1.10. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ – ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɧɢɯ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ
ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ: ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɸ (ɤɨɧɞɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ). ȿɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɞɚ, ɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ
ɪɚɫɱɺɬɚ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɺɩɥɵɣ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɵ.
1.11. Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ
ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ, ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣ ɩɚɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ),
ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ
ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɭ, ɨɬ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ (ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɧɨ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ
ɫɱɺɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɦɚɯ. Ɍɟɩɥɨ
ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɜɚɧɧ, ɚɤɜɚɪɢɭɦɨɜ, ɫ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɤɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɑɚɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɢ ɤ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɦ
ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɬɟɪɹɟɦɨɝɨ. ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ
ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ:
¨Q=Q
ɩɨɫɬ.i
-Q
ɩɨɬ.ʁ
,
ɝɞɟ Q
ɩɨɫɬ.ɿ
– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɟ ɨɬ ɿ – ɨɝɨ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ, Q
ɩɨɬ.ʁ
– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹɧɧɨɟ
(ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɨɟ) ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ʁ – ɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ¨Q – ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɛɵɬɤɢ (ɟɫɥɢ ¨Q>0)
ɢɥɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ (ɟɫɥɢ ¨Q<0), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ-
ɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɚɧɧ ɫ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ
ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: Q=F·q ,
ɝɞɟ F - ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɚ q – ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ.