Carlisle R.P., Bowman J.S. (Gen. Editor) Afghanistan War (America at War)
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Revolutionary War, Revised Edition
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Rodney P. CaRlisle
John s. Bowman
general editor
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Afghanistan War
Copyright © 2010 by Rodney P. Carlisle
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by
any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the
publisher. For information contact:
Chelsea House
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carlisle, Rodney P.
Afghanistan War / Rodney P. Carlisle, John S. Bowman, general editor.—1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8160-8119-6 (hc : alk. paper); ISBN 978-1-4381-3270-9 (e-book)
1. Afghan War, 2001—Juvenile literature.
I. Bowman, John S. II. Title.
DS371.412.C375 2010
958.104'7—dc22 2009048068
Chelsea House books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk
quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our
Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755.
You can find Chelsea House on the World Wide Web at http://www.chelseahouse.com
Text design by Erika K. Arroyo
Cover design by Takeshi Takahashi
Composition by Hermitage Publishing Services
Cover printed by Bang Printing, Brainerd, Minn.
Book printed and bound by Bang Printing, Brainerd, Minn.
Date printed: September 2010
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
All Web addresses were checked and verified to be correct at the time of publication.
Because of the dynamic nature of the Web, some addresses and links may have
changed since publication and may no longer be valid.
PREFACE ix
1 in aCtion, afghanistan 1
Modern Afghanistan 2
The Buffalo Mine Protected Clearance Vehicle 4
Improvised Explosive Devices 5
International Security Assistance Force 7
2 afghanistan’s histoRy 9
Islam 13
Ethnolinguistic Groups Locations 14
Afghan Ethnic Groups 15
Mujahideen Parties 18
Afghanistan Chronology, 1919–1992 20
3 the soviet invasion, 1979–1989 23
The Soviet Decision 24
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 26
Poor Soviet Preparation 28
Weapons from Outside 31
4 the oRigins of al-Qaeda 37
The Muslim Brotherhood 38
The Persian Gulf War 43
Attacks on U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania 46
5 the Rise of the taliBan 47
Madrassas and Talibs 49
Deobandi 50
Afghanistan Civil War, 1990s 51
Contents
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Taliban Values 53
Chronology, 1989–2001 55
6 w omen duRing the taliBan
Regime 60
Afghan Women before the Taliban 61
Roots of Taliban Ideas about Women 62
The Burqa 64
Television and Hollywood Join the Cause 67
7 9/11 and afghanistan 68
The World Trade Center and the Earlier Bombing 72
Attack on the USS Cole 74
Crime or Act of War? 76
8 a meRiCans at waR,
oCtoBeR–deCemBeR 2001 79
The Northern Alliance 81
Daisy Cutter 86
A Just War? 88
9 oCCuPation and inteRnational
foRCes 91
Anaconda 94
Casualty Rates 96
ISAF Troop Commitments 98
Provincial Reconstruction Teams 100
10 t he administRation of
hamid KaRzai 103
Loya Jirga 105
Political Parties in Afghanistan 108
Afghanistan Cabinet Members 110
11 u.s. deBates oveR PoliCy 114
Contrasts and Similarities 117
John Kerry on Afghanistan 120
Law Enforcement or War 122
12 PaKistan and afghanistan 123
Pashtun Tribes of the NWFP and FATA, 21st Century 124
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Pakistan’s History 125
Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons 127
13 weaPons and taCtiCs 132
Topographical Map of Afghanistan 134
Soviet Tactics 135
Soviet Armor in Afghanistan 136
The Stinger 138
The Predator 142
Afghanistan War’s Distinctive Profile 144
14 the Road ahead 149
Afghanistan and Its Neighbors 151
The Surge in Afghanistan 157
Richard Holbrooke and His Mission 158
GLOSSARY 160
FURTHER READING
164
INDEx
166
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ix
Preface
Immediately after the attacks by terrorists on September 11, 2001,
on the World Trade Center in New York City and on the Pentagon
in Washington, D.C., President George W. Bush demanded that the
Afghan government arrest and turn over the organizers of the attacks,
which killed nearly 3,000 civilians, the worst terrorist attack ever on
American soil. Intelligence sources revealed that Osama bin Laden
and his Islamic terrorist organization known as al-Qaeda planned and
carried out the attacks.
The al-Qaeda organization provided funds to the government of
Afghanistan. In turn, that government provided a safe haven for al-
Qaeda. The Taliban dominated the Afghan government at that time.
The Taliban movement based its philosophy of rule on a unique and
distorted view of the Islamic religion and ran an extremely severe
regime. Human rights were suppressed, and women, especially, were
oppressed. The Taliban included some of the mujahideen that resisted
the occupation of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union from 1979 to 1989.
When President Bush demanded the arrest of Osama bin Laden
and other members of his organization, the Taliban government of
Afghanistan refused to help and continued to protect bin Laden. In
response, President Bush ordered units of the U.S. military to attack
the Afghan government. The armed forces also tried to track down and
bring to justice the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks.
The Northern Alliance, an anti-Taliban Afghan military force,
operated in the northern section of the country. They joined in the
U.S. attack on the Taliban and soon succeeded in driving them from
Kabul, the capital.
Meanwhile, U.S. forces captured air bases in the south and west of
the country and soon began hot pursuit of Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda
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