Capet A. Britain, France and the Entente Cordiale since 1904

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Britain, France and the

Entente Cordiale since

1904

Antoine Capet

Edited by

Studies in Military and Strategic History

William Philpott (General editor), Professor of Diplomatic History, King’s

College London

Published titles include:

Martin Alexander and William Philpott (editors)

ANGLO-FRENCH DEFENCE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE WARS

Christopher M. Bell

THE ROYAL NAVY, SEAPOWER AND STRATEGY BETWEEN THE WARS

Peter Bell

CHAMBERLAIN, GERMANY AND JAPAN, 1933–34

Antony Best

BRITISH INTELLIGENCE AND THE JAPANESE CHALLENGE IN ASIA, 1914–41

Antoine Capet (editor)

BRITAIN, FRANCE AND THE ENTENTE CORDIALE SINCE 1904

Philippe Chassaigne and Michael Dockrill (editors)

ANGLO-FRENCH RELATIONS, 1898–1998

From Fashoda to Jospin

Michael Dockrill

BRITISH ESTABLISHMENT PERSPECTIVES IN FRANCE, 1936–40

Michael Dockrill and John Fisher

THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919

Peace without Victory?

John P. S. Gearson

HAROLD MACMILLAN AND THE BERLIN WALL CRISIS, 1958–62

John Gooch

ARMY, STATE AND SOCIETY IN ITALY, 1870–1915

G. A. H. Gordon

BRITISH SEA POWER AND PROCUREMENT BETWEEN THE WARS

A Reappraisal of Rearmament

Raffi Gregorian

THE BRITISH ARMY, THE GURKHAS AND COLD WAR STRATEGY IN

THE FAR EAST, 1947–1954

Stephen Hartley

THE IRISH QUESTION AS A PROBLEM IN BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY, 1914–18

Ashley Jackson

WAR AND EMPIRE IN MAURITIUS AND THE INDIAN OCEAN

James Levy

THE ROYAL NAVY’S HOME FLEET IN WORLD WAR II

Stewart Lone

JAPAN’S FIRST MODERN WAR

Army and Society in the Conflict with China, 1894–95

Thomas R. Mockaitis

BRITISH COUNTERINSURGENCY, 1919–60

Bob Moore and Kent Fedorowich

THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND ITS ITALIAN PRISONERS OF WAR, 1940–47

T. R. Moreman

THE ARMY IN INDIA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FRONTIER WARFARE,

1849–1947

Kendrick Oliver

KENNEDY, MACMILLAN AND THE NUCLEAR TEST-BAN DEBATE, 1961–63

Paul Orders

BRITAIN, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND THE CHALLENGE OF THE

UNITED STATES, 1934–46

A Study in International History

Elspeth Y. O’Riordan

BRITAIN AND THE RUHR CRISIS

G. D. Sheffield

LEADERSHIP IN THE TRENCHES

Officer–Man Relations, Morale and Discipline in the British Army in the Era of

the First World War

Adrian Smith

MICK MANNOCK, FIGHTER PILOT

Myth, Life and Politics

Martin Thomas

THE FRENCH NORTH AFRICAN CRISIS

Colonial Breakdown and Anglo-French Relations, 1945–62

Simon Trew

BRITAIN, MIHAILOVIC AND THE CHETNIKS, 1941–42

Steven Weiss

ALLIES IN CONFLICT

Anglo-American Strategic Negotiations, 1938–44

Studies in Military and Strategic History

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Britain, France and the

Entente Cordiale since

1904

Edited by

Antoine Capet

Professor of British Studies, University of Rouen, France

Editorial matter, selection and Introduction © Antoine Capet 2006.

All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2006.

publication may be made without written permission.

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Britain, France, and the Entente Cordiale since 1904/edited by Antoine Capet.

p.cm. -- (Studies in military and strategic history)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-230-00902-6

1. Great Britain–foreign relations–France. 2. France–Foreign relations–Great

Britain. 3. Great Britain–Foreign relations–20th century. 4. France–Foreign

relations–20th century. I. Capet, Antoine. II. Series: Studies in military and

strategic history (Palgrave Macmillan (Firm))

DA47.1.B75 2006

327.41044--dc22

2006043616

10987654321

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Printed and bound in Great Britain by

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Contents

Notes on Contributors viii

Introduction: ‘Britain’s most enduring Special

Relationship’ 1

Antoine Capet

1 ‘French people have a peculiar facility for being

misrepresented’: British Perceptions of France at

War, 1914–18 8

John Ramsden

2 Lloyd George and Clemenceau: Prima Donnas in

Partnership 28

Kenneth O. Morgan

3 Behind the Façade of the Entente Cordiale after the

Great War 41

Robert Boyce

4 Entente and Argument: Britain, France and

Disarmament, 1899–1934 64

Andrew Webster

5 British Communists and Anglo-French Relations,

1914–45 78

Andrew Thorpe

6 Churchill and de Gaulle: Makers and Writers of

History 105

David Reynolds

7 The Singularity of Suez in Post-War Anglo-French

Relations: Une Entente mal entendue 124

Peter Catterall

8 De Gaulle and Anglo-French Mésentente, 1958–67 143

James Ellison

9 Franco-British Relations during the Wilson Years,

1964–70 162

John W. Young

10 From Heath to Thatcher, 1970–90 184

John Campbell

11 A Complex Alliance: The Explosive Chemistry of

Franco-British Relations in the Post-Cold War World 198

Klaus W. Larres

Index 219

vi Contents

Notes on Contributors

Robert Boyce teaches international history at the London School

of Economics. He has published several books including British

Capitalism at the Crossroads, 1919–1932: A Study in Politics, Economics

and International Relations (1987), (editor and translator), French

Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great

Power (1998), (edited with Joseph Maiolo), The Origins of World War

Two: The Debate Continues (2003), and some forty articles on aspects

of twentieth-century international economic and political history.

His new book, The Dual Crisis: The Collapse of the International

Economic and Political Systems between the Two World Wars, and the

Origins of Our Time, will be published soon.

John Campbell is a freelance political historian and biographer. His

books include Edward Heath, which won the 1994 NCR Award for

Non-Fiction, and two volumes on Margaret Thatcher, The Grocer’s

Daughter (2000) and The Iron Lady (2003). His latest, If Love Were All

...: The Story of Frances Stevenson and David Lloyd George, will be pub-

lished in 2006.

Antoine Capet, FRHistS, is Professor of British Studies at the

University of Rouen (France). His Doctorat d’État, on Le poids des

années de guerre: Les classes dirigeantes britanniques et la réforme sociale,

1931–1951, was published in book form in 1991. He is currently

‘Britain since 1914’ Section Editor of the Royal Historical Society

Bibliography and sits on the Editorial Committees of Cultural and

Social History and Twentieth Century British History. As head of the

CERCLA research group at Rouen, he has organised many confer-

ences with invited British scholars, notably one on Anglo-French

relations in 2004, from which this book is largely derived.

Peter Catterall teaches history and public policy both at the

Hansard Society and at Queen Mary, University of London, and

European Studies at Cass Business School. He has published extensive-

ly on twentieth-century British history, including the award-winning

vii

British History 1945–1987: An Annotated Bibliography (Oxford:

Blackwell, 1990). The founder editor of National Identities, he also edit-

ed Contemporary British History from 1991 to 2003. Currently he is edit-

ing for publication the diaries of Harold Macmillan, the first volume

of which appeared in 2003.

James Ellison is Senior Lecturer in Modern and Contemporary

History at Queen Mary, University of London. He is a specialist on

Anglo-American and Anglo-European relations after 1945 and has a

specific interest in the history of the Cold War and European inte-

gration. Anglo-French relations are a particular theme in his

research as can be seen in his first book, Threatening Europe: Britain

and the Creation of the European Community, 1955–58 (London:

Macmillan, 2000). They are also an important feature of his next

book on Anglo-American relations and the Gaullist challenge of the

1960s.

Klaus Larres is Professor of History and International Affairs and

Director of Research at the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland.

He is also a Distinguished Scholar at the Library of Congress in

Washington, DC, where he previously held the Henry A. Kissinger

Chair in Foreign Policy and International Relations. He has

published widely on transatlantic relations, including Churchill’s Cold

War: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy (Yale University Press, 2002).

He currently works on a study of European-American relations

from the Cold War to the post-Cold War world and is completing

a book on Germany since World War II (Oxford University Press,

2008).

Kenneth O. Morgan was Fellow of The Queen’s College, Oxford,

1966–89, Vice-Chancellor in the University of Wales, 1989–95, and

since 2000 has been a Labour member of the House of Lords as Lord

Morgan of Aberdyfi. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy

in 1983. His twenty-five books on British and Welsh history include

six on Lloyd George. He has lectured widely in France and is attached

to the University of Rouen research school. His new biography of

Michael Foot for Harper Collins will be published shortly.

viii Notes on Contributors

John Ramsden is Professor of Modern History at Queen Mary,

University of London. He has contributed all three twentieth-centu-

ry volumes to the Longman History of the British Conservative Party,

and published in 2001 a single-volume history of the Party, An

Appetite for Power. In 2003 he produced Man of the Century: Winston

Churchill and his Legend since 1945, a book on The Dam Busters film of

1955, and (as General Editor) the Oxford Companion to 20th-Century

British Politics. His study of British views of twentieth-century

Germany, Don’t Mention the War, appeared in May 2006.

David Reynolds is Professor of International History at Cambridge

University and a Fellow of the British Academy. He is the author or

editor of ten books including Britannia Overruled: British Policy and

World Power in the Twentieth Century (1991), The Origins of the Cold

War in Europe (editor, 1994), and In Command of History: Churchill

Fighting and Writing the Second World War (2004), which was awarded

the Wolfson History Prize.

Andrew Thorpe is Professor of Modern British History at the

University of Exeter, UK. His publications include The British General

Election of 1931 (Clarendon Press, 1991), Britain in the 1930s

(Blackwell, 1992), A History of the British Labour Party (1997; 2nd edn,

Palgrave, 2001), and The British Communist Party and Moscow,

1920–1943 (Manchester University Press, 2000). He is currently com-

pleting a monograph on party organisation in Second World War

Britain for Oxford University Press.

Andrew Webster is the European Union Centre Lecturer in

Modern European History at Murdoch University, Perth, Western

Australia. His Ph.D. dissertation at Cambridge University was on

‘Anglo-French relations and the problems of disarmament and secu-

rity, 1929–1933’ (2001). He has published several articles on Anglo-

French relations and the disarmament process between the world

wars, and is presently writing a history of international disarmament

between 1899 and 1945.

John W. Young holds the Chair of International History at the

University of Nottingham. He is the author of Britain, France and the

Notes on Contributors ix