Camp J. The Archaeology of Athens

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seum near Zea. Here, too, are displayed a collection of

marble reliefs dredged out of the large harbor.

Dated to the second century a.d., they are copies or

adaptations of Classical sculptures made for ex-

port to Rome. Among the scenes are several pairs

of dueling figures taken from the Amazono-

machy which adorned the shield of Pheidias’

chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos in

the Parthenon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

General

Frazer, G. Pausanias’ Description of Greece. Lon-

don, 1898. Vol. 2, pp. 6–32.

*Garland, R. The Piraeus. Ithaca, 1987.

Judeich, W. Topographie von Athen. Munich,

1931. Pp. 430–456.

Panagos, C. Le Pirée. Athens, 1968.

Steinhauer, G. Tav Mnhmei

a kaiv tov ΔArcaio-

logikov Mousei

o tou

Peiraia

. Athens 1998.

Von Eickstedt, K. Beiträge zur Topographie des antiken Piräus. Athens, 1991.

Bronze Statues

Daux, G. “Chronique de fouilles, 1959.” BCH 84 (1960), pp. 647–653.

Vanderpool, E. “News Letter from Greece.” AJA 64 (1960), pp. 265–266.

Kallithea Tomb

Daux, G. “Archaeological Reports for 1967–68.” JHS (1968), p. 6.

Daux, G. “Chronique de fouilles, 1967.” BCH (1968), pp. 749 ff.

Tsirivakos, N. AAA (1968), pp. 35–36 and 108–109, and (1971), pp. 108–110.

298 SITE SUMMARIES

262

261. Bronze statue of Athena, found in Peiraieus,

4th century b.c.

[To view this image, refer to

the print version of this title.]

Neo-Attic Reliefs

Harrison, E. B. “Motifs of the City-Siege on the Shield of Athena Parthenos.” AJA (1981),

pp. 281–317.

Stephanidou-Tiberiou, Th. NEOATTIKA. Athens, 1979.

Skeuotheke

Arch. Delt. 44 (1989, 1995), B, p. 50.

Jeppesen, K. Paradeigmata. Arhus, Denmark, 1958.

PHYLE

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, AND SIGNIFICANCE

Phyle was the site of a deme and border fort on Mount Parnes, about 20 kilometers

north of Athens (see figs. 128, 146). It was special to the Athenians as the place the exiled

Attica 299

262. Amazonomachy, marble relief copied from the shield of the Athena Parthenos in the 2nd century

a.d.; found with several other similar reliefs in Peiraieus harbor.

[To view this image, refer to

the print version of this title.]

democrats first seized on their way to overthrow the Thirty Tyrants in 403 b.c. Xenophon

(Hell. 2.4.2–7) and Diodorus Siculus (14.32–33) describe the campaign in detail; inscrip-

tions record various rewards for those who fought; and orators refer to these events as well.

The present, well-preserved fort is thought by most to date to a little later than the events of

403. It encircles the eastern half of a steep rocky crag overlooking the most direct north-

south route from Attica to Boiotia. The walls still stand several meters high in places, bro-

ken at intervals by four towers and two gates. In later times Phyle was a regular Athenian

garrison fort and appears in numerous military inscriptions. Repairs were carried out on it

in the 330s (IG II

244), and at the end of the fourth century it was garrisoned by Kassander

before being seized by Demetrios Poliorketes (Plutarch, Demetrios 23.2).

The unexcavated deme site lies several hundred meters to the east, around an abun-

dant spring. Farther east still, in a deep ravine, is a cave sacred to Pan; here were found

fragments of reliefs and hundreds of late Roman lamps. The spot is usually identified

as the shrine of Pan referred to by the god himself in the opening lines of Menander’s

Dyskolos:

Imagine the scene is in Attica—it’s Phyle—and the nymphaion from which I

come belongs to the people of Phyle and those who can farm the rocks there, a

very famous sanctuary.

EXCAVATIONS

Excavations at the fortress were carried out by the German Archaeological Institute in

the 1920s. The cave of Pan was excavated by A. Skias for the Archaeological Society in

1900–1901.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cave of Pan

Rhomaios, K. Arch. Eph. (1905), pp. 99–158, and (1906), pp. 89–116.

Skias, A. Arch. Eph. (1918), pp. 1–28.

Fort

Wrede, W. “Phyle.” Ath. Mitt. 49 (1924), pp. 153–224.

300 SITE SUMMARIES

Notes

For honors paid to the heroes of Phyle, both citizens and foreigners, see Aeschines,

Against Ktesiphon 187 and IG II

10. For Demetrios’ retaking of the fort, see Plutarch,

Demetrios 23; and for assorted epigraphical references to the garrisons stationed there, see

IG II

244, 614b, 867 (⫽ 998), 1299, 1304–1307, and 2971.

RHAMNOUS

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, AND SIGNIFICANCE

Rhamnous was the northeasternmost deme of Attica, situated on the coast north of

Marathon. It was famous in antiquity for its cult of Nemesis. Votive material at the sanc-

tuary suggests that the cult goes back to the sixth century b.c. Before the Persian Wars

there was a modest Doric temple and a simple fountain house on the site, but the main pe-

riod of the sanctuary is in the fifth century. A small temple built in the polygonal style was

erected first. It has a front porch, within which were found two marble thrones, one dedi-

cated to Nemesis, the other to Themis. Inside the temple proper were several pieces of

statuary, including a statue of Themis made in the third century, still standing on her in-

scribed base.

Just north of this small temple was a larger Doric temple dedicated to Nemesis which

is described by Pausanias (1.33; see figs. 106–108). It is a peripteral temple of six columns

by thirteen, with a pronaos (front porch), cella, and opisthodomos (back porch). Within the

cella stood the statue of Nemesis, sculpted probably by Agorakritos, standing on a sculpted

base. Fragments of both statue and base have been recovered, along with the cult or offer-

ing table which stood in front of the statue. The temple is built of local marble, and the fi-

nal carving of the architecture was never completed.

The actual deme of Rhamnous and the garrison fort which protected it are located on

a hill next to the sea, about 500 meters north of the sanctuary. A strong circuit wall with

square towers was built around the lower part of the hill. Within, excavations have revealed

traces of streets and houses and the remains of a small theater. Front-row seats of honor, in

the form of marble thrones dedicated to Dionysos, indicate that the orchestra was rectilin-

ear in plan. Also recovered have been numerous inscriptions carrying decrees in honor of

many officers of the garrisons stationed on this stretch of the Attic frontier, particularly in

the third century b.c.

On the slope opposite the town there was a small sanctuary of Amphiaraos. Early on,

Attica 301

263, 264

265

263. Rhamnous, plan of the sanctuary of Nemesis, acropolis, and fortress/deme-site by the sea.

in the fourth century, there are dedications to a local healing deity, Aristomachos. In the

third century Amphiaraos became increasingly prominent in the dedications. It may be

that the emphasis on Amphiaraos at certain periods ref lects the degree of Athenian control

over his more famous sanctuary at Oropos, immediately to the north.

Connecting the town with the sanctuary and then continuing southward into the

plain was a road, lined on either side with tombs. Many handsome sculpted grave stelai and

inscriptions have been recovered, along with the terrace walls built to define individual

family plots.

EXCAVATIONS

Rhamnous was first investigated by J. P. Gandy for the Society of the Dilettanti in

1813. D. Philios undertook work for the Archaeological Society in 1880, and B. Staies con-

tinued in 1891–1892. Since 1975 the work of the society has been carried out under the di-

rection of B. Petrakos.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Miles, M. M. “A Reconstruction of the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous.” Hesperia 58

(1989), pp. 133–249.

Attica 303

264. Ground plan of the Doric Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous.

265. Statue of Themis, dedicated

in the small temple at Rhamnous,

3rd century b.c.

[To view this image, refer to

the print version of this title.]

Petrakos, B. Annual reports in the Praktika and Ergon (Athens) throughout the 1990s.

Petrakos, B. Arch. Eph. (1987), pp. 267–298.

Petrakos, B. O DHMOS TOU RAMNOUNTOS. 2 vols. Athens, 1999.

Petrakos, B. Filiva ΔEph (Mylonas festschrift). Athens, 1987. Vol. 2, pp. 295–326.

Petrakos, B. Rhamnous. Athens, 1991.

Pouilloux, J. La Forteresse de Rhamnonte. Paris, 1954.

Society of the Dilettanti. The Unedited Antiquities of Attica. London, 1817.

SOUNION

DESCRIPTION, HISTORY, AND SIGNIFICANCE

Cape Sounion lies at the southernmost tip of Attica. On the cape itself were a sanctu-

ary of Poseidon and a fortified settlement. A sanctuary of Athena lay on a lower hill to the

northeast; here are found the earliest remains on the site. Sounion is not mentioned in the

literary tradition as one of the

early settlements of Attica, and

only limited Bronze Age mate-

rial has been found. The site

was known in Homeric times,

however, and the earliest mate-

rial may be associated with that

reference. According to the

myth, when Menelaus was on

his way back from the Trojan

War he stopped and buried his

helmsman, Phrontis, on the

cape (Odyssey, 3.278–283):

Now we were sailing to-

gether on our way from

Troy, the son of Atreus

Attica 305

266

266. Sounion, plan of the fort and

the sanctuary of Poseidon.

and I, in all friendship; but when we came to holy Sounion, the cape of Athens,

there Phoibos Apollo assailed with his gentle shafts and slew the helmsman of

Menelaus, as he held in his hands the steering oar of the speeding ship, Phron-

tis the son of Onetor, who excelled the tribes of men in piloting a ship when the

storm winds blow strong. So Menelaus tarried there, though eager for his jour-

ney, that he might bury his comrade and over him pay funeral rites.

A rectangular pit more than 15 meters deep was found on the lower hill, full of early Archaic

votive offerings which have been associated with a cult of Phrontis. The material includes

Corinthian aryballoi (small oil jars), small terra-cotta figurines and heads, scarabs and

carved seals, and black-figured plaques. One eighth-century plaque shows a warship under

way with the helmsman carefully depicted.

Next on the hill was the small temple with two prostyle columns, thought to have

been built at the end of the sixth century b.c. Within is a statue base, presumably recovered

and reused after the Persian destruction of 480/79. It is not clear who was worshiped in

this little temple.

The principal temple on the lower hill was built in honor of Athena, probably in the

306 SITE SUMMARIES

267

267. Terra-cotta plaque from Sounion, showing ship with helmsman (Phrontis?), 8th century b.c.

[To view this image, refer to

the print version of this title.]

decade 460–450 b.c. (see figs.

104, 105). It was of the Ionic order,

perhaps the earliest example on the

mainland, made of local marble

from nearby Agrileza to the north.

It has an unusual plan, with ten

columns across the eastern facade,

twelve down the southern f lank,

and no columns on the west or

north.

The high headland itself was

appropriately dedicated to Posei-

don, god of the sea. The earliest ev-

idence of cult activity is a group of

more than a dozen sixth-century

Attica 307

268

269

268. Sounion, plan of the sanctuary

of Athena, mid-5th century b.c.

269. Sounion, drawing of the restored sanctuary of Athena.