Daniell C. Death and Burial in Medieval England, 1066-1550

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SUBJECT INDEX

Abraham’s bosom 9, 173, 193

Acts of Exeter Cathedral 102

(see also statutes)

alms-giving ix

angels 24, 25, 36

anniversary services 11, 14–15, 45

Aries (sign of the Zodiac) 24

Ars Moriendi 33–8, 36, 48

ashes 26, 27, 28

aumbry 9

baptism 116–8, 154

bedesman 29

bederoll 15–17;

types 15–16;

writing of 16–17

bellman 47

bells 27, 39, 37–3

(see also bedesman, bellman)

Beowulf 70

Black Death 122, 131, 172, 182, 185–

95;

impact of 186–2, 190, 191;

statistics 186–1

board of the dead 28

body:

age, determining of 118, 121–4,

129;

autolysis, 110;

boiled 79, 112;

brains 111;

burnt 97, 149, 180;

cremation 96;

decomposition (archaeological

109–21;

decomposition (literary) 63–1, 74–

diagenesis 111;

DNA analysis 125–7;

dismemberment 112–3;

eaten (animals) 97, 98;

entrails 83;

ethnic affinity 124, 200–5;

embalming 39, 110, 112;

environmental influence 123, 125;

exhumation 79, 82, 85, 86, 93, 96,

149, 180;

facial modelling 126;

genetic influence 123, 125, 200;

heart 79, 83;

height 123–5;

incomplete 113;

movement of (after burial) 84–4;

obesity 127;

position 177;

putrefaction 110;

rotted 110;

sex, determining of 118–32;

sin deforms 200;

stature 129;

stuffed 112;

survival 109–21;

transportation of 79, 80, 190;

two 184;

231

viewed 37, 58;

worms 75;

see also pathology, burial

Book of Common Prayer 194

Books of Hours 3, 191

burial:

arm position 108;

authorisation 79–80;

conflict 81–2;

of ecclesiastics 88–8, 166–168,

170;

fees 52–54;

functional 194;

head on pole 110;

head niche 177;

interdict against 93;

Jewish 198–4;

mortuary fee 54;

non-burial 110;

oak 98–9;

of poor 52–54;

payments 82;

pilgrim 164–8;

pot 99;

practices ix;

preservation 109–111;

priests (see ecclesiastics);

in prone position 108, 148;

reburial 79, 181;

refusal of 93–4;

royalty 169–3;

services 194;

sin deforms 200;

userers 149;

water 67–5;

burial place 79–104;

altars 88–8;

boundary 90–1;

chancel 86;

choir 88;

churchyard cross 90–90, 111;

cross-roads 96;

disputed 39;

eaves-drip 117;

family 91–3;

high altar 86, 88–8, 91;

honour 87, 158, 183–7;

images of 90;

monastery 83;

nave 86;

reasons for 83–3;

sea- shore 90;

secret 98, 115;

traditional 83;

trends 88–9

cadaver tomb 1, 62, 181–5, 191

candles 17

Canonical Hours 3

Canterbury Tales 20, 60, 71, 76

Catechism of Fear 179

cemetery:

animals 100, 113;

Black Death, victims of 143;

boundaries of 86, 100–1;

buildings in 101;

children 114–8, 131;

consecration 80;

dancing in 103;

dating of 107;

definition of 99;

disputes about 100–12;

division within 143–6;

encroachment on 101;

founding of 143;

games in 102–14;

illegal 86;

levelling of 146;

markets in 102;

organisation of 145–7;

pollution of 39, 80–85, 93–6, 99,

103;

population 114, 116;

preaching in 103;

re-consecrated 80–81;

refuge in 99;

secular use of 99–10;

stone-casting in 103;

232 SUBJECT INDEX

trees in 100–12;

zoning 114, 116, 117

chantries 176–80, 190–5, 192;

definition of 12;

dissolution of 193;

duration of 13;

types 12–13

Chantries Act (1547) 193

children 38, 47, 87, 129, 156, 191;

place of burial 114–8;

sexing of 120

‘chrisom’ 38

Christ 192–7

Cistercians 154, 155, 176, 183

Cluny 176

Cluniacs 26, 155, 176

coffin 109–20, 110;

bed 162;

chest 161;

nine-men’s-morris 162;

re-used 161;

stool 162;

timber 162;

colleges of priests 13, 18

communion, annual 7, 8

competition 180–4

confession ix;

at death 31, 33

Constitutions of Archbishop Arundel

104

Corporeal Works of Mercy 2, 18, 44

corpse:

treatment of 27;

clothes for 27, 37–3;

position of 27;

carrying of 41–7;

stealing of 44;

shroud 38, 44;

Council of Lambeth (1281) 14

Council of Mainz (813) 183

Council of Westminster (1200) 201;

(see also Acts, Statutes)

cross 2, 7, 8, 9;

at deathbed 35

Cult of Death 179

Dance of Death 62, 191

Daniel 69

dead:

commemoration of 175–9

death: viii, ix;

fore-knowledge 64;

of lepers 200–5;

personified 60;

‘Queen of the Terrors’ 65;

signs of 36–2;

types of:

abortion 116;

alone 189;

by beheading 64, 71–73;

by burning ix, 21, 22;

by crucifixion 70;

by drowning 64–4, 83, 94, 98;

in earthquake 68–6, 77;

by falling 69;

in famine 123;

by hanging 96;

infanticide 115, 116–7;

insanity 96;

mice 76;

urder 48;

plague 188–4;

siege 189;

stoning 71;

strangulation 70;

sudden 6, 28, 31, 60–8;

by suicide 31, 95–6;

by suffocation 76;

by thunder and lightning 68–6,

77, 97;

in tournament 94–5

disease ix

Disputacion of Purgatorye, A 192–7

dissolution of the monasteries 193–8

Divine Office 3

dying, the act of:

anointing 32, 33;

knocking on breast 33, 48;

SUBJECT INDEX 233

sackcloth and ashes 26, 27, 28;

seven interrogations 32;

sight of cross 26, 32, 35;

visitation of the sick 31;

viaticum 32

earth 24;

as a battleground 24–8

Easter:

re-enactment of 58–6

sepulchre 7, 8, 9, 59

embalming 39

Everyman 60

excommunication 22–6

excommunicates 31

extreme unction 26

festivals:

Advent 4;

All Souls Day 10, 176;

Annunciation (Lady Day) 3, 4;

Christmas 3, 17, 59, 192;

Corpus Christi 1;

Easter 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 58–6, 192

(see also Mass) Lent 192;

Michaelmas 3, 17;

Lady Day 3

final moment 35–36

fish hook 155

friars 40, 46, 62, 83, 84, 85, 91

funeral ix;

absence of 54;

colour 48–5;

controlled 202–7;

description 58;

effigies 184;

expense of 46, 51–56;

food at 50–7;

for living 202–7;

gifts 49–6;

gowns 49–6;

hearse 42;

hearse cloth 42–8;

hierarchy 50;

horses 184–9;

personal involvement in 192;

poor at 6, 43, 47, 49, 50, 51;

processions viii, 37, 39–7, 54;

Puritan 194–195;

sermon 45;

shield 184;

simple 46;

social status 192;

torches 47;

(see also bells, services)

furnishings 2

ghosts 10–10, 96

Gilbertines 83, 85

god parents 42

god children 42

gold, hidden 23

Golden Legend, The 76 passim

grace, state of 21

grave 27;

as house 61–9, 160, 179;

cleared 143–6;

dug by animals 113;

expense 52–9;

markers 145–8, 156, 157, 183;

orientation of 147–9;

placing of 52;

position of 143–6;

reversed 148;

rifling 196;

rising from 183–8, 185;

grave goods:

ashes 177;

belts 170;

boots 152;

broken objects 150–2, 165;

buckles 170;

bull, papal 164, 165–9;

chalice 6, 164, 166–70, 168;

chalk 156, 177;

charcoal ix, 156–60, 159, 180,

181;

coal 156, 177;

234 SUBJECT INDEX

cowl (see habit);

clothes 152;

coloured objects 156;

cross 164;

crozier 151, 164, 168;

‘ear-muffs’ 158, 177, 181;

folded objects 150;

gems 168;

habit 35, 154–6;

iron bands 171;

leather 170;

lime 155;

metewand, meteyard 151, 164–8,

194;

mitre 164;

money 149, 184;

mortuary cross 164;

nails 160;

new material 169;

old material 168–2;

paten 164, 166, 167, 168;

pebbles 163;

pillow 158–1;

plants 155;

quartz 163;

ring 151, 168;

robes 153;

seals 150, 151, 164;

shoes 47, 169, 180;

staff 151;

staves 150, 151;

stone 159–2, 163;

swords 150;

tile 163–6, 177;

tools 163;

vestments 39, 153–5, 164, 167–1;

‘wands’ 164, 164;

wood 160–3;

(see also shroud)

grief 34, 48

guilds, religious 17, 18

Hamlet 77

hearse/hearse cloth (see funeral)

Heaven 9, 25, 57, 91, 153, 171, 174,

193

Hell 9, 10, 10, 25, 173, 174, 193;

punishments in 10

Heralds, College of 202–7

heresy ix, 21–5:

Lollards 21

Homilie of Whoredom and Unclennese 77

hospitals 11, 12, 18, 201

Host:

carried to sick/dying 30;

elevation of 6, 7, 28;

benefits of 6, 28;

bleeding 6;

three parts 14;

position of 8;

reserved 30

hyssop 44–45

incantations 20–3

indulgences 20–3

Inquisition 21

Interdict, papal 93

Jew of Malta, The 78

Jews 198–4

Judith 72

Juliana 69

King’s Book, The 193

Lancastrians 181–5

Last Judgment 2, 9, 25, 32, 145, 147,

158–1, 167, 172–8, 177, 178

Lay Folks’ Mass Book, The 5

Le Morte D’Arthur 58

lepers ix, 145, 171, 198–5;

Office for the Seclusion of 200–5

Liber Vitae 176

Limbo of the Children 9

Limbo of the Patriarchs 9

Lollards 10, 46, 96, 104

Luttrell Psalter 72

SUBJECT INDEX 235

magic 22, 66

Mass 4–7:

as sacrifice 7;

benefits of 6, 55;

communion 8–9;

theological importance of 4, 6;

Christmas 4;

Easter Day 4, 7, 8, 9;

Host 6, 7, 8;

inflation 5;

Good Friday 4, 7;

Morrow Mass 4;

types of 4–5, 13–14, 43, 46;

transubstantiation 4, 5–6;

trentals 46;

requiem Mass; 4, 10, 17, 18, 27,

43;

unsuitable place 22

meals:

breakfast 43

medicine 23–7, 170

meditations on death ix, 1

memento mori 1, 62, 182, 191

memorials:

tombs 191, 195, 196;

brasses 38, 191;

(see also cadaver tomb)

memory 15, 29, 176, 183

miracles 20, 24–8, 68

month’s mind (see funerals, services)

mystery plays 60

Norman Conquest 79, 145, 162, 172,

183, 184, 198

obit 15, 18

obit rolls 11

pagan beliefs 180

pardons 20–4

papal bulls 21

pathology ix, 118;

ankle 127;

arteries, hardened 109;

bladder stones 109;

blade injuries 126–8, 200;

bone fusion 118–30;

bulimia 131;

degenerative joint disease 129;

diabetes 127;

diet 118, 127, 130–3, 200;

DISH 127;

ear 109;

eburnation 129;

elbow 129;

epiphysal cartilage 119;

foot 127, 129;

fractures 127;

gall stones 109;

hands 111;

Harris lines 123–5;

hip 129;

jaw 160;

knee 111, 119, 127–41, 161;

metopic suture 125, 200;

neoplasia 130;

obesity 127;

osteomalacia 128;

osteomyelitis 130;

osteophytes 127, 129;

Paget’s disease 130, 170;

palate 200;

parietal osteoporosis 130;

pelvis 119–2;

periosteal inflammatory reaction

130;

pubic symphysis 119;

ribs 127, 130;

rickets 107, 128–1, 130;

sciatic notch 121;

shoulder 129;

skull 118, 121, 124–6, 127, 129,

200;

sternum 111;

suture 118, 125;

teeth 118, 121, 130–3;

transverse lines 123–5;

trauma 200;

236 SUBJECT INDEX

tuberculosis 130;

tumour 130;

vertebrae 127

Pearl, The 64

penance ix, 26, 157, 159

Piers Plowman 76, 95

pilgrims 19, 115, 152, 164

plants and flowers 29, 145, 146, 155,

158;

elm 161;

hazel 165;

oak 161;

rushes 155;

Scots pine 160;

willow 165

poor, the (see funeral)

Purgatory 9, 145, 151, 153, 167, 172,

177, 178, 183, 185, 193, 193, 197;

abolition of 193;

birth of 10, 175;

belief in 18, 202–7;

fires of 9;

prison-like 10;

torments of 10;

Purgatory, St Patrick’s 10, 29

purity 155

pyx 30

Reformation 172, 192–197

reformers 21, 192–197

relics 164

repentance ix, 61

resurrection:

of Christ 7, 73;

of others 73–2

Richard III 77

rood screen 7

St Erkenwald 16, 154

saints, depictions of 2

sermon 1, 61–9

services:

8th day 55;

Anniversary 14–7, 56–3;

Dirige 43;

Lauds 43;

Mattins 27, 43;

month’s mind 45, 55–2;

Office of the Dead 43;

Placebo 43;

reciprocal 11–12;

Vespers 9, 27

Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight 64,

smuggling 21

soul:

artistic depiction of ix;

definition of ix;

heresy concerning ix;

illness ix;

image of ix;

purges 174;

sexless 155;

sins of ix

Statutes 100:

of Chichester 87;

of Exeter II 100, 102;

of London 94, 103;

of London Archdeaconry 82;

of Norwich 101;

of Salisbury 94, 100;

of Wells 102;

of Winchester 94;

of Winchester III 100;

of Worcester III 101;

(see also Acts, Councils)

stone casting 163

surgery 23–7

Three Living and the Three Dead 62

tomb, Christ’s 8

tombs (see memorials)

Treatise of Fistula in Ano 24

urbanisation 178–2, 181, 190

wake 37

warlock 23

SUBJECT INDEX 237

White Ship disaster 65, 97

wills 28–4, 88–93

witchcraft ix, 22, 23, 97

women:

burial location of 88–9;

and childbirth 39, 80, 93, 115–6,

116, 119, 121, 122, 128

dance of death 62;

gifts to 50;

shoes 153;

shrouding 38;

shrouds 155

Works of Mercy, Seven Corporal 2,

18–1, 45

Zodiac 24

238 SUBJECT INDEX

INDEX OF PEOPLE AND PLACES

Abingdon, Oxfordshire 82

Aethelthryth, Abbess 161

Agincourt, France 97, 127

Aldington, Kent 100

Alne, Yorkshire 31

Angelsey 113

Anselm 26, 27

Aquinas 204

Aragon, Catherine of, Queen of

England 193

Archangel;

Gabriel 25;

(see also St Michael the Archangel)

Ardene, John of 24

Arthur, King 72, 98, 164

Arthur, Prince 150, 155

Ashburton, Devon 16, 17

Ashcombe, Margaret 37

Ashwell, Hertfordshire 186

Aston, Gloucestershire 187

Audley, William 113

Autun, Honorius of 174

Bangor, Bishop of 93

Bannebury, John 47

Baret, John 2, 182, 185

Barnet, Battle of 39

Barnwell Priory 11

Barton Bendish 114

Barton on Humber, Lincolnshire 99,

158, 161, 162, 165

Baptist, John the 2, 90

Bath and Wells diocese 186, 188

Bay of Amfleat 68

Beauchamp 83

Beauchamp, Sir Richard 42

Beauchamp, William IV 83

Beaufort, Lady Margaret 8

Beaulieu 83

Beckery Chapel, Glastonbury 122

Becket, Thomas a 72

Bede The Venerable 68, 70

Beisby, John 41, 46

Belle, John 31

Beowulf 72, 90

Benedict XI, Pope 113

Berkeley, family 83

Beverley, Yorkshire 15, 103;

Beverley Minister 5;

St Stephen’s Prebendary 15

Black Prince 169, 184

Blackthorne Deanery 179

Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster 15, 49,

Blois, William of, Bishop of

Worcester 167

Bohemia, Anne of, Queen of

England 184

Bolingbroke, Roger 21

Bokeland 5

Boniface VIII, Pope 112

Bordesley Abbey 147, 162, 165

Boules, William de 99

Boxgrove, Sussex 196

239

Boyle, Richard 96

Bracebrig, Thomas 49, 50

Braybooke, Bishop 102

Breakspear, Nicholas 87

Brice, Hugh 54

Bridge, Kent 44

Bridport, Devon 13

Brinton, Bishop of Exeter 6

Bristol 28–3, 47, 50, 185;

Benedictine priory 151;

St Mary Le Port 105

Brittany, Geoffrey of 94

Broadhempston, Devon 100

Bromholme, Norfolk 40

Bruce, Robert the, King of

Scotland 113

Bull, Margaret 53

Bumpsted, Alice 38, 47

Burgo, John de 93

Burgundy, Duke of 48

Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk 28–3, 41,

43, 164, 179, 192

Byng, Robert 100

Caister, Norfolk 204

Callington, Cornwall 100

Cambridge, St John’s Hospital 11

Cannington, Somerset 147

Canterbury;

Cathedral 72, 87, 184;

Christ Church 190;

Dean of 87;

St Thomas’s Hospital 29

Cantilupe, Thomas 112;

shrine of 19

Capel Maelog, Wales 143, 160, 161,

163

Carlisle, Dominican friary 108, 130,

146, 149, 170

Carlisle, Thomas 29

Carpasius 70

Carter, William 21

Castile, Eleanor of, Queen of

England 112

Catlynson, Thomas 88

Cavendish, George 34–9

Cecily, Duchess of York, 3, 76

Chamber, Richard of 87

Chambelleyne, John 47

Charles, King of the Franks 76

Chertsey 54

Chester 90, 165

Chichester;

St James Leper Hospital 109, 145,

162, 171, 201

Chicksands 85

Christ, Jesus 2, 3, 64, 71, 74, 173

(see also Cross, Easter, Mass);

at deathbed 32, 33, 35

Churchstow 52

Clanbowe, Lady Peryne 46

Clanvowe, Sir John 79

Clare family 84;

Gilbert de 79

Clementina 171

Climsland, Cornwall 187

Cobham, Dame Eleanor 22, 97

Coffyn, Constance 21

Colbrooke 2

Colchester;

Crouched Friars 107;

Priory 11;

St Giles’s church 107;

St John’s church 107

Cologne, Germany 152

Colpepir, John de of Pembury 45

Coke, Robert 92

Constantine, Emperor 66

Constantinople 79

Cornwall 79;

Richard of 83

Cottenham, Cambridgeshire 37

Coverdale, Miles 35

Courtenay, Sir Hugh de 45

Courtenay, William, Archbishop of

Canterbury 5, 86

Cranmer, Thomas 77

Crewkerne, Somerset 82

240 DEATH AND BURIAL IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND