Cohen Mark R. Poverty and Charity in the Jewish Community of Medieval Egypt (Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World)
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284 INDEX
named individuals, in Geniza documents.
See also Moses Maimonides
Aaron ha-Levi (scribe), 116–17
Aaron ha-mumhe b. Ephraim b. Tarson
(parnas), 94
Abbas b. Khalaf (absentee husband),
145
Abd Allah (newcomer), 233n.168
Abraham b. Jethro (merchant), 94–95,
95n.89
Abraham b. Yahya ha-Levi al-Najib (com-
munal official), 204
Abraham he-hasid (pietist), 134–35
Abraham Nagid Maimonides (head of the
Jews), 80, 102, 131–32, 132n.10, 136,
142, 172, 215, 218n.104, 238,
241
Abul-Bayan b. Abu Nasr al-Halabi
(parnas), 212n.75, 216n.96
Abul-Fadl (parnas), 212n.75
Abul-Hasan b. Masud (widow of), 180
Abul-Izz b. Abul-Muna (poor man in
hiding), 165
Abul-Majd (cantor), 102
Abul-Mufaddal (notable), 79n.30
Abul-Muna (poor young man), 52
Abu Mansur (son of captive), 121n.40
Abu Sad Saadya b. Abraham ibn
al-Muallima (cantor and teacher),
74n.7, 239
Abu Sa
id (blind man) (wife of), 154,
154n.73
Abu Said b. Shalom (widow of), 150
Abu Zikri, 102
al-W
uh
sha (businesswoman), 196,
225
Ben Nahman (widow of), 21, 140–41,
150, 195
Bu Ali (blind man) (wife of), 154
Bu Sad (captive), 121n.40
David, Rabbi (nasi of Narbonne, France),
128
David b. Daniel (head of the Jews), 193,
221
David II Nagid b. Joshua (head of the
Jews), 144
David the porter (amputee), 171
David the porter (amputee) (wife of), 154
Elazar b. Solomon (poor man), 100
Eli ha-Kohen b. Yahya (parnas), 36, 80,
92, 141, 212, 212n.76, 215
Eli ha-Kohen he-haver (wayfarer), 81n.37
[Eli] he-haver b. Amram (judge),
81n.37
Elijah, Rabbi (judge), 218n.104
Elijah b. Zechariah (judge), 205
Ephraim (refugee), 77
Ephraim b. Isaac of Ceuta, Morocco
(silversmith), 123–24
Ephraim b. Shemarya (head of Palestinian
congregation), 204n.56, 222n.121,
223n.127
Fudail (cantor), 40–41
Fuhayd (sick man), 172n.93
Furayj the murtaash (sick man), 172n.92
Halfon b. Menasse ibn al-Qataif (court
scribe), 115n.20, 176
Halfon b. Nethanel (merchant), 36, 73n.4
Hananel b. Samuel (judge), 67, 166
Hayfa (foreign woman, abandoned wife),
146, 194
Hiba (orphan boy), 237
Hiba b. Zafran (poor man), 40–41
Hiba the blind man (wife of), 153–54
Hillel b. Eli (court scribe), 74n.7, 92
Isaac b. Sason (judge), 147
Jacob of Kiev (poor man), 175n.5
Jacob the Poet b. Isaac b. David
(Maghrebi of Hebron), 103n.123
Joel (teacher, poor man), 134–35
Johannes-Obadaiah (refugee proselyte),
125, 233
Joseph (sick man), 172n.93
Joseph (son of lute player, proselyte),
127
Joseph b. Allan (poor man), 67–68
Joseph from Damascus, 74n.7
Joseph from Rum, 74n.7
Joseph from Safed, 103
Joseph from T
ripoli (proselyte grave dig-
ger), 126
Joseph the Scholar (teacher), 76
Joshua Nagid b. Abraham (Joshua
Maimonides, head of the Jews), 31,
46, 68, 73, 79n.31, 81, 81n.41, 103,
251
Judah b. Moses ibn Sighma
r (merchant
from Tunisia), 102
Judah Nagid b. Saadya (head of the Jews),
102, 111, 124
Judah ha-Levi (poet), 36, 73n.4, 171n.83,
185
Maali (baker), 217n.100, 230
Maani who has fled (wife of), 143
INDEX 285
Masliah ha[Kohen b. Solomon (Gaon),
100
Mevorakh b. Abraham (poor man),
99n.107
Mevorakh b. Nathan b. Samuel
he-Haver, 117
Mevorakh Nagid b. Saadya (head of the
Jews), 79n.30, 93, 114, 230
Mishael (Jewish courtier), 40
Moses b. Nathan (banker), 123–24
Moses “the lame,” 171–72
Mosko, 76
Muammala (widow), 52, 152–53
Mufarrij the amputee (wife of), 153
Nahray b. Nissim (merchant), 74n.7, 119,
192n.10
Nathan b. Mevorakh (Ascalon judge),
134
Nathan b. Samuel (judge), 241
Nathan b. Yefet, 76n.18
Nathan ha-Kohen b. Mevorakh (dayyan,
judge), 36–37, 67, 80, 93
Nathan ha-Kohen b. Solomon (judge), 69
Nethanel ha-Kohen (notable), 112–13,
121
Nethanel ha-Levi (head of the Jews),
238
Saadya (sick man), 172
Sadaqa (baker), 230
Said (silk weaver, absentee husband), 146
Salama b. Said (widow of), 180
Samuel Nagid b. Hananya (head of the
Jews), 103, 117, 147n.31, 170, 185,
193n.14, 231, 236
Sitt Masud (poor person), 215
Solomon b. Benjamin (poor man), 36–37,
80–81
Solomon b. Elijah (teacher, cantor, court
clerk), 79n.30, 102–3, 162n.38,
218n.104, 238, 249
Ulla ha-Levi b. Joseph (Said b. Munajja)
(parnas and court trustee), 176, 181,
212, 215
Umm al-mafluj (mother of semiparalyzed
child, wife of David the porter), 171
Umm Nissim (sick woman), 172
Wafa the blind man (wife of), 153
Yahya b. Ammar (working poor), 42,
131, 176–85, 191n.9, 249–50
Yair b. Elazar (official), 86, 134
Yedutun ha-Levi (cantor), 231n.156
Yefet (poor man), 67
Yehiel b. Eliakim of Aleppo (judge),
102–3
Yeshua, Rabbi (teacher of orphans), 238
Yom T
ov (poor man), 68
names, personal, 54, 83–85, 98, 152–54
nasi (descendant of Jewish royal house of
David), 77, 77n.26
Near East, 2–3, 77, 186–87
neighbors, as benefactors, 190
net maker (ghuzuli) (occupation), 65
newcomers, 77–81, 123
night watchman (tawwaf) (occupation),
58
Nissim b. Jacob ibn Shahin, Rabbi,
167–68
nonpoor
, the, 53–55, 63–66, 69
nutrition, 161, 227. See also diet; food
occupations, 54–55. See also
names of
occupations
lists of, 56–58, 60–66
oculist (kahhal) (occupation), 66
officials, communal, 59, 201, 216, 219–20,
231–32
olive oil maker or seller (zayyat)
(occupation), 61
ophthalmia, 170–71
order of preference, in charitable giving,
89–95, 191–92, 249
“orphan of the living,” 236n.186
orphans, 27, 58, 103, 120, 142, 153, 166,
195, 236–39
Ottoman period, 16, 31–32
over va-shav (wayfarer), 77, 101. See also
wayfarers
Palestine, Jewish communities in, 138
pandocheion (hostel for foreigners), 105,
233
paralysis, 171. See also disability
parchment maker (ruquqi) (occupation), 56
parnas (communal leader), 23, 85,
211–16, 224. See also officials,
communal
patronage system, 28, 187–90, 246
pauper letters, English, 18–20, 20n.45, 140,
158, 158n.17, 164, 183, 183n.39,
191n.6, 227. See also Schnorrerbriefe
payrolls of community expenditures,
213–14, 241
pearl perforator (thaqqab al-lulu) (occupa-
tion), 56
286 INDEX
pene¯s (working poor), 4. See also working
poor
perfumer or druggist (attar) (occupation),
63
pesiqa. See pledge drives (pesiqa)
petitions, Arabic, 28, 175–77, 182n.33, 246
petitions, Jewish, 140–41, 174–88, 182n.34,
246
pharmacists, 60, 242
phlebotomist (fasid) (occupation), 65
physician (tabib, mutatabbib, rofe)
(occupation), 66
physicians, 60, 63, 240–42, 240n.204,
240n.205
pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 80–81
pious foundation (heqdesh), 11, 11n.21, 28,
81, 197, 200–204, 234–35, 241, 251.
See also waqf, Islamic
pirates, 111–14, 118n.30, 119
piyyut (liturgical poem), 248
pledge drives (pesiqa), 29, 74, 117, 122,
164, 192, 220–24, 235
poetry, Jewish, 247–48
poll tax, 27–29, 40–41, 66, 83–84,
120, 120n.38, 124, 133, 136–38,
165, 235
as “debt,” 130, 134–35, 204
poor, the. See also captives; foreigners; pros-
elytes; refugees; working poor
local residents (aniyyei ha-ir),
205–6
“poor of the whole world” (mainly for-
eign poor) (aniyyei olam), 205–6
“shamefaced poor,” 35, 50, 70–71,
70n.185, 70n.187, 244
taxonomy of, 26, 53–66
voices of, 16–21
Poor Laws, English, 5
porter (hammal) (occupation), 58
potion preparer/seller (sharabi)
(occupation), 63, 66
poverty
conjunctural, 34–41, 45–53, 55, 67–70,
132, 179n.18, 181, 184–85, 243–44,
246
deep vs. shallow, 35n.7, 59
prevalence of, 15–16, 31
structural, 34, 35n.7, 36–39, 51–53,
243–44
voluntary, 4, 7
Powers, David, 28n.57
preacher (darshan) (occupation), 58
precious metals supplier to mint (murid) (oc-
cupation), 63, 65
prestige, and charitable giving, 226–27,
227n.142
Princeton University
, 10n.16, 206
professions, in donor lists, 225
proselytes, 26–27, 77–78, 125–29
Protestantism, 5
pt
ochos (structural poor), 4. See also
poverty, structural
Pullan, Brian, 17n.36, 197
pundaq (shelter), 233. See also shelter,
provision of
Qalaun, Sultan, 160, 240n.206
qibbus (“collection” letters), 3n.6
quppa (dole), 7, 77n.25, 82, 186, 204–11,
205n.60, 219–20, 250. See also bread,
distribution and consumption of;
mezonot (maintenance)
Quran, 106
Rabbanites, 23, 31, 128, 143
rabbinic literature, in letters of appeal,
248–50
ransom, 109–10, 110n.4, 114–15, 120–23,
239. See also captives
refugees, 26–27, 77, 80–81, 123–24, 194.
See also proselytes
reluctance, in charitable giving, 101–4, 189
rent payment, 234–35
resale of captives, 111–12, 120
responsa, 12
revenues, charitable, 218–27
Richards, D. S., 175
Rosenthal, Franz, 76, 239n.201
Rozen, Minna, 32n.62
Rubin, Miri, 17n.36
Rum, Jewish immigrants from, 84–85, 124,
126, 126n.54, 150–51, 154, 216,
216n.97, 228–29, 236n.186
rumiyya, rumi (women, men from Rum),
150n.39
Saadya Gaon, 38
Sabra, Adam A., 17, 159, 162n.38, 163,
198
sacrifice (qorban), charity as, 249–50
sal ammoniac, dealer in (nashadiri)
(occupation), 64
salesman (bayya) (occupation), 64
Samuel ibn Tibbon, 242
INDEX 287
satr/kashf distinction, in Islamic sources, 51
Sawirus ibn al-Muqaffa, Bishop, 44n.38,
167
Schnorrerbriefe, 27–28, 174–75, 184,
187n.49
scholars, 92–95, 201. See also teachers
scribes, 12–13, 95n.89, 115n.20, 132–33,
228
seclusion from creditors, 132–33, 135n.29,
165, 179, 184
sedaqa (charity), 2, 5–6, 6n.10, 246, 251.
See also charity
Sela, Shulamit, 22n.49
self-government, of Jewish community,
21–23, 59, 74
self-help, 85–87
Seljuk Turks, 84, 114
“servants,” officials as, 59
“service to the community,” 86
shadow plays, 77
shame, 35, 35n.10, 39, 45–48, 68, 86, 95,
189, 244, 246. See also “uncovering the
face”
in Islamic sources, 49–51
shelter, provision of, 233–35, 241–42
sherbet seller (fuqqai) (occupation), 61
shevuyim (prisoners, captives), 134. See also
captives, ransom and care of
shipwreck, 85, 120n.38, 133, 194
shoemaker (hadhdha) (occupation), 57
shoemaker (kharraz) (occupation), 57
sibbur (“community,” i.e., public charity),
224
Sicily, 78
silk maker/worker (hariri) (occupation), 62
silk trade, 59
silk weavers, 68–69
silk worker (qazzaz) (occupation), 62
Slack, Paul, 15, 17n.36, 35n.7, 59
slaughterer (dhabbah) (occupation), 58
slavery, for captives, 109
smallpox (judari/jadari), 86
social distance, 199. See also shame;
“uncovering the face”
Sokoll, Thomas, 19
solidarity, of rich and poor, 70–71, 252
sorkhei sibbur (needs of the community),
219–20
Spain, 70n.185, 70n.187, 128, 175, 175n.5
Spain, Christian, 78, 159, 172, 202
Spain, Muslim, 78
spindle maker (maghazili) (occupation), 56
starvation, fear of, 164–69
Stern, Samuel, 175
strangers, 76–77. See also foreigners
Sufism, 182
sugar maker/seller (sukkari) (occupation),
62
sympathy
, preferential, for conjunctural
poor
, 38
synagogue
as distribution point for alms, 231–32
maintenance of, 201–2
pesiqa pledges made in, 222
and reading of letters of appeal,
218–19
as refuge for travelers, 85–86, 85n.61,
105, 105n.129, 233–34
as site of alms collection, 218
Syria, 78
tailor (khayyat) (occupation), 62
Talmud, 6–7, 89, 109, 156, 165–66,
210n.69, 244–45
Talmud, Babylonian, 7, 23–24, 96, 121, 212
Talmud, Palestinian, 24, 96–97, 96n.93,
165, 212
tamhui (soup kitchen), 7, 77n.25, 160,
204–11, 219–20, 250
tanner (dabbagh) (occupation), 60
tari (newcomer), 76–77, 83. See also
newcomers
tarsim (house arrest), 135
tawakkul, as Islamic ascetic ideal, 182
taxation, for poor relief, 199, 202. See also
poll tax
tax farmer (damin) (occupation), 63, 65
taxonomy of the poor, 26, 53–66
Taylor, James Stephen, 20n.45
teacher (muallim/muallima/melammed)
(occupation), 61
teachers, 74, 86–87, 145–46, 155, 165, 197,
201, 238, 238n.193
Tel Aviv University, 10n.16
testimony, direct, 16–21
Theodotos son of Vettenos (donor of
synagogue), 105n.129
Tiberias, Palestine, 242
Tierney, Brian, 191n.7
Torah scrolls, ransom of, 114–15
Tosefta, 7, 96–97, 96n.94
translator (mutarjim) (occupation), 61
travelers, 144, 146–47. See also wayfarers
travelers’ aid, 77–78, 77n.25
treater of wounds (kallam) (occupation),
58
Trieste, 78
Tripoli, Lebanon, 194
“trustee of the court,” 215
Twersky, Isadore, 25n.54, 157n.9
Umm (“mother of”), 153
unable to work, 58
“uncovering the face,” 41–44, 48, 82, 86,
146–54, 179, 185, 223–24, 235n.180,
244. See also charity, private
in Islamic sources, 49–51
underclass, 53–59
uquba (penalty), poll tax as, 133
Urbach, Ephraim, 8n.12
vinegar maker(?) (hallal) (occupation), 62
vinegar maker (khallal) (occupation), 64
violence, threat of
against captives, 111–12, 118n.30
against debtors, 133–34
Visotzky, Burton, 251n.20
vows, pesiqa as, 220
waqf, family (waqf ahli), 201
waqf, Islamic, 200–203, 231, 251
waqf deeds, 200n.40, 203n.52
washer of the dead (ghasil/a) (occupation),
57
water carrier (saqqa) (occupation), 57
wax maker (shamma) (occupation), 64
wayfarers, 77–81. See also foreigners
weaver (haik) (occupation), 64
Weinfeld, Moshe, 6n.10
wheat, distribution and consumption of,
224, 227, 227n.143
“widow during his lifetime,” 143–46,
236n.186
widows, 20n.46, 21, 27, 43, 52, 54–55, 58,
82, 128–29, 137, 139–41
and family assistance, 193–95
halakha and, 141–43
terminology used for, 150–53, 150n.39
as travelers, 146–47
wills, 12, 195–97, 200n.39
wives, 27, 54–55, 68–69, 142
of absent husbands, 143–46, 151
terminology used for, 149–54
women, 27, 100, 137n.41, 139–55,
148n.33, 165, 192–96, 232. See also
widows; wives
as captives, 118–20
as donors, 225–26
as foreigners, 73, 78, 103, 142–43, 164,
234
as proselytes, 125–26, 128–29
as refugees, 124, 194
as teachers, 145–46, 155
as travelers, 146–47
women, Christian, 147–48, 148n.34,
150n.39
women, Muslim, 139
wood, aromatic, dealer in (udi)
(occupation), 56
working poor
, 39–41, 55–59,
68–69, 130–32, 170–71, 179, 179n.18,
179n.20, 184. See also debt
writing, Judaeo-Arabic, 9. See also
scribes
Y
eshiva University, 10n.16
“young man” (ghulam), 60
yukshaf anha (should be investigated), 99.
See also deservedness
zawja (wife), 149–53. See also wives; women
Zulay, Menahem, 248