Buschow K.H.J. (Ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials
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CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MAGNETIC & SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIALS
SECOND EDITION
i
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K.H.J. BUSCHOW
The Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology
Major reference work
2001, ISBN: 0-08-043152-6
R. CAHN
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F. FIORILLO
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Handbook of Magnetic Materials
Book Series, 15-Vol set.
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ii
CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
MAGNETIC & SUPERCONDUCTING
MATERIALS
SECOND EDITION
Editor
K.H.J. BUSCHOW
University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam—Boston— Heidelberg—London—New York—Oxford
Paris—San Diego—San Francisco—Singapore—Sydney—Tokyo
iii
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Second edition 2005
ISBN-13: 978-0-08-044586-1
ISBN-10: 0-08-044586-1
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CONTENTS
Editor’s Preface to Second Edition vii
Honorary Editorial Advisory Board for First Edition viii
Foreword to First Edition ix
Executive Editor’s Preface to First Edition xi
Editors’ Preface to First Edition xiii
Guide to Use of the Encyclopedia xv
Alphabetical List of Articles xvii
Articles 1
List of Contributors 1269
Subject Index 1281
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EDITOR’S PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
The Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and Superconducting Materials combines in a single volume articles
written by leading authorities in these fields, aiming at giving a complete cross-section of the science and
technology of magnetic and superconducting materials. It is a successor of the Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic
and Superconducting Materials edited by Jan Evetts and published in 1992. In the present volume, the majority
of articles deal with the advances of recent years, combining new developments in the field of magnetism and
superconductivity with earlier articles describing the achievements reached in those topological areas that have
kept their fires burning. Already many decades ago, physicists have abandoned the idea that the occurrence in
the same material of localized magnetic moments and superconductivity is mutually exclusive. The advent of
high-T
c
superconductors in particular has shown that magnetism and superconductivity are intimately
connected and theoretical and experimental studies of the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity
have become an area of its own right. But it is not only the strong mutual interest of scientists working in the
field of magnetic and superconducting materials that has made it desirable to combine both issues in a single
volume. Also from the applications side there is an increasing overlap between superconductivity and
magnetism, magnetic bearings based on high-T
c
superconductors and superconducting permanent magnets
being prominent examples. One can even go one step further and say that electrical conduction and magnetic
polarization have increasingly become intertwined in many materials in recent years. The recognition that the
magnetoresistive effect can advantageously be utilized in magnetic sensor and read head applications has led to
a proliferation of research in this area, eventually culminating in the observation of the giant- and colossal
magnetoresistance effects. New exciting phenomena have surfaced including spin-, charge- and orbital ordering
in a variety of magnetic and superconducting materials.
The majority of articles contained in the present version of the Concise Encyclopedia of Magnetic and
Superconducting Materials have been drawn from the Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology
(EMSAT for short). This encyclopedia consists of 10 volumes containing about 2000 articles. It was published
only recently, in 2001. Included in the present volume are about 40 newly commissioned articles that will also
appear in the electronic updated version of EMSAT. Bearing in mind that progress in materials technologies
cannot occur without the benefit of the underlying science, both encyclopedias have aimed at a proper balance
between articles dealing with technology of materials and fundamental science. The present volume has been
tailored to meet the demands of smaller institutions, industrial companies and individual scientists for which
research and development in the field of magnetic and superconducting materials is at a premium. In the last
decade, research in the field of magnetism has received substantial impetus from information technology.
Therefore, it is not surprising that a considerable number of magnetism articles in the present volume deal with
magnetic and magneto-optic recording and the physics behind it. The articles in the present volume have been
selected to provide the readership with a comprehensive coverage of materials properties, the design and
principles of operation of devices in which particular materials have been applied and the fundamental
phenomenology of magnetism and superconductivity. Each of the articles contains a reference list opening the
way to more detailed and more deepened studies. Considerable attention has been paid to cross-reference
various articles appearing in this volume with each other, providing as far as possible a coupling between
materials, devices and phenomenology.
I wish to thank all authors who have responded affirmatively to my invitation to contribute an article on
magnetism or superconductivity. In retrospect, I realize that I may have twisted the arms of some of my
colleagues somewhat too strongly when convincing them to finish their article in time, presenting a
comprehensive coverage of their specialistic topic and complying with the requirements of style and length set
by the Publisher.
The task to provide the readership with an extensive coverage including novel trends and achievements in the
areas of magnetism and superconductivity would have been extremely difficult without the professionalism of
Pergamon Press. I am particularly indebted to Ms. Amanda Weaver and Mr. David Sleeman for their great help
and expertise.
K.H.J. Buschow
Editor
vii
HONORARY EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
FOR THE FIRST EDITION
Chairman
Walter S Owen
MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
Senior Advisory Editor
Michael B Bever
w
MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
H Kent Bowen
MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
Gilbert Y Chin
w
AT&T Bel l Laboratories
Murray Hill, NJ, USA
Jack W Christian FRS
University of Oxford, UK
Derek Hull FRS
University of Cambridge, UK
Sir Peter Hirsch FRS
University of Oxford, UK
Anthony Kelly CBE FRS
University of Surrey
Guildford, UK
viii
FOREWORD TO FIRST EDITION
In the time since its publication, the Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering has
been accepted throughout the world as the standard reference about all aspects of materials.
This is a well-deserved tribute to the scholarship and dedication of the late Editor-in-Chief,
Professor Michael Bever, to the Subject Editors and to the numerous contributors.
During its preparation, it soon became clear that change in some areas is so rapid that
publication would have to be a continuing activity if the Encyclopedia were to retain its
position as an authoritative and up-to-date systematic compilation of our knowledge and
understanding of materials in all their diversity and complexity. Thus, the need for some form
of supplementary publication was recognized at the outset. The Publisher has met this
challenge most handsomely: both a continuing series of Supplementary Volumes to the main
work and a number of smaller encyclopedias, each covering a selected area of materials science
and engineering, are in the process of publication.
Professor Robert Cahn, the Executive Editor, was previously the editor of an important
subject area of the main work and many other people associated with the Encyclopedia have
contributed or will contribute to its Supplementary Volumes and derived Concise
Encyclopedias. Thus, continuity of style and respect for the high standards set by the
Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering are assured. They have been joined by some
new editors and contributors with knowledge and experience of important subject areas of
particular interest at the present time. Thus, the Advisory Board is confident that the new
publications will significantly add to the understanding of emerging topics wherever they may
appear in the vast tapestry of knowledge about materials.
The appearance of the Supplementary Volumes and the series Advances in Materials Science
and Engineering is an event which will be welcomed by scientists and engineers throughout the
world. We are sure that it will add still more luster to a most important enterprise.
Walter S Owen
Chairman
Honorary Editorial Advisory Board
ix