Davim J.P. Tribology for Engineers: A Practical Guide

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Tribology for Engineers

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Tribology for Engineers

A practical guide

EDITED BY

J. P

AULO DAVIM

Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, 80 High Street, Sawston,

Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK

www.woodheadpublishing.com

Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3406, USA

Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road,

Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India

www.woodheadpublishingindia.com

First published 2011, Woodhead Publishing Limited

The authors have asserted their moral rights.

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.

Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts

have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publisher

cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the

publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss,

damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microﬁ lming and recording, or by

any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from Woodhead

Publishing Limited.

The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for general

distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Speciﬁ c permission must

be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited for such copying.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,

and are used only for identiﬁ cation and explanation, without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978 9 85709 114 7

The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable

forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using

acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the

text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards.

Typeset by Reﬁ neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk

Printed by TJI Digital, Padstow, Cornwall, UK

Contents

Preface ix

List of ﬁ gures xi

List of tables xvii

About the contributors xxi

1 Surface topography 1

P. Sahoo, Jadavpur University, India

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Characteristics of surface layers 4

1.3 Roughness parameters 7

1.4 Statistical aspects 11

1.5 Multiscale characterization of surface topography 18

1.6 Surface roughness measurement 21

1.7 Advanced techniques for surface topography

evaluation 25

1.8 Summary 30

1.9 References 32

2 Friction and wear 33

A.-E. Jiménez and M.-D. Bermúdez, Universidad

Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain

2.1 Friction 33

2.2 Wear 46

2.3 References 60

3 Lubrication and roughness 65

L. Burstein, Technion–IIT, Haifa, Israel

3.1 Introduction 65

Tribology for Engineers

3.2 Lubricants 67

3.3 Regimes of lubrication 68

3.4 Reynolds’ equation 71

3.5 Applications of hydrodynamic lubrication

theory 75

3.6 Hydrodynamic lubrication of roughened

surfaces 81

3.7 Nomenclature 115

3.8 Subscripts 116

3.9 Acknowledgement 117

3.10 References 117

4 Micro/nano tribology 121

K. Mylvaganam and L.C. Zhang, University of New

South Wales, Australia

4.1 Introduction 121

4.2 Experimental investigation 122

4.3 Theoretical investigation 129

4.4 Summary 155

4.5 Note 155

4.6 References 156

5 Tribology in manufacturing 161

M.J. Jackson, Purdue University, USA and

J.S. Morrell, Y12 National Security Complex, USA

5.1 Friction in manufacturing 161

5.2 Lubrication to control friction in manufacturing 200

5.3 Solid lubrication 217

5.4 Tribology of rolling 227

5.5 Tribology of drawing 229

5.6 Tribology of extrusion 230

5.7 Tribology of forging 230

vii

Contents

5.8 Tribology of sheet metalworking 231

5.9 Conclusions 233

5.10 References 233

6 Bio and medical tribology 243

S. Affatato and F. Traina, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Italy

6.1 Bio-tribology 244

6.2 Basic concepts of anatomy and physiology of

hip and knee joints 245

6.3 Brief history of hip and knee prostheses 253

6.4 Biomaterials used in hip and knee prostheses 256

6.5 Wear of biomaterials 266

6.6 Wear evaluation 269

6.7 Biological effects of wear 275

6.8 Acknowledgements 277

6.9 References 277

Index 287

Preface

The term tribology derives from the Greek ‘tribein’ meaning

‘to rub’, and ‘logos’ meaning ‘principle or logic’. Tribology is

the ‘science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative

motion and of associated subjects and practices’. It includes

the research and application of principles of friction, wear

and lubrication. Nowadays, tribology on the small scale

and bio and medical tribology are gaining ground for the

development of new products in mechanics, chemistry,

electronics, life sciences, and medicine.

This book aims to provide the fundamentals and advances

in tribology for modern industry. Chapter 1 provides

information on surface topography and chapter 2 is dedicated

to basic aspects of friction and wear. Chapter 3 describes the

fundamental aspects of lubrication and the relationship

between lubrication and roughness. Chapter 4 contains

information on micro and nano tribology while chapter 5 is

dedicated to tribology in manufacturing. Finally, chapter 6 is

dedicated to bio and medical tribology.

The book can be used as a textbook for the ﬁ nal under-

graduate engineering course or as a topic on tribology at the

postgraduate level. Also, it can serve as a useful reference for

academics; tribology and materials researchers; mechanical,

materials and physics engineers; and professionals in

tribology and related industries. The scientiﬁ c interest in this

book will be evident for many important centres of research,

including laboratories and universities throughout the world.

Tribology for Engineers

Therefore, it is hoped this book will inspire and enthuse

other researches in this ﬁ eld.

The Editor acknowledges Woodhead/Chandos for this

opportunity and for their enthusiastic and professional

support. Finally, I would like to thank all the chapter authors

for their contributions to this work.

J. Paulo Davim

University of Aveiro, Portugal

May 2010