Charlton M., Humberston J.W. Positron Physics
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positron physics
This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the field
of low energy positrons and positronium within atomic and molecular
physics. It begins with an introduction to the field, discussing the back-
ground to low energy positron beams, and then covers topics such as total
scattering cross sections, elastic scattering, positronium formation, exci-
tation and ionization, annihilation and positronium interactions. Each
chapter contains a blend of theory and experiment, giving a balanced
treatment of all the topics.
The book will be useful for graduate students and researchers in physics
and chemistry. It is ideal for those wishing to gain rapid, in-depth
knowledge of this unique branch of atomic physics.
Michael Charlton obtained his degree and Ph.D. from University
College London. In 1983 he was awarded a Royal Society University
Research Fellowship, held at UCL. From 1991 to 1999 he was a Reader in
Physics at UCL and was appointed to the Chair in Experimental Physics
at the University of Wales, Swansea in 1999. Professor Charlton has
published over one hundred research articles and written several reviews,
notably for Reports on Progress in Physics and Physics Reports.
John Watkin Humberston was an undergraduate at Manchester
University and obtained his Ph.D. from University College London. From
1965 to 1966 he taught at Trinity College Dublin and became a Lecturer at
UCL in 1966, where he subsequently became Senior Lecturer, Reader and
Professor. During this time he had sabbatical leave at the Goddard Space
Flight Center, USA, and at York University, Toronto, Canada. Professor
Humberston has written numerous research articles, published mainly in
Journal of Physics B, as well as several review articles in Advances in
Atomic and Molecular Physics and in Physics Reports.
CAMBRIDGE MONOGRAPHS ON ATOMIC, MOLECULAR AND
CHEMICAL PHYSICS: 11
General editors: A. Dalgarno, P. L. Knight, F. H. Read, R. N. Zare
1. R. Schinke: Photodissociation Dynamics
2. L. Frommhold: Collision-induced Absorption in Gases
3. T. F. Gallagher: Rydberg Atoms
4. M. Auzinsh and R. Ferber: Optical Polarization of Molecules
5. I. E. McCarthy and E. Weigold: Electron–Atom Collisions
6. V. Schmidt: Electron Spectrometry of Atoms using Synchrotron Radiation
7. Z. Rudzikas: Theoretical Atomic Spectroscopy
8. J. H. McGuire: Electron Correlation Dynamics in Atomic Collisions
9. J.-P. Connerade: Highly Excited Atoms
10. R. Bl¨umel and W. P. Reinhardt: Chaos in Atomic Physics
11. M. Charlton and J. W. Humberston: Positron Physics
For Lucy and Bettina
Positron Physics
M. Charlton
University of Wales Swansea
J. W. Humberston
University College London
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom
First published in print format
ISBN-13 978-0-521-41550-7 hardback
ISBN-13 978-0-511-06753-2 eBook (EBL)
© Cambridge University Press 2001
2000
Information on this title: www.cambrid
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This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
ISBN-10 0-511-06753-4 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-10 0-521-41550-0 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Published in the United States by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Contents
Preface ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Historical remarks 1
1.2 Basic properties of the positron and other positronic systems 3
1.3 Basic experimental techniques 11
1.4 Slow positron beams 16
1.5 The production of positronium 27
1.6 The physical basis of the interactions of positrons and
positronium with atoms and molecules 35
2 Total scattering cross sections 40
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 Theory 42
2.3 Experimental techniques 48
2.4 General discussion of systematic errors 57
2.5 Results and discussion – atoms 63
2.6 Results and discussion – molecules 81
2.7 Partitioning of the total cross section 89
3 Elastic scattering 94
3.1 Introduction 94
3.2 Theory 95
3.3 Threshold effects 132
3.4 Angle-resolved elastic scattering 139
4 Positronium formation 150
4.1 Introduction 150
4.2 Theory 151
vii
viii Contents
4.3 Experimental techniques 175
4.4 Results 185
4.5 Other processes involving positronium formation 195
4.6 Comparisons with protons 200
4.7 Differential cross sections 201
4.8 Dense gases 207
5 Excitation and ionization 214
5.1 Excitation 215
5.2 Ionization – theoretical considerations 227
5.3 Ionization – experimental techniques for integrated
cross sections 234
5.4 Single ionization – results 239
5.5 Multiple ionization 248
5.6 Differential cross sections 252
5.7 Inner shell ionization 259
6 Positron annihilation 264
6.1 Introduction and theoretical considerations 264
6.2 Experimental details 274
6.3 Results – positron annihilation 281
6.4 Positron drift 301
7 Positronium and its interactions 307
7.1 Fundamental studies with the positronium atom 307
7.2 Theoretical aspects of annihilation and scattering in gases 326
7.3 Experimental studies of positronium annihilation in gases 336
7.4 Slowing down 342
7.5 Bound states involving positronium 348
7.6 Studies with positronium beams 353
8 Exotic species involving positrons 362
8.1 The positronium negative ion 362
8.2 Systems containing more than one positron 368
8.3 Antihydrogen 372
Appendix: Positron conference proceedings 389
References 393
Index 449