfaces, 4
multiscale characterisation, 18–21
statistical self-affi nity for a
surface profi le, 18
roughness parameters, 7–11
centre line average (CLA), 8–9
RMS roughness, 10
skewness and kurtosis, 10–11
surface roughness parameters
defi nitions, 11
statistical aspects, 11–17
Abbott bearing area curve,
15–16
autocorrelation function
(ACF), 16–17
Gaussian distribution function
with skewness and kurtosis
values, 13
power spectral density
function (PSDF), 17
surfaces with various
skewness and kurtosis
values, 14
surface layer characteristics, 4–7
typical surface layers, 5
surface roughness measurement,
21–5
optical microscopy, 23–5
surface profi lometer, 22–3
surface texture display, 3
thermoelastic instability (TEI),
165–6
thick-fi lm lubrication see
hydrodynamic lubrication
total hip arthroplasty (THA), 253
total integrated scatter, 24
transmission electron microscope
(TEM), 6, 25–6
travelling wave solution, 88
triangular roughness, 98–114
tribochemistry, 212–13
tribocorrosion, 60
tribology
defi nition, 244
drawing, 229
extrusion, 230
forging, 230–1
manufacturing, 161–233
friction, 161–200
lubrication, 200–27
rolling, 227–8
sheet metalworking, 231–2
VI improver, 201
viscosity index, 201
viscosity number, 202
Walther equation, 201–2
wave, 66
wavelet methods, 19
wave numbers, 67, 86–98
296
Tribology for Engineers
wave ratio, 66
waviness, 2
wear, 46–60, 133–7, 144–6, 266,
269
abrasive wear, 54–8
cone-shaped asperity, 56
debris particle micrograph
produced by cutting
mechanism, 58
scar profi le obtained by
contact profi lometry, 57
scratch test confi guration for
viscoelastic materials, 58
sharp indenter, 56
adhesive, 51–3
adhesion, transference of
material and plastic
deformation, 51
cross section line scan of a
wear scar, 53
3D surface topography of dry
wear scar, 52
fl at rounded morphology of
debris, 52
biological effects, 275–7
biomaterials, 266–9
erosive wear, 59–60
variation with impact angle
for ductile and brittle
materials, 59
evaluation, 269–75
fretting wear, 49–50
defi ned, 49
maps, 53–4
Al
2
O
3
, 55
load-velocity wear map for
steel-steel, 54
mechanisms, 50–60
osteolysis phenomenon due to
wear and particles debris,
266
sliding wear
Archard equation, 47–9
wear debris, 276
wear maps, 53–4
wear of biomaterials, 266–9
wear simulation, 243, 269
wear joint simulators, 272–5
typical hip joint wear
simulator, 272
typical knee joint wear
simulator, 273
wear screening devices, 269–72
representation of quick-tests,
270
wedge-forming mode, 185
Weierstrass-Mandelbrot fractal
function, 20–1
wet drawing, 229
x-ray energy dispersive analyser, 6
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,
6
zirconia, 264–5