Burton Stein. A History of India
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A HISTORY OF
INDIA
Second Edition
BURTON STEIN
Edited by David Arnold
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
A HISTORY OF
INDIA
THE BLACKWELL HISTORY OF THE WORLD
General Editor : R. I. Moore
* The Origins of Human Society
Peter Bogucki
* A History of India
Second Edition
Burton Stein
A History of South - East Asia
Anthony Reid
A History of China
Morris Rossabi
* A History of Japan
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* A History of Australia,
New Zealand and the Pacifi c
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& Marivic Wyndham
A History of the Eastern
Mediterranean
Nicholas Doumanis
The Western Mediterranean and
the World
Teofi lo F Ruiz
A History of Western Europe
Robin Briggs
A History of Central and Northern
Europe
Robert Frost
* A History of Russia, Central Asia
and Mongolia: Volume I
David Christian
A History of Russia, Central Asia
and Mongolia: Volume II
David Christian
A History of the Ancient Americas
Fred Spier
* A History of Latin America
Available in third edition as ‘ A
History of Latin America to 1825 ’
Peter Bakewell
Foundations of the Modern World
R. I. Moore
The Early Modern World
Sanjay Subrahmanyam
* The Birth of the Modern World
C. A. Bayly
The Crisis of the Modern World
C. A. Bayly
* Denotes title published
A HISTORY OF
INDIA
Second Edition
BURTON STEIN
Edited by David Arnold
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This second edition fi rst published 2010
© the estate of Burton Stein, 1998, 2010; except for second edition editorial material
copyright © David Arnold 2010
Edition history: Blackwell Publishers Ltd (1e, 1998)
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to be identifi ed as the author of the editorial material of the second edition of this work,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stein, Burton, 1926–1996.
A history of India / Burton Stein. – 2nd ed. / edited by David Arnold.
p. cm. – (The Blackwell history of the world)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. India–History. I. Arnold, David,
1946– II. Title.
DS407.S82 2010
954–dc22
2009045122
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10 on 12pt Plantin by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
Printed in Malaysia
1 2010
v
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations viii
List of Maps x
Series Editor’s Preface xi
Introduction to Burton Stein’s A History of India xiv
Acknowledgements to First Edition xxii
PART I 1
1 Introduction 7
The Physical Setting 8
The Social Setting 14
Resituating Communities and States 21
Historian’s Choice 35
PART II ANCIENT INDIA 37
Chronology 38
2 Ancient Days 39
The Pre-formation of Indian Civilization 39
Vedic Culture 46
Political and Religious Developments 53
Religion in the Later Vedic Period 59
The Nature of the Mauryan Kingdom 68
Towards the Classical Pattern 75
Early Hinduism 79
Developments in the South 84
The Age of the Early Empires 85
The Gupta Classical Pattern 90
The Classical Pattern Elaborated and Extended: the South 96
Contents
vi
PART III MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN INDIA 103
Chronology 104
3 Medieval India 105
Introduction 105
Medieval Kingdoms 110
The Role of the Southern Kingdoms 124
The Advent of Islam 129
The Indian Development of Islam 138
The Deccan and the South 146
Vijayanagara 147
States and Communities 150
4 Early Modern India 155
Introduction 155
The Mughal Empire 159
The Wars of the Mughal Succession 171
The Last Act of the Mughals 179
The Maratha Moment 185
The Shadow of Europe 193
5 The East India Company 196
Introduction 196
The Joint Trajectory of Development 201
The Company Perpetuates the Past 211
The Emergence of a New Order 215
Mutiny and Revolt 222
Late Company Rule 223
PART IV CONTEMPORARY SOUTH ASIA 225
Chronology 226
6 The Crown Replaces the Company 227
The Contemporary State 227
After the Mutiny 229
The Rule of the Raj 239
The Political Economy of the Late Nineteenth Century 247
Cultural Change, Education and New Classes 253
The Politicization of Class, Caste and Gender 262
7 Towards Freedom 274
Two Types of Nationalism 274
Early Congress and Its Adversaries 277
War, Sacrifi ce and Mass Political Mobilization 287
Imperialism’s Paradoxical Enemy 289
The First Campaigns 294
Contents
vii
Between Campaigns 299
Conditions for a New Politics 306
8 Gandhi’s Triumph 308
Civil Disobedience 308
The Left in Politics 325
The Right Prevails 332
War and the Last Act Begins 338
The Bitter Victory of Partition 348
9 New States, Old Nations 357
Territorial Passage 357
The Promises of Independence 358
Pakistan in Parallel 368
The Green Revolution: Promise of Plenty 376
Environmental Problems, Old and New 377
The Condition of Women: Broken Promises 384
Communal Politics: Shattered Pluralism 388
India and the World 393
Promises Kept, Promises Broken 396
10 Another India 398
The Nehruvian Consensus 399
Eroding Consensus 402
Failure on the Left 406
Hindu Nationalism 409
Rise of the Hindu Right 410
Economic Liberalization 413
The Indian State 417
Notes 421
Glossary of Non-English Terms 425
Further Reading 430
Index 435