Brown J.C. A Brief History of Argentina

A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARGENTINA

346

landowners 39, 40, 57, 75, 81,

92, 115, 117–118, 136, 138–

139, 223, 298, 301. See also

estancieros

Creoles 92

economic change and 168

economic nationalism and 175

hegemony of the 168

indigenous peoples and 132

during the liberal age 157–162

military and 131

ofﬁcer corps and 165–166

Perón and 205

Rosas and 122

La Pampa Province, Argentina 133

La Plata, Argentina 139–140, 203,

220, 237, 244, 276

Larden, Walter 146

La Rioja, Argentina 34, 94, 121,

262–263, 307c

La Rioja Province, Argentina 105

La Tablada army base 259, 260

Latin America xi, 280

Lavagna, Roberto 289, 291

Law of the Free Womb 309c

lay brotherhoods 71, 72

leather 35, 73, 156, 157

leftists xiii, 226, 230, 238, 250,

312c

Leloir, Luis Federico xi, 312c

Lerma Valley 29

liberal age 138–166

change during 166

class during 157–162,

163–166

economic growth during the

142–144

economics during 144–148,

145t

elites during 157–162

exports during 144–148,

145t

immigration during 148–

156, 149t, 150t, 157–162,

163–166

landowners during 157–162

manufacturing during

156–157

population during 150t

race during 163–166

technological change during

the 142–144

technology during 142–144

urbanization during 148–156

working class during

157–162

liberalism 91, 127–128, 138–166,

310c–311c

decline of 167–187, 188–189

Liberal Party 131

liberation movement. See

independence (political)

libertos 114

Lima, Peru 42–43, 51, 64, 72, 74,

90, 92, 97–99

Liniers, Santiago 84, 88, 90, 91,

308c

literacy x, 153–154

livestock 35, 38, 75–76, 114, 121,

122, 143, 146, 177, 193, 223

llamas 5, 6, 7, 9, 29

Llanquetruz 133

Locke, John 86

Locomotive Fraternity, the (La

Fraternidad) 176–177

Lonardi, Eduardo 213, 214,

215, 218

looting xii, 263, 276

López, Carlos Antonio 128

López, Estanislao 104–105

López, Jorge Julio 283

López Rega, José 238

Louis XIV (king of France) 62

loyalists 106, 309c

Lugones, Leopoldo 165

Lule, the 6

Luna, Félix 76

Luxembourg 242

machinery 147, 157

Magellan, Ferdinand 22, 306c

Maipo, Chile 97

maize. See corn

malbec x

Malvinas, the 253, 256, 279,

282, 312c

Argentine medics in 250

Argentine troops in 248

war in 247–252, 248, 250,

253, 256, 279, 282, 312c

management 200

manufacturing 67–68, 111,

142–143, 175, 188, 192, 199,

301, 311c

after World War II 206–207

beginnings of modern

156–157

growth of 193–198, 194t

during the liberal age

156–157

Perón and 213

Mapuche, the 8–9, 53, 54, 228,

307c, 308c

Maradona, Diego xii

Marcó del Pont, Agustín 90

Marcó del Pont, Francisco

Casimiro 90, 97

Marcó del Pont, Ventura Miguel

73, 81, 84, 88, 90, 109

Mar del Plata, Argentina 280

marochas 228

Martínez de Hoz, José 241, 243

masonry 5

Massera, Emilio 240, 257, 283

mate x, 37–38, 48, 49, 71, 94,

130, 263, 307c

Matienzo, José Nicolás 140

Mato Grosso, Brazil 130

Mazorca, the 126, 299

meat 75, 122, 147–148, 156–157,

174–175, 194, 288, 289

beef 29, 67, 84, 109, 138,

223, 266–267, 288, 294

chilled 147–148

dried 71, 72, 84, 107, 147

frozen 147–148

mutton 138

salted 74, 112, 147

steak 288

meatpacking industry 148, 174–

175, 175, 177, 199, 200, 211

British 177, 179, 192, 198

national 209, 222

strikes in 207

meat-salting plants 111, 114,

121, 122

media. See press, the

men 297

Creole 164

immigrants 153

indigenous 9–10, 14, 17–19,

48. See also hunters;

warriors

in the interior 121–122

slaves 41

Mendoza, Argentina x, 90, 97–98,

119, 125, 134, 168, 244, 301

in the colonial era 31, 40, 45,

47, 74, 81

economy of 121

farmers in 36–37, 36

founding of 29, 306c

racial composition of 67t

trade in 34, 36

wines from. See wine industry

Mendoza, Pedro de 22–23, 25,

33, 306c

Mendoza expedition 23, 48, 306c

Mendoza Province, Argentina

162, 177, 188, 228, 297

Menem, Carlos Saúl 259–260,

262–263, 264–268, 264, 276–

278, 281, 300, 313c

campaign for a second term

267

convertibility plan 288

corruption accusations against

269–270

economic reform and 264–

267, 268t

election of 262–264

interview with 265

neoliberalism and 264–267

pardoning of Galtieri 282

pensions and 292–293

the press and 268–270

reelection of 272

unemployment under 285

United States and 267, 269,

280

menemismo 267

Menéndez, Luciano 247

Menéndez, Mario 248, 250, 251

mercantilism 85

Mercedes-Benz 225

merchants 92, 106, 109–110, 301.

See

also

retailing

British 82

in Buenos Aires 66, 71–72

347

in the colonial era 31–32,

39–41, 57, 59–61, 63–64,

66–67, 69, 73, 77, 82

Creole 80, 85, 88, 89, 109

estancieros and 113

in the liberal age 157–158

mestizo 61

military and 131

Rosas and 122

Spanish 80–81, 84–85,

89–90, 109, 136, 308c

Mercosur (Mercado Común del

Sur/Common Market of the

South) 266–267, 272, 290, 313c

mercury 29, 51, 71, 80, 85

mestizos 93–94, 104, 113, 115–

116, 130, 136, 297–298

in the colonial era 23–25,

28–29, 31, 38, 40–41, 52,

57–58, 61, 307c

as gauchos 77

Jesuits and 61

revolt against Jesuits 61

rights of 68

in San Martín’s force 97

metal industry 60, 157, 195, 199,

207, 232

metals, precious 21.

Mexico 5, 20, 72, 274, 280

Mexico City, Mexico 72

middle class, the x, xii, 138, 166,

172, 213, 273, 285

authoritarianism and 298–299

corralito

and

288

coups d’etat and 216–217

Creole 167

economic crisis of 2001–2002

and 275

employment and 232

farmers’ strike of 2008 and

293–294

formation of 138–139

Great Depression and 184

immigrant 168–170

labor and 173

under Menem 267

in the military 130–131

nationalism of 195

Perón and 204–206, 208–

209, 213, 215–216

piqueteros and 286

populism and 204–206

unemployment and 271

urban 168–170

working-class violence and

171

youth of 232

military, the xiii, 140, 203, 253,

299

amnesty and 254–258, 278

blacks in 125

budget of 256, 258

Carapintada, the 258–261, 258

conscription 106, 113, 115–

116, 119, 128, 130, 165

Cordobazo and 231, 232

culpability of 254–261, 281

de-Peronization and 218–

222, 301, 312c

desertions from 106

the Dirty War and 243–247,

254–258, 281, 300, 301

economic crisis of 2001–2002

and 275

elites and 131

El Proceso and 240–243

factionalism in 220

formation of national army

128, 309c

guerrilla movement and

232–236

human rights abuses by 313c

impunity of 254–258, 281,

313c–314c

industrialization and 195

landowners and 131

merchants and 131

middle class in 130

military courts 68

nationalism and 180

oil industry and 196

Perón and 205, 208–209,

228, 237

porteños in 309c

Revolución Libertadora 312c

strikes and 310c

suicides and 279

War of the Triple Alliance and

128, 130–131

the working class and 130,

228–230

military coups 168, 216–217

of 1930 184–187, 185, 187,

196, 311c

of 1943 192–193, 201, 203,

311c

of 1955 (Revolución

Libertadora) 213, 226,

232, 312c

of 1966 231, 312c

of 1976 240, 312c

militias 103, 104, 106, 122, 125,

132, 133

blacks in 89, 91

colonial 68, 70, 82–84, 88

Creole-led 88–89, 90, 308c

Guaraní 61, 70

mulattoes in 91

porteño 139, 309c

provincial 128, 131, 139, 140

reorganization of 68, 70

Milstein, César xi, 313c

Minas Gerais, Brazil 60

Minimax 235

mining 28–29, 42, 62, 103, 106,

119, 290

Ministry of Justice 257

Miseli, Felisa 281

Misiones, Argentina 130

missions 38–39, 51, 55–56, 58–60,

61–63, 70–71, 307c, 308c

Mistral, Gabriela 216

mita 28

Mitre, Bartolomé 128, 130, 131,

143, 310c

mocetones 18

moderados 246–247

modernization xi, 27, 138–141,

147, 153, 168, 196, 198,

215–216

monasteries 28

monetarism 264, 266

monopolies 68, 72, 80, 131, 224,

307c, 308c

Monroe Doctrine 248

monteros 160

Montevideo, Uruguay 61, 74,

82–83, 90–91, 93, 94–95, 106,

127, 260, 307c, 308c

montoneros 92, 94, 119, 234–235,

235, 236–240, 239, 255, 256,

257, 261, 277, 282, 299, 312c

Montsanto 224

Moreno, Mariano 86, 89, 91

morenos 116. See also blacks

Mosconi, Enrique 180–182,

195, 225

Mothers of Plaza de Mayo 245–

246, 246, 247, 252, 254, 256,

259, 261, 282, 284, 312c

mulattoes 93, 94, 104, 113,

115–116, 120, 136

in the colonial era 41, 52,

68, 77, 89

as gauchos 77

in the militias 89, 91

rights of 68

Rosas and 124

in San Martín’s force 97

mules 29–32, 39, 60, 119

mule fair at Salta 29–31, 34,

35, 119

muleteers 45

mule trade 119

mule trains 28, 29, 42

multinational corporations 224–

225, 235, 312c

murder 256–257

music xi

Creole 155, 310c

gauchesque 155, 156, 190,

310c

musicians 155, 156, 190, 191,

264, 310c

Mussolini, Benito 204

Nación, La 279

Namúncura 133–134

Napoléon 79–80, 81, 87, 87, 308c

National Autonomist Party. See

PAN (Partido Autonomista

Nacional)

National Commission on

Disappeared Persons 254,

256–257

national industry 222

INDEX

A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARGENTINA

348

nationalism 86, 127, 166, 168, 170,

191–193, 204, 206, 276, 311c

antiforeign 122

economic 174–179, 179–184,

191–192, 195–196, 205,

208–209, 225

petroleum 179–184

nationalists, Perón and 208–209

nationalization 311c

nation building 103–137, 128, 140

natural resources xi

navy 104, 177, 195

Navy Mechanics School 245, 251,

257, 282–283, 284, 314c

Nazism 192, 206

Negroes. See blacks

Negro River 55

negros bozales 40

neoliberalism 253–274, 268–272,

276, 277, 285, 294, 301,

313c–314c

Neuquén, Argentina 133

Never Again (Nunca Más) 256–

257, 313c

New Granada, viceroyalty of 64

New Spain, viceroyalty of 64

Newton, Isaac 86

New York Times 246, 267, 269

New Zealand 194

Nicaragua 246

Night of the Long Pencils 233,

234, 312c

Night of the Saucepans 272, 273

Nobel Prize winners xi, 196, 252,

310c, 311c, 312c–313c

Noriega, Manuel 267

North America 21, 63, 109

nutria 14, 72

Oberto, Fabricio xi

Ocampo, Victoria 215, 216, 251,

311c

October 17, 1945 strike 201–204,

311c

ofﬁcer corps, the 68, 81–83, 130,

192–193, 299

Carapintada, the 258–261,

258

de-Peronization and 218–

220, 224, 235, 241

the Dirty War and 252,

256–258, 281, 284

in the liberal age 165–166

Perón and 205, 208–209,

213, 228

O’Higgins, Bernardo 97

oil industry, the 175, 177, 195–196,

241, 264–265, 285, 311c. See

lso petroleum nationalism;

Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales

(Federal Petroleum Deposits/YPF)

1922–1930 183t

1922–1940 195t

Arab oil boycott of 1973 241

foreign investment and

179–184

growth of 195t

nationalization of 179–184,

195t, 196, 209, 222, 225,

310c

oil prices 241, 311c

oil workers 177, 271, 285

privatization of 271

self-sufﬁciency and 226

ollas públicas 277

O’Neill, Paul 274

Onganía, Juan Carlos 220, 223,

230–232, 234–235, 240, 312c

On Heroes and Tombs (Sábato) 254

orientales 93, 94

Ortiz, Roberto M. 191, 192, 311c

ostriches 17, 72

outmigration 121–122

oxcarting 35, 119

Pachamama (goddess Mother

Earth) 105

Paciﬁc Oceans 22

Painted Faces, the 258–261, 278

Palermo Park xii

palisades 9

Palmolive 224

pampa

húmeda

288

Pampas, the x–xii, 135–136, 297

Araucanization of 53–56, 54

cattle raising on 51, 111–114

cereal crops in 143

in the colonial era 29, 47–52,

53–56, 54, 70, 75–78,

115–116

Darwin in 309c

estancias on 111–112, 114

immigrants on 159–162

immigration to 114–115

indigenous peoples in 70,

106, 128

indigenous peoples of the

133–134, 136, 308c

labor shortage in 124

land use in 115

peoples of 17–19

population increase on the

112

in the precolonial era 1, 3, 5,

8, 10, 14, 17–19, 23

racial division of labor on 115

rural production in 115

settlement of 75–78

sheep production on 114, 115

textiles from 121

warriors of 54

PAN (Partido Autonomista

Nacional) 138, 140–142, 167–

168, 171, 189

Panama 42, 277

Panama City, Panama 42

Paraguay x, xi, 96, 102, 106, 119,

266–267, 306c, 307c, 309c. See

also

speciﬁc

cities

caudillos

in 94–95

in the Chaco War 196

in the colonial era 29, 40, 45,

48, 50–51, 56–62, 64, 71,

79, 307c

economic integration into

Latin America 59–60

gatherers of yerba in 37–38

laborers from 227–229

population of, 1942 3t

in the precolonial era 1, 5, 9,

20, 23–25

Rebellion of Comuneros 307c

revolution and 92

Rosas and 126–127

trade in 60

War of the Triple Alliance and

128, 130–131

war with 104, 128, 130–131,

132–133, 136, 310c

Paraguayan Revolt of the

Comuneros 61, 62

Paraguay River 23, 58, 130

Paraná River 20, 23, 25, 29, 35,

37, 39, 58, 60, 104, 110, 121,

130, 306c

international trade on 127

Paraná River basin x, 5, 21, 119

pardos 89. See

also

mulattoes

Partido Autonomista Nacional.

See PAN (Partido Autonomista

Nacional)

pastoral production 111, 119,

144–148, 146

pastures 48, 147, 288, 289

Patagonia x, 135, 159, 225, 310c

in the colonial era 49, 53, 55

as federal oil reserve 179

indigenous peoples in 17–19,

128

oil industry in 271

in the precolonial era 1, 5, 10

seasonal labor in 228

settlement in 262

strikes in 173

patotas 243–245, 247, 299, 312c

patriarchy 172

patronage 140

patronas 297, 298

Paulista slaving expedition 307c

Pavón, battle of 104, 309c

Peace of Paris 308c

peanuts 9, 162

peccaries 14

Pehuenche, the 18

penal system, under Rosas 125, 126

pensions 292–293, 314c

peones 25, 114–116, 132, 170,

297, 301

Creole 164

military impressment and

118–119

strikes by 208

vagrancy laws and 117–119

People’s Revolution 92–96

peppers 5, 9

Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo xi, 252,

254, 312c–313c

349

Perón, Eva Duarte de xi, 209, 212,

216, 219, 230, 232–234, 238, 273

at 1947 rally 207

burial of 235–236

charity foundation of 210, 212

death of 211–212, 237

remains of 212, 261, 312c

Perón, Juan Domingo xi, xiii, 191,

193, 198, 204, 220, 229, 230,

233, 235, 239, 276, 277, 298

at 1947 rally 207

arrest of 197, 203, 311c

assassination attempts against

216

austerity program under 211

the Catholic Church and

205, 213

death of 237, 260–261

the economy and 206–207,

209–211, 223, 237

election of 206, 311c

Eva Perón and 212

in exile 219, 227, 235–236,

312c

fascism and 193, 204, 215,

216, 251

Frondizi and 219–220

Guevara and 221

industrialization and 205

in Italy 193, 204

as labor minister 193, 201,

202, 203, 205, 311c

the labor movement and 201,

203, 206, 231

the military and 213, 214,

215, 218, 225, 228, 237

nationalism and 204–206,

225–226

nationalization of railways by

208–209

October 17, 1945 strike and

203–204

opposition to 213, 215

petroleum nationalism and

225, 226

populism and 204–206

presidential campaign of

205–206

the press and 268

reelection of 215, 312c

remarriage of 236

resignation of 213

return of 232, 236–240

revision of the constitution by

213, 214, 215

rule of 206–217, 207

second term of 212

social inequities and 198–201

state-run industries and 175,

208–210

the United States and

205–206

women’s suffrage and 212,

215, 216

the working class and

228–229

Perón, María Estela (Isabel)

Martínez de 236, 237–238, 240,

284, 312c

Peronism 218, 220, 226, 230–231,

234, 251–252, 263–265, 301

Peronist Party 262, 272–275,

277–278, 313c, 314c

Peronists 206–217, 218, 226,

253, 262, 276, 294, 312c

El Proceso and 240

Eva Perón and 212

exclusion from elections 312c

Frondizi and 219–220

guerrilla movement 232–236

Peronist workers 227–232

Peronist Youth movement

277–278

rallying on October 17, 1947

207

repression of 218–219

resistance of 227–232

return of 236–238, 240

Peru 97–98, 256, 306c

Bolívar in 99–102

colonial 29, 46, 74

independence in 101

loyalists in 309c

precolonial 1, 5, 20, 25

San Martín in 99–102

Tupac Amaru rebellion in 308c

viceroyalty of 64

Peruvians 97, 99, 101

peso 112–113, 222–224, 231,

266, 272, 274–275, 277, 288–

290, 313c

petroleum nationalism 179–184,

195–196, 195t, 222, 225, 226,

264–265, 310c, 311c

Piazzolla, Astor 264

Picunche, the 8

Pinochet, Augusto 250, 251, 266

piqueteros 285–287, 286, 292, 294

Pisco, Peru 98

Pizarro, Francisco 23, 24, 306c

Plan Austral (Southern Plan)

262, 313c

plantations 38. See

also

haciendas

plata dulce 243

Plaza de Mayo 159, 203–204, 213,

235, 258, 272, 286, 294, 312c

Plaza of Mendoza 36

police forces 126, 273, 310c, 312c

blacks in 125

Blandengues rural police

force 308c

Cordobazo and 231, 232

the Dirty War and 283

the Mazorca 126, 299

patotas 243–245, 247, 299,

312c

politics x–xi, xiii, 94–96, 103, 167

caudillo-style 104–107

class and 170–173

corruption and 166, 188

criollo

politics

141, 168, 188

federalism v. centralism 94–96

Generation of Eighty 139–142

during the “infamous decade”

189–193

labor and 170–173

political participation 138,

139, 141

political transition 1916–1930

168–170

populism 188–217

polo xii

Ponce de León, Juan 24

ponchos 5–6, 72–73, 121

poor, the 95, 125, 164–166,

171–172, 229, 233, 241, 275,

286–287, 294, 297. See also

villas

miserias

the colonial era 39, 52

in the liberal age 159

in the neoliberal age 265,

267, 271–272

Perón and 208, 211, 212

Popham, Home Riggs 82

popular classes, the 100, 106,

170–173, 298

controlling the 170–173

discipline and 125, 126

Perón and 201, 203

revolution and 92–96

Rosas and 122, 124, 125, 126

population 67–68

of Buenos Aires 151t, 307c,

310c, 311c

of Córdoba 308c

Creole 86

gender ratios 121–122

Hispanic 51, 53, 55

indigenous 51, 53

of the interior 121–122

labor shortages and 115–116

during the liberal age 150t

on the Pampas 112, 115–116,

116t

population growth 51, 53,

55, 74, 75t, 86, 112, 121,

198–199

racial composition and

67–68, 67t

rural 116t, 122

underpopulation 127–128.

See

also

labor: shortages of

populism 122, 188–217, 223–

224, 253, 263, 267, 276, 301,

311c–313c

porteños 91–93, 104, 109, 110,

139, 154, 188, 262

in the colonial era 43, 45,

64, 72, 85

expressions of 154

porteño troops 128

protectionism of 131

Rosas and 124

ports

port facilities 188, 301

port revenues 122

Port Stanley 250

port workers 173

INDEX

A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARGENTINA

350

Portugal 61–62, 79, 80, 85, 87,

93, 307c, 308c

Portuguese, the 22, 28, 32, 38,

42–46, 51, 58, 61, 62–63, 74,

93–94, 307c, 308c

potatoes 5, 9

Potosí, Bolivia 28–29, 36–37, 42,

48, 51, 90, 91, 106, 306c

mining in 119

Potosí market 29, 32, 34–36

silver mines in 64

trade with 74

Potro, Juan Martín del xi–xii

pottery 6, 14, 18

poverty. See poor, the

press, the 215, 268–270

prices 171, 201, 210–211, 222–

224, 291. See also cost of living;

inﬂation

private retirement accounts,

nationalization of 292–293

privatization 264, 265, 267, 269,

271, 272, 276, 285, 313c

processing industry 110, 111,

147–148, 156–157, 188

Process of National Reorganization

(El Proceso). See El Proceso

production, Great Depression

and 184

Pro-Lonardi demonstrators 215

prostitution 171–172

protectionism, porteño 131

provinces 103–104, 275,

309c–310c

Andean 121

commercial renaissance of the

1830s 120–122

consolidation of political

control over 131

disunity among the 104–107

governments of 106, 120

interior 126–128, 135–137,

142

littoral 148

political rapprochement

among the 103–104

reorientation of trade in the

119–122

riparian 107, 121

public health 171, 172

public spending 253, 272, 276,

291–295

Puelche, the 16, 17

Puerto Argentino 250

Puerto Nuevo district, Buenos

Aires, Argentina 228

Pueyrredón, Juan Martín de 104

pulperías 115

pulperos 113, 115, 117

Punta del Este, Uruguay 272

purges 240

Quechua 6, 8, 120

Querandí, the 17, 20, 22, 23,

34, 48

Quinto River 54

Quiroga, Facundo 94

race 154, 163, 200, 297, 298

in Buenos Aires 66

class and 120, 158

in the colonial militias 68

labor and 115, 297

during the liberal age 163–166

in Mendoza, Argentina,

1812 67t

racial mixing 41

under Rosas 122, 124, 126

racism xiii, 80, 128

Radical Party, in the neoliberal age

253–254

Radical Party, the 167–168, 170–

171, 173, 176–177, 179–180,

183–184, 277, 310c, 311c, 313c

de-Peronization and 218–

220, 252

in the neoliberal age 262, 272

Perón and 188–190, 192,

196, 200

raids 10, 48, 50, 54–56, 124, 131,

132–134, 132, 310c

railways 141, 143, 144t, 159, 168,

174–175, 176, 196, 198, 290,

301, 310c

Alberdi on 128, 129

British 175–177, 178, 192,

196, 198, 200, 203, 209,

311c

cargo and passengers, 1880–

1915 144t

national 208–209, 222, 264,

311c

privatization of 271

railway workers 201, 203,

211, 247

wages paid by 148–149

Railway Union (Unión

Ferroviaria) 176–177, 201, 203

Ramírez, Francisco 94, 104–105,

119

ranchers 61, 76–77

ranches. See estancias

Ranqueles, the 133, 134

Razzano, José 155, 310c

Reagan, Ronald 246, 248

Real Caja de Consolidación 90

recession of 1952 210–211, 213

“Reconquest of the Americas” 63

refrigeration 147–148

regime change 225–226. See

also

military coups

religion, freedom of 128

religious instruction 205, 213

Renault 225, 231

rents. See farm tenants

represores 282–283, 284, 300

Republic of Argentina 127, 140,

309c

Residency Law 171

retailing 110, 115

Revolución Libertadora 213, 214,

215, 226, 232, 312c

revolution. See War of

Independence

Revolutionary Army of the People

(ERP) 234, 258

Revolution of 1943 192–193

revolution of 1955. See

Revolución Libertadora

Rico, Aldo 258, 259

rights 79, 129. See

also

suffrage

right-wing groups 299

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 62, 130

Río de la Plata

colonial 25–26, 27–50,

51–78, 65m

precolonial 20–25

Río de la Plata, estuary of 1,

15–16, 20, 25, 52, 61–62, 74,

82, 93, 107, 108–109, 306c

Río de la Plata, Viceroyalty of 64,

65m, 69–70, 79–84, 87–89,

300–301, 308c–309c

breakdown of the 91–92

ﬁrst battle between Europeans

and indigenous peoples

at 22

internal trade of 119–122

reforms in 64

revolution in 88–90

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 58, 61

Río Negro 262

Río Negro valley 134, 135

riots 263–264, 263, 273, 277

Rivadavia, Bernadino 105, 110, 112

river trade 74, 111, 119, 121, 127

river travel 35–36, 42–43

Roca, Julio A. 136–137, 144, 167,

184, 205, 222, 297

accession of 138, 310c

assassination attempts against

171

Conquest of the Desert 132–

133, 135, 141, 159, 310c

Generation of Eighty and

139–142

Roca, Julio A., Jr. 194

Roca-Runciman Treaty 194, 198,

311c

Rockefeller, Nelson 235

rodeos 76–77

Rodríguez de Francia, José Gaspar

94–95, 128

Roldán, María 237

Rondeau, José 104

root crops 14, 15

Rosario, Argentina 147, 153,

203, 263

Rosario, Santa Fe Province,

Argentina 146

Rosas, Encarnación 124

Rosas, Juan Manuel de 106, 112,

123, 128, 136, 165, 204, 251, 299

fall of 127, 133

as governor of Buenos Aires

Province 122–126, 309c

indigenous peoples and 132,

133

351

the interior and 126–127

remains of 260, 263, 313c

Rosas, Manuela 124

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 86

Royal Dutch Shell. See Shell

royal monopolies 68, 72

Royal Treasury, yearly tax

revenues 1770–1808 69t

Rúa, Fernando de la. See de la

Rúa, Fernando

rural life 76, 135–136, 160, 163

rural population 122

rural population 116t, 120

rural production 110, 115

Rural Society (Sociedad Rural)

158, 179

Saavedra, Cornelio de 88

Saavedra Lamas, Carlos xi, 196,

311c

Sabatini, Gabriela xi

Sábato, Ernesto 254

sacriﬁces 9

Sáenz Peña, Roque 167

Saint Jean, Ibérico 243

saladeros 74, 107, 111, 114, 136,

147

Salado River 56, 77, 115, 124

Salinas Grandes 133

Salta, Argentina 32, 94, 156, 228,

290, 297

demonstrations at 270, 271

founding of 307c

mule fair at 29–31, 34, 35, 119

trade and 119

Salta Province, Argentina 5, 131,

179, 285

Salvador de Bahia, Brazil 62

same-sex marriage 314c

Sanavirón, the 32

Sánchez Labrador, Padre 55–56

San Juan, Argentina 29, 134, 306c

San Luis, Argentina 31, 120, 307c

San Luis Province, Argentina 121

San Martín, José de xi, 90, 91,

96–102, 98, 284, 309c

San Martín de los Andes,

Argentina 290

Santa Catarina, Brazil 58, 61

Santa Cruz Province, Argentina

275, 278

Santa Fe, Argentina 36, 37, 50,

104, 153, 297, 301, 310c

founding of 25, 29, 307c

looting by Abipón warriors

308c

port of 35

trade in 34

Santa Fe Province, Argentina 121,

146, 147, 160, 162, 167

Santa Isabel estancia 146

Santiago, Chile 8, 36, 74, 90,

97, 101

Santiago del Estero, Argentina 29,

32, 34–35, 35, 50, 73, 120, 306c

São Paulo, Brazil 38, 62

Sarmiento, Domingo F. 120, 126,

131, 139, 155, 294

Sayhueque 133

Schmidel, Ulrich 22

schools 153–154

Seineldín, Mohammed Alí 259

Semana Trágica (“Tragic Week”)

173, 174, 310c

servants 115

Seven Years’ War 63

sexual license 58

shamans 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 50

sharecroppers 160. See also farm

tenants

sheep 29, 38, 110, 114–115,

138, 145–146, 228. See also

shepherds

Shell 177, 179–183, 196

shepherds 115, 173

shipbuilding 74, 195

shipping industry x, 51, 64,

66–67, 74, 119, 153

British invasion of 89

in Buenos Aires 108–109, 108t

foreign 72, 77, 80

German 80

international 110, 111

U.S. 80, 89

shoe industry 156, 175

shopkeepers. See pulperos

S.I.A.M. company 175, 197, 225,

312c

Sierras de Córdoba 32

silver xi, 14, 20

silver mining 27, 28–29,

45, 51, 64, 106, 110, 119,

122, 306c

silver trade 34, 37, 39,

42–47, 51, 63, 67, 71–72,

74, 80, 85, 119, 306c

silver trail 47

taxes on 67

skin color 297–298. See also race

slavery 27, 79, 99–101, 297, 308c

in the colonial era 307c

end of 116, 124, 309c

Jesuits and 60

outlawing of 127, 309c

Rosas and 124–125

slave hunters 58, 62, 307c

slave owners 39–41

slave trade 43, 45–46, 67–68,

71, 124, 307c, 308c

slaves 23–24, 39, 52, 55, 85,

100, 120

African 27, 28, 39–40, 43,

45, 60, 67–68, 71, 297,

307c, 308c

cautivas 134–135

emancipation of 309c

indigenous 38, 40

Jesuits and 70, 71

in San Martín’s force 97–98,

slums. See villas

miserias

smallpox

smuggling 43–47, 69, 70, 72, 77

snowmelt 5, 36, 121

soccer xii, 246, 312c

soccer championships of 1978

246, 312c

social conformity 154–155

social control 163–164, 171, 172,

200, 298

social conventions xii–xiii

social hierarchy 57, 63, 154–155,

296–298

social inequities 52–53, 63, 104,

112–113, 115–116, 136, 138–

139, 164, 166, 188, 198–201,

294–295, 296–298, 298–300, 301

Socialist Party 168, 171, 173,

189, 218

social justice 206

social mobility 166

social order 298

social question, the 198–201

social reformism 168

social tensions 77

social violence 80

society, porteño 66

Society of Jesus. See

also

Jesuits

Solano López, Francisco 128, 130

Soldiers of Perón 234–235

South America 21

Southern Cone 1, 3t, 22. See

also

speciﬁc

countries

; speciﬁc

countries

and

egions

southern hunters 10, 12–19, 13,

47–50

Southern Plan 262

soybeans 288–290, 293–294

Spain 19, 20–26, 27–50, 66, 85,

90, 93, 246, 282, 308c

Basque provinces 72

colonies of 79

ﬁnancial dependence on

colonies 80–81

France and 79–80, 87, 89

imperial 38, 42–43, 45,

51–78. See

also

Spanish

Crown

independence from xi,

88–89, 97–98, 309c

Napoléon’s invasion of

79–80, 87, 89

Portugal and 61–62, 79, 308c

trade with 71, 108

Spaniards 63–64, 77, 80, 86–89,

92–94, 120, 296–297

Spanish-Argentines 274

Spanish Crown, the 38, 42, 43,

45, 51–52, 64, 67–68, 79, 300,

307c

Bourbon Reforms and 52–53,

63–71

the church and 70–71

Guaraní loyalty to 61

the Portuguese and 62

INDEX

A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARGENTINA

352

Spanish priests 5. See also Jesuits

Spanish settlers 4, 5, 7, 21,

27–50, 53, 56–57, 62, 306c,

307c

Spanish Succession, War of the

62, 307

spears 10, 54

spirits 68

sports xi–xii

squash 9

stage of siege 127

Standard Oil Company 179–183,

196, 225–226. See also Exxon

Petroleum

state, the. See also bureaucracy

Alberdi on government 129

bureaucrats 170

church and 70–71, 213, 311c

government employment

272–273

industrialization and

193–198

labor and 201, 203

state repression 240–246

state terrorism 125, 126

state-run industries 175,

209–210, 222, 224–225, 241,

253–254, 262, 264, 271, 285,

310c, 311c

states’ rights 122. See also

federalism

steel 157

strikes 171, 173, 177, 189, 209,

218, 247, 263, 310c. See also

Cordobazo; demonstrations

between 1946 and 1948 207

of 1953 211

of 1954 213

in 1964 220

of 1979 312c

during the Alfonsin

administration 262

among rural laborers 208

under de la Rúa 273

during de-Peronization

229–230

of October 17, 1945 201–

204, 204

outlawing of 231

under Perón 209, 211, 211,

213, 215, 228

repression of 215

by university students 310c

Suárez Mason, Guillermo 284

subsidies 265

suffrage 138, 139, 167, 212

sugar 38, 40, 48, 119, 142, 153,

157, 228

suicides 279

sunﬂowers 288, 289, 293–294

Supreme Court 282

Sur 216, 251

Sweden 246

sweet potatoes 9

Swift-Armour Company 179,

269

Switzerland 242

syndicalist traditions 171

Taiwan 290

tallow 29, 112, 114

Tandil Hills 55

tango xi, 190, 264, 290

tapir 14

tariffs 64, 253, 254, 264

taxes 93, 120, 122, 262, 276, 289,

293–294, 301, 314c

under the Bourbon Reforms

63, 68–70

collection of 69, 80, 308c

in the colonial era 39, 41–43,

51–53, 58, 60–61, 63, 67–70,

69t, 77, 80–81, 86, 89

on exports 208

Jesuits and 58, 60, 61, 70

under Menem 270–271

on silver production 67

tax and spend mentality

291–295

tax evasion 41–43, 52–53, 69

tax farmers 69

tax loopholes 63, 67

tax ofﬁcials 69–70

tax revenues 68–70, 69t

wartime 81

tea 36

Teatro Colón x

technological change, economic

growth and 142–144

technology xi, 3, 135, 138, 140–

141, 153, 188, 253–254, 301

farming 147–148

during the liberal age

142–144

Tehuelche, the 17, 55, 135

telegraphy 141, 153

telephone industry 153, 209,

222, 271

terrorism 125–126, 238, 243,

256, 259, 270, 312c, 313c

textiles 28, 60, 71, 73–74, 119,

121, 157, 175, 199–200, 211

Thatcher, Margaret 246, 248

Tierra del Fuego x, 250

tierras baldías 112

timber 9, 35, 119

Timerman, Jacobo 255

tobacco 14, 35, 45, 48, 53, 68–69,

94, 130, 148

tolderías 49

toldos 12, 18, 53

tools 48

Topa Inca 8, 9, 306c

torture 243, 245, 253, 254, 255,

256–257, 281, 283

tourism 288, 289, 290–291

towns. See also speciﬁc towns

in the colonial era 34–36, 64

town councils (cabildos) 64,

83–84, 88, 309c

town meetings 89, 90

trade and 34–36

trade 29, 36, 54, 60, 87, 103, 119,

128, 144, 145t

in the 18th century 51–52

with Banda Oriental, Uruguay

under the Bourbon Reforms

64, 67–68

with Brazil 43, 108, 109,

272, 290

in Buenos Aires 73, 79–80,

107–110, 108t, 119

between Buenos Aires and the

provinces 119

with Chile 74, 290

with China 289t, 290

in the colonial era 29–32,

34–36

with Cuba 108, 109

with the Dutch 44–45

with Europe 42, 67, 71,

108, 108t, 119, 138, 144,

146–147, 301, 308c

foreign 110–111

with France 109, 127

free 64, 67–68, 80, 122, 308c

with Germany 109

with Great Britain 84–85, 88,

108–109, 127, 143, 145,

147, 191–192, 194, 307c,

308c, 311c

illegal 43–47, 51–52, 62–64,

67, 69–72, 77, 86, 93, 306c,

307c

indigenous peoples and 48,

49–50, 56, 131–134

in the interior 119–122

international 42, 45, 60, 77,

81–82, 85, 107–110, 108t,

114, 119, 122, 127, 129–

131, 144–148, 195, 266,

275, 301. See also speciﬁc

countries

interpr

ovincial 119–122

with Italy 108

Jesuits and 61

during the liberal age 144–148

livestock 29–31

Mercosur and 266–267, 290

modernization of 147

with Montevideo, Uruguay 74

with North America 109

with the Portuguese 43–44

with Potosí, Bolivia 74

reorientation of 119–122

restrictions on 300–301

in the Río de la Plata

300–301

river trade 74

Rosas and 127

with Spain 67, 71, 108

towns and 34–36

trade barriers 254

trade deﬁcits 272

trade reforms 64, 67–68

trade restrictions 43–47,

64, 77

trade routes 31–32, 35–37,

42–43

353

with the United States 85,

109, 192, 280, 290

with Venezuela 290

volatility of 85

warfare and 85

tramway system 153

transportation x, 108t, 110, 115,

153, 176, 188, 196, 198

Treaty of Madrid 61–62, 308c

Triple A. See Argentine

Anticommunist Alliance (Triple

Triple Alliance, War of the 128,

130–131, 132–133, 136, 309c

Triple Alliance, War of the 12

Tucumán, Argentina 47–48,

73–74, 96, 103, 106–107, 119,

228, 309c, 310c

founding of 307c

October 17, 1945 strike

in 203

sugar industry in 142

trade in 34–35

Tucumán Province, Argentina 6,

29, 32, 40, 45, 162, 188, 297

Tumusla, Bolivia 101

Tupac Amaru rebellion 308c

turkeys 6

underemployment 292

unemployed, rise of the 285–287

unemployment xii, 77, 157, 231,

271, 271, 273, 275, 276, 292,

313c

under Menem 267, 271–272

rise of the unemployed

285–287

during World War I 171

uniﬁcation 103–104, 128, 131

Uníon Ferroviaria 310c–311c

unionism 276.

Unitarians 125. See also

centralism

United Nations 247–248

United Provinces of Argentina, the

constitution of 127

under Urquiza 127

United Provinces of the Río de la

Plata, the 96, 104, 105, 125,

136, 309c–310c

constitutions of 103–104

disunity of 104–107

formation of 103

international trade and 119

trade within 119–122

uniﬁcation of 103–104

violence in the 125, 126

war with indigenous peoples

104

war with Paraguay 104

United States, the 192, 234, 259,

290

economic crisis of 2001–2002

and 274

El Proceso and 246

farm lobbies in 192

foreign investment from

179–180, 181, 182–183,

224–225

Kirchners and 276, 279–280

meat industry and 175

Menem and 267, 280

Perón and 205–206

trade with 109, 192, 280, 290

universities xi, 86, 170, 230, 234.

Brown J.C. A Brief History of Argentina

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