
.
§2']
.
C
\
40'
IIPOBJI'EM'A,
yfiPABJIEHH5I
CHC~EMAMH
,
[r
JI,.
I
HOCTH:
KaKoro-JIlH60'
TeJla'
[177,
386]>
lJ'fO
KaCae'llCH"
peFy.JIlIT0-pOB
06paTHbIx
CBH3eH
B
pacrrpe;lJ.eJIeHHDlX
CH:CTeMaX, peaJIH3-ylOUJ;HX
aJI'FOpHTM
(3aKoH)
yrrpaBJIeHHH',
TO
3,l1.eCb
CneUH<pHtleCKHM' HBJIHeTCH
rrp06JIeM3
C03,l1.aHHSI
pacnpeiJelleHHblX
pe2YllflmOpOB
C
HenpepIiJBH'OH'
(HJIM
KBa3HHenpephIBHOH)
CTpyKTypOH
B
rrpocTpaHcTBe
[320).
Crre-
, UH<pHtleCKH
HX
MO>KHO
Ha3RaTh'
Henpepbt8Hol1
pacnpeiJelleHHoil.
ynpCUJ-
Ilflio~eu
cpeiJou,
KOTo·paH
OpraHHtleCKH
,lI.OJI>KHCl
.norrOJIHHTb
yFIpa.B-
JlH"eMBIH
o(heKT
H COCTaBJI5jTb C
HHM
e,ll.HHOe l.I,eJIoe, e,ll.HHylO
.<p
H
3H-
tlecKylO
cH'cTeMY,
06JIa,ll.alOIIJ:YIO
Tpe6yeMbIMH
CBoHcTBaMH
(yCTOHtlH-
BOCTblO,
OIITHMaJIbHOCTbIO,
Ha.u:e>KHOCTbIO H
.np.).
n
pHMep'
TaKOH
pacrrpe.n.eJIeHHoH
KBa3HHerrpepbIBHOH-
yrrpaBJIHIOIUeH
Cpe,ll.bI npHBe,ll.eH
B
rJIaBe
5 3TOH
KHHni.
.
Ba>KHeHUlHM
TeXRHlJeCKHM
Cpe,ll.CTBOM,
HCnOJIb3yeMbIM
npH
peIUe-
HHH
3a,ll.atl
yrrpaBJIeHHH
pacrrpe.neJIeHHbIMH
CHCTeMaMH, SIBJIHIOTCH
pa3JIHtlHOrO
po.na
BbItlHCJIHTeJIbHbIe
Cpe.ncTBa
(MaIUHHbI
Ii
yCTpOH-
CTBa).
ECJIH
OTBJIetlbCH
0'1'
YHHBepCaJIbHbIX
UH<PPOBbIX
BblqHCJIH-
TeJIbHbIX
MaIUHH
llIHpoKoro
Ha3HatleHHH,
TO
HMeetcH
60JIbIUOH
KJIaCC
CneI:l>H<pHtleCKHX
BbltlHCJIHTeJIbHbIX
Cpe.u:CTB,
CrreUHaJIbHO
rrpe.nHa<:JHa-
tlelJHbIX
,lI.JISI
peIUeHHSI
P33JIHtlHorO
po;n,a
3a.natl,
CiHl'3aHHbIX
C'
)D'ac-
npe.ll:eJIeHHbIMH
rrapaMeTpaMH.
3.neCb
M0>KHO
YKa3aTb
Ha
CJIe:nYIOUJ;He
BbIqHCJIHTeJIbHBIe
cpe).{CTRa:
BbIqHCJIHTeJIbHble
6JIOKH
aHaJIOrOBblX
3JIeKTpOHHbIX
MO,ll.eJIHpYIOIUHX
yCTaHoBOK
C
6JIOKaMH,
HMelOw,HMH
mpanc4eHiJeHmHbte
H uppa4U01WIlbHble
nepeiJamoflHble
cPYl-llCL~UU.
(3a-
rra'3'.nbIBaHHe',
rrOJIyanepHo:n:'HqeCKOe
3BeHO
H T.
.n.);
CemOliftbte
MoiJellu
c rraCCHB'HbIMH H
aKTHBHbIMH
3JIeMeHT8MH;
npOBOOflUl,afl
6YMQ2a
H
,lI.p.;
2u6puOHble
BblitUCllumellbHbte
MatUUHbl
C
naMHTblO,
aHaJIOrOBOH
lJaCTI:lIO H
nporpaMMHblM
yrrpaBJIeHHeM;
HenpepbJBHble
MHKpOCTpyK-
TypbI
H
T.
,lI..
nepeH,lI.eM
Tenepb'
K paCCMOTpeHHIO KJIacc"!<pHKal.l,HM'
rro
JIMHHH
«TeupHH»,
KOTOpyIO
MO>KHO
Ha3BaTb
«MemOObl
onucaHuR». MeTO,ll.bI
OFlHcaHHH
MO>KHO
pa3.neJIHTb
Ha
.nBa
KJIaCca:
cPU3UlieCKoe
onucanue
H
MameMamUt~eCKoe
onucaHue.
npH
q;u3uliecKOM
onucaHUU ,lI.eJIeHHe
pacrrpe,ll.eJIeHHbIX
CHCTeM
B03MO>KHO
rro
pasMepHocmu
3aHRMae'Moro
HMH npocmpaHcmoa:
OOHO-
MepHble
(CTpYHa,
HHTb
H T.
.n.),
o8yMepHbte
(BOJIHbI
Ha
rrOBepXHOcTH
>lm:nKOCTH),
mpeXMepHble
(,lI.aBJIeHHe
ra3a
B
cocy.ne),
n-MepHble.
ECJIH
Oco60
BbI.neJIHTb
TaKylO
<pH3HlJeCKYIO
BeJIHlJHHY,
KaK
8peJrifl,
TO
pacrrpe.neJIeHHbIe
CHCTeMBI MOJKHO rrO,ll.pa3;lJ.eJIHTb'
Ha
cmamUliecKue
(He'H3MeHHbIe
BO
BpeMeHH)
H
OUftaMUlieCKue
(MeHSIlOll.I,HeCH
BO
BpeMeHH).
IIp
yrae
,lI.eJIeHHe
rro
«<pH3HtrecKOMY
orrHcaHHIO»:
CKallflpHafl
Be;llH-
4HHa
(TEhdrrepaTypa);
8eKmOpHafl
BeJIHqHHa
(CKopoctb),meH30pHafl
BeJIHq!'lH8
(TeH30p
Harrp5l'>KeHHH,
teH30p
.nH3JIeKTpHqeCKOH
rrpOHH-
l.laeMOOTH):'
Clie,ll.ytow,ee
.neJIeHHe
rro
«<pH3HQeCKOMY
orrHcaHHIO»
......
3'1'0 ,lI.eJIeHHe
IIG
BUOY
cnllOUlHVU
cpeiJbt:
rfl,fJepooe
mellO,
m;ui}l"oomb
2(13,
nlUl8Ma,
t
06ln!ll:(,ue
cpefJbl,
c;
.,
'"
'l(JIACCI1
<t>11
l(AUI1'SI
3A.lJ:A
4
11
MtrO;lJ.(}B
·47
¢HHH-1.JeCKOe -OrrHCaHH-e',MO>KeT
;110.n:p,a·3,l1.e~HTbCR
'110
'Bulgy
rt,pfJ4ecca
H'a:
-cPu3ul£ecKwu,
,xU'MUtteCKuU,
6uoiloeUlieOKUtU
(pacnpe;n.eJle-HHe
'Flony-
;JIHUHH').
BKoHoMUliecKuu
.(rroJIe
npOH3Bo.nwreJIe:H,
nOJIe
rrorpe6HTeJle'H,
'
-paC'Il.pe.ne:neHHH: .nGXO.nOB,
'pa'cxo.nOB
'Ii
'T.:II..'),
COUHaJIbHbIH,
'Te'XHGrJJO-
rHlJeCKHH.
,Hal160;TIee
,p.a3Hoo6pa3HbIH
BH,lI.rrp0l.l,eCCOB-3TOrrOCJIe,ll.HUH,
T(~X
'HOJIOrHtleCKHH
BH,lI.
•.
Ha
HeM
C-JIe,ll.yeT
0CTaHOBHTbCH'nOJlp06Hee.
3.neCb
\ '
'MO>KHO
YKaa8Tb
TaR-He'
,OCHOBHble TeXHOJIOrW.JeCKHe
npoueCCbI
'npo-
, ,
'H3Bo:n:CTBa
(o6p'a60TKH):
HarpeB
(nJIaMeH-Hbr!1, HH,lI.YKUHOH,HbI;H,
pegH-
'CTOpHbI.H,
nJJaaMeH.HbIH,
'a3pO;ll,HHaMH1.JeCKHH, paAHal.l,HOHHbI-H, l<:OH.BeK-
"
THBHbIH,
'CMewaHHbIH,
C
'BHyTpeHH.HMH
.HCTOQ,HHKaMH
TerrJIa,
C
'l1epe-
Me,lUH,B·aHHeM H
rrepeCbmaHHeM),
cymKa,
·yBJIa>KHeHHe,
B03fOHKa,
OCa>K,lI.eHHe, >BbInl,'lpHBaHHe., KOH,lI;eHCaUHH\ ,<pHJJbT-pal.l,Hfl,
pa3rOHK:a
··no
"
<ppaKl.I,HHM,
CMemeHHe,pa
~.neJIeHHe,
peKTH<pHl<:al.l,HH,
paCTBopeHHe,
ra'3HtjmKauHH,
a6cop6l.1,H.H,
a.ncop6UHH,
peCOpOl.l,H5I,
rrJIaBJIeHHe,
3a-
TBepjl,eBHHHe,
~pHCTaJIJIH3aUHH,
nepeK,pHCT8JIJIH2,aUHH,
'OOJKHr,
crre~a
H,He,
·OT>KHr,
TepMHQeCKaH
o6pa60TKa,
KOBKa,
IUTaMnOBKa,
BOJIot'ieHwe,
-npOKaTKa,
'H,lI.epHble H
X.HMHHeCKHepeaKl.I,HH
C
.KaTaJIH3aTopa.M-H·1i
I,:
'oe3
KaT.aJIH3aTOpOB,
,HayrJIepO}K.HBaH.l1e,
JIerH,pOB8HHe,
Il;eMeHTaU1IH,
-TpaBneHHe,
,np0l.l,eCObI
BKHrrH-IlI.eM
CJIoe,
.peaaH.He,
.IUJIH<pc;>Ba.HHe
.H''r
•
.'-ilJ,.
Bo
Bcex
3THX
rrpoueccax
OQeHb Ba>K·HO rrOJIyl.J,HTb
Tpe6yeMoe
,pacnpe;n:eJIeHHe
orrpe,ll.eJI.HIOIlJ,HX
napaMeTp.OB
rro
BceMy,(HJIH3a,ll.aH-
HOMy)
06beMy
npOCTp,aHCTBa,
38HHMaeMoMy
o6pa6aThIBaeMbIM
MaTe-
-pHaJIOM.
. .
K
TeXHHqeCKHM
BH,lI.·aMrrp0l.l,eCCOB,
r.ne
cyIlJ,eCTBeHHoe
3Haq~HHe
.HMeeT
'pacrrpe;ll,eJIeHHOCTb
rrapaMeTpOB,
OTHOCHTCH
IUHPOKHH
KJIa.<.:C
'nomOIiHblX
npou38oiJcm8eHHblX
npOlfeCC08,
'KOTopbIe
MaTeMaT.HQeCK-H
OIlHCbIBaIOTC,H
y.paBHeHHHMHrrepeHoca.
3,I.J.eCb
xapaKTepHO
HC{np.a8-
tlel-moe
n:po88U:JlCeflUe
,o6pa6an,IBaeMoro
MaTepHaJla,
·era
rrepeMemeHue
'8
npOCTpaHCTBe.
~K
TaK0I10
po,ll.a
TeXHOJJOfHqeCKHM
npoueccaM
OT·HO-
-C-HTCW
rrpoueCCoI
crreKaHHSI,
'06>KHra,
a
rJIOMep
al.l"HH ,
peKTH<pHK8UHH,
TerrJIo06MeHa
(B
TerrJIoo6MeHHH,K3.X);
TpaBJIeHHH,
HaHeceHHH
nOKpbI-
THfl,
npOl<'aTKH,
HenpepbIBHOH
pa3JI·HBKH
'H
T.
,I.J..
-9TonpOCmbte
BHAbI.
np0l.l,eCCOB. O,ll.t-laKO
MO>KHO
paCCMaq-pHBaTb
H
'CflO:J/CHbte
(KOM6uHup08aHHble)
·BH,lI.bI
npoue<.:cOB,
HarrpHMep
<pH3HKO-
XHMHl.JeCI{HH
-HJIH
COl.l,HaJlbHO-6HOJIOfH",eCKHH
'H
T.
,lI..
,HaKOHel.l" «<pH3H.JIeCIWe
onHcaHHe».
CO,ll.ep>KaTeJIbHO no.np'aa,ll.en·R..
·eTCII
H3'BU{Jbl
,nOAeu,
,B
1.JaCTHOCTH, OTHOCHW,HXCH
·K
<pH3HKO-XHM.H-
:qeCKUMIIpoueccaM.
:BH,lI.bI nOJIeH
ueJI.ecoo6pa3HO
rro.npa3,l1.e·JlHT,b
\Ra
)I,Ha,THua:
;rrOJle
UHmeHCU8Ho~orrapaMeTpa(¢aKTOp21)
H ,nOJIe
3K:CmeU-
'
CU8H020
'rrapaMeTpa
(<paWfopa).
nOJIHMH
UHmeHCU8H.020
napaMeTpa
.H-B.lI~HIOTCH
CJIe,ll.ylOw,He ,rrORS!:
TeMrrepaTy:p
':T
,KORueHTp·aUHHC,
nepeMeiIJ,eHHH
6,
CKopocTeH
3/,
.naBJIeHHH
p,
MeXaHHQeCKHX
HanpH>KeHHH
0',
3JIeKTpHtleCKHX
110TeH-
:UH.aJIQB
U, 3JleK,TpUtleCKH'X 'TOKOB
/,
SJIeK1tpWleCKHXHarrpH}K.eHHO-
cTeH
E,
-MarHHTHbI'X
HHtJ.¥KIJI.HH
B,
"pa<)'xO;ll,OB' Q H T.;lJ..
'<
,