Brown J.C. A Brief History of Argentina
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARGENTINA
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337
APPENDIX 4
338
Index
Note: Boldface page numbers indicate primary discussion of a topic. Page numbers in italic indicate illustrations.
The letters c,
m,
and
t
indicate chronology, map, and table, respectively.
A
Abipón, the 50, 308c
Aerolíneas Argentinas 264, 269
Afro-Argentines. See blacks
Agosti, Orlando 240
agrarian expansion 103–137
agriculture x, xi, 174, 193, 275,
289–290, 293–294
agrarian expansion and
110–111, 113, 115
agricultural machinery 174–175
agricultural products 138,
144–148, 188, 253,
288–290, 293–294, 310c
in the colonial era 27, 38–39,
50, 75, 85
decline in exports after World
War II 210–211
demand and 143, 147
indigenous peoples and 3,
9–10, 14, 19
in the liberal age 142, 146
in Mendoza, Argentina 36–37,
36
modernization of 147–148
agriculturists 4–10, 31, 35, 71
aguardiente 37, 68, 94
Aguilar, Jaime 59
Aguirre, Juan Francisco de 66
aircraft manufacturing 195
airline, national 264, 269
Alberdi, Juan Bautista xiii, 126,
127–128, 129, 138, 142, 296
alfalfa 147
Alfonsín, Raúl 251–254, 256–260,
261–264, 264, 266, 281, 300, 313c
algarroba pods 6, 7, 53
Allied forces 203, 206
alpacas 5
Alpargatas plant 175
Alvear, Marcelo T. de 173, 180–
182, 311c
Alzaga, Félix 88
Amazon Basin 5, 9
Ambrose, Warren 233
American Revolution 63, 86
anarchism 171, 174, 310c
Anchorena merchant clan 113,
122, 124
Andalucía, Spain 66
Andean lakes x
Andeans 5, 6
Andes mountains 1, 3, 5, 20, 29,
31, 36, 74, 97, 101
anti-Semitism 255, 299, 310c
apprentices 72
Aramburu, Pedro E. 218–219,
232, 234, 238, 261, 312c
Araucanian language 155
Araucanians (Araucanos) 8, 48,
53–56, 54, 57, 133, 308c. See
also
Mapuche, the
archaeological sites 5
Argentina 9, 101
ancient 1–26, 306c
colonial 27–50, 75t, 306c–308c
consolidation of 136, 138–139
economic growth indicators 142t
economic integration into
Latin America 59–60
ethnography of 19
European settlement of 19–26
immigration to 149t, 150t
modern 2m
northern 4–10
population of 3t, 75t
Republic of 127, 140, 309c
topography of 5
Argentina Patriotic League 299
“Argentina Riddle,” the ix–xiii
Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
(Triple A) 238, 243, 245, 284, 312c
Argentine Cup xii
Argentine Open tournament xii
Argentine Patriotic League 173
“Argentine Riddle” 296, 301
armadillos 17
arms industry 195
army 128, 195, 309c. See also
military, the
arrows 10, 14, 16
Artigas, José Gervasio 92–94, 95,
95, 102, 126, 298, 309c
artiguista movement 92–93, 94
artisanry 115, 164. See also
handicrafts
Astiz, Alfredo 250–251, 257
Asunción, Paraguay 24, 25, 29,
37–39, 49, 56–58, 60–61, 70,
74, 307c
founding of 20–23, 306c
isolation of 56–57
Rosas and 127
Atacameño, the 6
audiencia 82
austerity programs 211, 311c
australes 262, 266
Australia 194
authoritarianism 93, 103, 298–
300. See also caudillos
automobile industry 175, 225,
231, 235, 247, 290, 312c
autopistas 241, 242
auto workers 247
Avellaneda, Buenos Aires,
Argentina 199, 203
Avellaneda, Nicolás 139
Ayacucho, Peru 101
Aymara 6
Aztec, the 1, 20
Azules (blues) 220, 222
B
Bahía Blanca, Argentina 124, 147
Banco de la Nación de Argentina
144, 310c
Banco de la Provincia de Buenos
Aires 110
Banda Oriental, Uruguay 60, 74,
90, 92–93, 95, 96, 106, 110, 308c
banking institutions. See financial
sector
Baradero, Argentina 159–160
Bariloche, Argentina x
Baring loan 110, 309c
Barrio Norte, Buenos Aires,
Argentina x, 158, 159, 203
basketry 5–6, 14, 18
Basques 72
Beagle Islands 250
beans 5, 9
Becerra 178
Becher, Emilio 154–155
beer 7
Beijing, China 290
Belgrano 250, 279
Belgrano, Manuel 83, 86, 88
Beresford, General William 82
Bering Straits 4, 306c
Berisso, Buenos Aires, Argentina
199, 237
beverages 148. See also specific
beverages
blacks 91, 104, 116, 120, 136
in Buenos Aires 124–125
339
as gauchos 77
in the military and police
forces 125
in the militias 89, 91
Rosas and 122, 124–125
in San Martín’s force 97, 99
blacksmith shops 156
Blandengues rural police force 308c
Blue Book 206
bodegas 162
Bogotá, Colombia (New Granada)
64, 100
Bohórquez, Pedro de 34, 307c
bolas 7, 17, 48, 77
Bolívar, Simón 96, 99–102, 309c
Bolivia xi, 1, 97, 103, 106, 119,
261, 266–267, 280, 312c. See
also specific cities
Bolivian cordillera 28
in the Chaco War 196
in the colonial era 28–29, 35,
40, 64, 81, 91–92
independence in 101
invasions of 309c
laborers from 227–229
Menem in 300
mining in 62, 103, 106,
119, 122
revolution and 91–92
silver trade in 42
trade with 37
Bolocco, Cecilia 277
bombings 238
bombos 236, 237
Bonafini, Hebe de 246, 284
Bonaparte, Joseph 87–88
Bonorino, Félix González 233
Borges, Jorge Luis xi, 216, 251, 252
Born, Jorge 239
Bourbon monarchy 62, 79, 88, 307c
Bourbon Reforms 52–53, 63–71,
72, 77–79, 86
bows 10, 14, 16
Braden, Spruille 206
brandy 48, 74, 121. See also
aguardiente
Bravo 56
Brazil x, 1, 5, 9, 22, 94, 96, 130,
256, 306c. See also specific cities
in the colonial era 38, 42, 45,
51, 58, 76, 87
conflict with 51, 62–63
Fernández de Kirchner in 280
Jesuits and 308c
in Mercosur 266–267
population of 3t
Portuguese 62–63, 79
slavery in 39
trade with 43, 108, 109,
272, 290
War of the Triple Alliance and
130, 309c
war with 106, 110, 124, 309c
Brinzoni, Ricardo 282
British Commonwealth of Nations
194
British South Sea Company 45
brownouts 291
Buenos Aires, Argentina x, 128,
168, 169, 297, 309c
ca. 1536 21m
ca. 1910 151m
abandoned children in 164
abandonment of 23, 306c
agricultural zones near 115
autopistas in 241, 242m, 242
blacks in 124–125
blockades of 94, 110–111,
308c, 309c
British invasion of 79, 81–84,
88, 89, 308c
under Cacciatorre 241–242
as capital of the United
Provinces of Río de la Plata
96, 309c
as capital of viceroyalty of Río
de la Plata 64
class in 66, 170–173
clothing in 66
in the colonial era 25, 27,
31, 34, 41, 48, 52, 55, 62,
66, 77, 93
commercial development
of 43
corruption in 43–47
as crucible 135–137
domination by 104
in the early 20th century 169m
economy of 107–110, 135–
136, 148
establishment of 21, 23
European warfare and 79–80
federalization of 139–140,
141, 310c
first Spanish settlement at 21
foreigners in 43
founding of 29, 306c
housing in 151
illegal trade at 43–47
immigrants in 151t, 151,
152–153
Jewish areas of 173, 174, 299
in the late 18th century 52m
in the liberal age 141, 166
during military coup of 1930
185
militias in 68
nonwhites in 115
October 17, 1945 strike
in 203
people of 66
politics in 104
population of 45, 46t, 71–74,
121, 151t, 152–153, 170–171,
198–199, 307c, 310c, 311c
port of 35, 42, 43–47, 48,
51–53, 64, 67, 71–74,
79–80, 107–110, 108t, 139,
153, 309c
reconquest of 84
resettlement of 25–26, 307c
revolution and 89
Semana Trágica in 173, 174
shipping industry in 108–
109, 108t
slavery and 40–41, 46
slums in 200, 208, 228,
229–230
society in 66
status of 137, 139
tax revenues in 69t
trade and 36, 52–53, 66–67,
71–72, 73, 79–80, 107–110,
108t, 119, 121–122, 136,
139, 159
war with Brazil 106
working class in 170–173
Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
51, 131, 139–140, 164, 309c
agriculture in 147
grain production in 147
interior provinces and
135–137
population of 74, 75t, 116t
under Rosas 122–126,
126–127
bureaucracy 77, 86, 222, 241,
254, 262, 264
Bush, George H. W. 259, 313c
Bush, George W. 279–280
C
cabecitas negras 200, 212
Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez
23–24
cabildos 64, 83–84
cabildos abiertos 89, 90, 309c
Cabot, Sebastian 306c
Cabrera, Angel xi
cacao 39
Cacapol 55, 56
Cacciatorre, Osvaldo 241–242
caciques 16, 18, 34, 57, 61, 124
Cádiz, Spain 66, 67, 82
Calchaquí rebellion 307c
Calfucurá 133
Callao, Peru 98
Cambiaso, Adolfo xii, xii
Campbell, Anita 191
Campbell, J. 46
Campo de Mayo infantry school
258
Cámpora, Héctor 236
Camps, Ramón 255
Camus, Albert 216
Canada 194, 290
Cangapol 55
canoes 15–16, 17
Carapintada, the 258–261, 258,
263, 278, 313c
Caribbean Islands 5, 20, 306c
Carlos II (king of Spain) 44
carpentry 156
Carrera, [José Miguel] 119
Carrío, Elisa 278, 281
Carrió de la Bandera, Alonso 30
Carter, Jimmy 246
cartmen 45
cartography 21
INDEX
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARGENTINA
340
cartoneros 287
cart trains 35–36, 42
Carulla, Juan E. 174
Casa Rosada x, 185, 193, 203–
204, 218, 221, 246, 259, 273,
276, 294
caserola movement 285, 294
Caseros, battle of 127
cassava 5, 9, 14, 58
Castillo, Ramón S. 192–193
Castro, Fidel 221, 261, 267, 312c
Catholic Action organization 205,
213, 232, 233, 299, 311c
Catholic Church, the 61, 81, 205,
284, 311c
church-state relations and
70–71, 213, 311c
Perón and 205, 213
Catholicism 28, 31, 39, 61. See
also Catholic Church, the; Jesuits
cattle 29, 31, 38, 46, 48–49, 53,
55–56, 60, 71, 75, 94, 106,
130–134, 146–148
cattle industry 48, 111–114, 121,
122, 135, 177
cattle branding 29, 76, 77,
116, 117
cattle by-products 111, 114
cattle raising 45–47, 51, 58,
76–77, 93, 109, 146–147,
159, 174–175, 177, 288
cattle-slaughtering 74, 75,
77, 111
cattlemen 31–32, 34, 45, 76, 77,
112, 115, 177. See also gauchos
cattle ranches. See estancias
caudillos 93–95, 96, 103, 104–
107, 232, 235, 299
age of 309c–310c
political unrest and 119–120
violence in the era of 125, 126
cautivas 134–135
Cavallo, Domingo 264, 266, 269,
272–273
cavalries 54
Central Bank 266
centralism 96, 122, 127, 141,
276. See also Unitarians
Cepeda, Battle of 128
cereal crops 143, 159, 275, 289
CGT (General Labor
Confederation) 203, 206, 207,
208, 219, 261
Chacabuco 97
Chaco Indians, the 12–15, 13,
49–50, 70
Chaco War xi, 196
Chamber of Deputies. See
Congress
Charrúa, the 15–17, 15, 20, 23,
306c
Chávez, Hugo 280, 281, 290
Che. See Guevara, Ernesto “Che”
che, origin of the term 154–155,
156
Chicago School of Economics
264, 266
the Chicha 6
chicha 7, 9, 14, 53
chieftains 7, 8, 10, 12, 23, 50,
54–55, 57, 299, 308c. See also
caciques
children
abandonment of 164
cautivas 134–135
Creole 164
education of 153–154
indigenous 18, 55
Chile 134, 228, 250, 256, 266–
267, 280, 290
in the colonial era 29, 36, 40,
46, 53, 81, 307c
liberation of 97–98, 309c
population of 3t
precolonial 1, 8–9
trade with 36–37, 74, 290
Chileans 101
China 275, 289, 289t, 290
chiripás 121
Christianity 39. See also
Catholicism
Chrysler 225
Chubut River x
church, the. See Catholic Church,
the
chusma 203
citizenship 79
Citroën 225, 232
civil disobedience 216–217
civil wars 80, 105, 106, 107, 111,
125, 301
class xii, xiii, 124, 136, 188. See
also specific classes
authoritarianism and 298–299
in Buenos Aires 66
in the colonial era 52, 56–58,
77, 84–85, 89, 91
economic crisis of 2008
and 294
elections and 215–217
immigration and 163–166
landed v. landless 157–162
during the liberal age
157–162, 163–166
race and 120, 158, 297–298
under Rosas 126
clergy 86, 233
Clinton, Bill 267
clothing 66, 73, 156
clubs 10
coal 157, 175, 180
coca leaf 7
Cochrane, Lord 97
coke 157
College of Jesuits. See Jesuits
Colombia 64, 100, 102
Colônia do Sacramento, Uruguay
61, 62–63, 74, 82, 93, 307c, 308c
colonial era, the xi, 4, 27–102,
296–297, 299, 300–301
administration during 52,
63–64, 68–70
Bourbon Reforms and 63–64
church-state relations in the
70–71
colonial militias 63, 68,
82–84, 88
crisis of colonial order
79–102
imperial decapitalization 81
social control and 39
Spanish dependence on the
colonies 80–81
Colorado River 55
Colorados (crimsons) 220
Colorados del Monte 124
Columbus, Christopher 20, 306c
Comechingón, the 32–33, 33, 307c
comerciantes 85
commerce. See financial sector;
merchants; trade
communism 243
communists 201, 202, 254
Comodoro Rivadavia 177, 180
comuneros 61, 62, 307c
concubines 58
Confederación General del Trabajo
(General Labor Confederation)
200–201
Congress 168, 212, 218, 220,
256–257, 267, 275, 278, 282,
293–294, 314c
Conquest of the Desert 132–133,
135, 141, 159, 310c
Conservative Party 168, 177, 191,
192, 200, 310c
conservatives 167–168, 173, 176,
180, 189
consolidation 136, 138
constitutions 126
of 1853 103–104, 127, 128,
131, 136, 256, 263, 267,
309c
Constitution of 1853 309c
construction 115, 199, 200
consumer goods 29, 119, 156,
157, 175
contras, the 246
contratistas 162
convertibility plan 266, 272,
288, 313c
copper 14, 290
Córdoba, Argentina x, 90, 94, 107,
124, 164, 225, 229, 297, 301
automobile industry in 231
as capital of Río de la Plata 32
cattlemen of 31–32, 34
in the colonial era 29, 36,
47, 55
Cordobazo in 230–231, 231,
232, 312c
founding of 307c
hardliners in 246–247
hides from 121
Jesuit ranches in 60, 60t, 307c
341
October 17, 1945 strike
in 203
population of 308c
slavery in 40, 41
trade and 119–120
wool from 121
Córdoba mountains 8, 10
Córdoba Province, Argentina 160,
162, 177, 221
Cordobazo 230, 231, 232, 312c
corn 5, 6, 7, 9, 29, 58, 162, 289
corporations, multinational
224–225, 235, 312c
corralito 277, 288
Correa, Deolinda 105
Corrientes, Argentina 29, 74, 307c
Corrientes Province, Argentina
117, 121, 130, 160, 259
corruption 166, 184, 188, 198–
199, 252, 277–278, 296
in the colonial era 41–43
during the colonial era 80, 86
during de-Peronization 222
impunity and 298–300
under Kirchner 281
in the liberal age 143
link between colonial and
postcolonial 299
neoliberalism and 268–272
under Perón 209–210, 213,
215
cost of living 157, 171, 201, 231.
See also prices
cotton 73
Council of Castile (Consejo de
Castilla) 90
counterinsurgency 243–245
coups d’etat. See military coups
courts. See judiciary
cowboys 93. See
also
cattlemen;
gauchos
Creoles 109, 120, 154, 163–166,
296, 299. See also criollos
Bolivians 91
in the colonial era 38, 52, 64,
72, 75, 77–78, 80, 82–84,
86–88
Creole consciousness 84–87
economic resurgence of 85–86
federalism and 94
immigrants and 157–158
investments by 110
as leaders of the revolution
88–89, 90, 92, 93
of Lima 99
loyalist 94
as militia leaders 82–84
Peruvians 99, 101
resurgence of power 79
revolution and 88–89, 91–92
San Martín and 99
slaves 99
Uruguayan 91
crime 200, 275
crimes against humanity. See
human rights abuses
criollo politics 141, 168, 188
criollos 162, 163–166, 163, 199,
200–201, 228, 298. See also
Creoles
crisis of 1829 124
crops. See specific
cr
ops
Cruz, Luis de la 18
Cuba 108–109, 234, 253
Cuban Revolution 234
cultivation 9, 147
culture x, xi. See also specific
cultur
es
currency 110, 112–113, 222–224,
231, 262, 266, 272, 273, 274,
275, 277, 288, 313c
customs duties 72, 120, 128, 139,
140, 195, 307c
D
dams 6
dance. See tango
Darwin, Charles 111, 131, 309c
debt 110, 241–242, 246, 261–
262, 299, 301, 309c, 313c
1977–2001 270t
under Alfonsín 253
under Cacciatorre 241–243
under de la Rúa 272–273
under Galtieri 247
under Kirchner 291
under Menem 264, 270–271
decrees of necessity and urgency
278
defense 63, 68, 82, 195, 252. See
also
military, the; militias
deficits 220, 253, 261, 270–271,
272
degüello 125
de la Rúa, Fernando 272–273,
276, 277, 313c
D’Elía, Luis 278, 285–286, 294
democracy 251, 252, 255
demographics 86. See
also
class;
gender; population; race
demonstrations 273, 276. See
also strikes
in 1997 272
the Cordobazo 231, 232,
312c
by montoneros 235
Night of the Saucepans 272,
273
of October 17, 1945 204,
285, 311c
of the unemployed 271, 272,
277, 285–287, 286, 313c
at University of Buenos Aires
234
de-Peronization 218–253, 254,
267, 301, 312c
depressions
of 1891–1895 149
the Great Depression
184–187, 193, 194, 275
descamisados 205, 212, 298
Descartes, René 86
Desert Storm 267
desparecidos 244, 245–246, 246,
252–257, 281–283, 299, 314c
Diaguita, the 5–8, 6, 9, 31–32,
306c
Díaz de Solís, Juan 21, 306c
Difunta Correa, La 105, 310c
Dirty War, the xiii, 243–247,
252–254, 260–261, 263, 299–
301, 313c–314c
detention centers 245
ghosts of 281–284
officer corps and 256–258
witnesses of 283
disappeared, the. See desparecidos
discrimination xii, xiii, 112, 154,
188, 200, 296–298, 301. See
also racism; social inequities
disease 24. See also specific
diseases
Di Tella, Torcuato 175, 197, 199
Dobrizhoffer, Martin 47
dollarization 277
Dorrego, Manuel 124, 309c
droughts
of 1830 116
of 1951 210
of 1952 210
of 2008 294
Due Obedience Law 257, 259,
281, 282
Duhalde, Eduardo 273–274,
276–278, 289, 313c
Duhalde, Hilda “Chiche” 278
DuPont 224
Dutch, the 42, 44–45
E
Echeverría, Esteban 126
economic nationalism 174–178,
179–184, 191–192, 195–196,
205, 208–209, 225
economics xiii, 142t, 142–144,
145t, 168, 174–178, 225–226,
289t, 300–301
of the 18th century 51, 64,
67–68, 71–74
of the 19th century 106–107,
110, 149, 310c
of the 1920s 174–178
of the 1930s 184–187, 188
of the 1950s 210–211, 213
of the 1960s 222–227, 227t,
230
of the 1970s and 1980s 247
in the 1990s 267, 268t
of 1999 313c
of 2001–2002 ix, 274, 275,
277
of 2008 ix, 292–295
under Alfonsín 261–264
contraction 210–211, 213,
222–227, 247, 272, 313c
crisis of 1893 310c
crisis of 1966 230, 230
crisis of 2001–2002 ix, 274,
275, 277
INDEX
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARGENTINA
342
crisis of 2008 ix, 292–295
crisis of World War I 171,
310c
depression of 1891–1895 149
during the Dirty War 245
dynamic stagnation 222–227,
227t
dynamism 188–189,
222–227, 227t
expansion of the 18th century
51, 64, 67–68, 71–74
financial panic of 1826 110
Great Depression 184–187,
193, 194
growth 51, 64, 67–68,
71–74, 103–104, 107–110,
135–136, 138–139, 142–
144, 142t, 148, 206–207,
225–226, 267, 268t, 281,
292t, 300–301
immigration and 148–156
of the interior 119–122
under Isabel Perón 238
of the liberal age 138–139,
142–148, 142t, 145t
manufacturing 194t
under Menem 264–267, 268t
neoliberal 253–254, 264–267
under Perón 206–207, 237
politics and 281
populism and 222–224, 253
recession of 1952 210–211,
213
recession of 1999 313c
recovery 288–291
reform 261–267, 268t
regime change and 225–226
ruin in the 19th century
106–107
stagnation 222–227, 227t,
230, 265
tax and spend mentality
291–295
technological change and b
of World War I 171, 310c
Ecuador 60, 64, 97, 100, 101,
102, 280
education x, xi, 86, 153–154, 170
Eisenhower, Dwight x
elections 313c
of 1916 168
of 1932 311c
of 1938 191, 192, 311c
of 1946 311c
of 1958 219, 312c
of 1963 220, 312c
of 1973 312c
of 1983 313c
of 1989 262–263, 313c
of 1995 267
of 1999 273
of 2003 277–278
of 2007 280–281
electoral system 103, 138–139,
167, 199
electoral fraud 199
electoral reforms 167, 189,
310c
electricity x, 153, 209, 222
El
gaucho
Martín
Fier
ro
(Hernández)
xi, 155, 310c
elites 52, 92, 103–104, 168, 172,
179, 192, 216, 234–235, 276,
294, 296
authoritarianism and
298–299
Bolivian 92
in the colonial era 63, 68, 86
culture of 203
economic nationalism and
175
economic progress and
158–159
election of 1916 and 168
Great Britain and 170
Great Depression and 184
immigrants and 157–158
labor and 173
in the liberal age 138–139,
141–143, 148, 154
during the liberal age
157–162
under Menem 267
military and 131
officer corps and 165–166
oil industry and 179, 182
Perón and 205, 208
Peruvian 101
porteño 124
Radical Party and 167
of the riparian provinces 127
Rosas and 123, 124, 126
rural population and 120
trade and 131
unrest of 87–88
working class and 157–162
working-class violence and
171
El Proceso 240–243, 240, 244,
246, 253
emerging markets 288, 289t, 290
emphyteusis 112
employment xii, 195, 210, 232,
295
encomiendas 25
energy 175, 179–184, 265
Enlightenment, the 85–86
entrepreneurship 143, 156, 180,
188
Entre Ríos, Argentina 93, 94, 104,
119, 127, 161, 164
Entre Ríos Province, Argentina
121, 147, 160, 167, 310c
españoles 57
Esso International 291
Estancia de las Vacas 71
estancias 75–77, 103, 109–110,
117–118, 117, 121, 124, 134,
136, 208, 275
of Buenos Aires Province 122
in the colonial era 32, 35, 38,
47, 76–77, 90
commercial growth of
111–114
expansion of 111–114
Jesuit 307c
in the liberal age 157
racial division of labor on 115
structure of 115, 119
subdivision of 115, 159–162
estancieros 113–116, 118, 147–
148, 177, 179, 288, 293–294
growth of class 132
immigrants and 159–162
Rosas and 122, 126
Etchecolatz, Miguel 283, 284
Europe 79, 234
colonies of 79
conflict in the 62–63, 64
economy of 143
northern 71
trade with 71, 119, 138,
146–147, 301, 308c
European settlements 9–10, 19,
20–26, 21, 27, 48, 54–56,
132–134, 298–299, 306c.
European settlers 22, 23–26,
51–53, 55, 131, 132–133, 132,
296–297
executive powers, restructuring of
276–281
exports x, xi, 188, 194, 276,
288–291, 293–294, 311c.
agrarian expansion and
107–110, 112, 121
agricultural xi, 210–211
in the colonial era 32, 42, 51,
60, 67, 71–72, 74, 85, 307c
decline of 192
Great Depression and 184
in the liberal age 138, 142,
143, 144–148, 145t, 153,
162, 166
Mercosur and 266–267
in the neoliberal age 253,
254, 272, 274–275
taxes and 208, 314c
Exxon Petroleum 291.
Ezeiza International Airport 236,
238, 241, 281, 290
F
Fabricaciones Militares 195, 311c
facones 124
factories 156, 199, 206–207,
294–295.
Falkland Islands. See Malvinas,
the
Falkner, Thomas 16
“Family Compact” 79
farmers 36–37, 36, 76, 167–168.
See also agriculture
immigrant 131, 159–162,
164, 165
mestizo 61
revolt of 310c
strike of 2008 293–294, 293,
314c
farm tenants 112–113, 115, 159–
162, 161, 167, 168, 310c.
Farm Tenants’ Strike of 1912 161,
310c
343
fascism 193, 197, 201, 204, 215,
216, 251
feathers 9, 14, 72
federalism 93–94, 96, 122, 127,
276.
Federalists 125
federalization 139–140, 141
Federal League of the Río de la
Plata 93
Federation of Land and Housing
285–286
feminism 212, 216
Ferdinand VII (king of Spain)
89, 90
Fernández de Kirchner, Cristina
ix, 275–276, 278, 280–281, 280,
291, 292–295, 314c
Ferrell, Edelmiro 193
Fiat 225
Filipinas Company 308c
financial panic of 1826 110
financial sector 144, 195
Firmenich, Mario 239, 257,
260, 299
fishing 6, 9, 15–16, 17, 48
flax 162
flota (fleet) system 42, 43, 64
flour 74, 121, 147
flour mills 147, 156
foodstuffs 29, 60, 143, 147–148,
201, 208, 265, 288–289.
Ford 225
foreign policy 259
forests 9
forts 55–56
France 62–63, 79, 87, 110, 157,
246, 280
blockade of Buenos Aires 309c
invasion of Spain 79–80,
87, 89
Rosas and 127
trade with 109, 127
Franco, Francisco 251
Fraser family 175
free trade 64, 67–68, 80, 308c
freight x, 42–43, 119, 120, 143,
144t, 175, 196, 198.
French Revolution 79, 80–81
Friedman, Milton 266
frigoríficos. See meatpacking
industry
Frondizi, Arturo 219–220, 221,
225, 226, 312c
frontiers 115, 124
expansion of 103, 104, 119
frontier wars 112
settlement of 301
violence on the 51
fruits 15, 73, 74
Full Stop laws 281, 282
furs 72
G
Gallego, Francisco 33
Galtieri, Leopoldo 247–252,
257, 282
game 6, 9, 12, 14–15, 17–18, 48
gangsterism 229
Garay, Juan de 25, 48
García, Juan Agustín 25
Gardel, Carlos xi, 154, 155, 185–
186, 190, 191, 237, 264, 310c
Garré, Nilda 281
Garzón, Baltasar 282
gauchos xii, 94, 106–107, 113,
115–116, 117, 127, 133, 159,
164, 298. See also cattlemen
in the colonial era 45–46,
53, 75–77
culture of 153–156
disappearance of 163–164
Jewish 160
leisure time and 118
military impressment of
115–116
Rosas and 122, 124
gender 3, 9–10, 14, 17–19, 296.
See
also
women
gender ratios 121–122
General Labor Confederation.
See CGT (General Labor
Confederation)
General Motors 225
Generation of Eighty 138, 139–
142, 142–144, 165–168, 175,
184, 188, 276, 310c
geography 1–2
Georgian Islands 251
Germany 109, 192, 203, 280
Ginobili, Manu xi
gold 14, 46, 192, 290
golpes
de
estado
. See military coups
González de Prado, Pedro 33
González Trejo, César 279
Graham-Yooll, Andrew 239
grains 6, 145–147, 145t, 266–
267, 289, 294
Gran Chaco, the 1, 8, 10, 12–15,
13, 23–25, 35, 37, 47, 49–50
Gran Colombia 102
grapes x, 121, 228
Great Britain 42, 62–63, 79–81,
87, 96, 110, 157, 259, 308c, 309c
blockade of Buenos Aires
309c
elites and 170
El Proceso and 246
foreign investment from 110,
175–183, 192
invasion of Buenos Aires
79–80, 81–84, 88, 89, 308c
invasion of Montevideo 308c
railroad companies of
176–177, 178, 311c
Rosas and 127
the slave trade and 46
trade with 45–46, 108, 109,
127, 143, 145, 147, 191–
192, 194, 307c, 308c, 311c
War in the Malvinas 247–
252, 279, 312c
Great Depression, the 184–187,
193, 194, 199, 275
Green, Enrique 230
gringos 162, 163–166, 298
gross domestic product (GDP)
175, 194t, 227t, 261–262, 268t,
292t, 301
gross external debt 270t
gross national product (GNP) 281
Grupo de Oficiales Unidos
(United Officers’ Group/GOU)
192–193
Guaná, the 14
guanacos 17
Guaraní, the 5, 9–10, 23–25,
37–38, 51, 62–63, 70, 130,
306c, 307c
1753 uprising on the Pampas
55–56
demographic resurgence of
the 58
as gauchos 77
Jesuits and 58, 59, 60
militias of 61, 70
as peons for Paraguayan
agriculturists 71
rebellion of 61, 62, 307c, 308c
Guayaquil, Ecuaor 101
Güemes, Martín 94
guerrilla movement 232, 233,
238, 241, 254–261, 299, 300,
312c, 313c
the Dirty War and 243,
245–246
rise of the 232–236
guerrillas xiii, 98–99
Guevara, Ernesto “Che” xi, 154,
219, 221, 234, 238, 261, 312c
guilmenes 18
Güiraldes, Ricardo, Don Segundo
Sombra xi
gunpowder 68
H
hacendados 40, 77
haciendas 38, 40, 48, 70–72, 74,
76–77, 81
Haiti 100
hammocks 9
handicrafts 5–6, 14, 18–19, 48,
60. See also artisanry
Hapsburg monarchy 307c
Havana, Cuba 42
Heredia, Nicolás de 33
Hernández, José xi, 155, 310c
hides xi, 9, 12, 14–15, 45, 47,
53, 60, 67, 71–72, 74–75, 77,
84–85, 94, 103, 107, 109, 114
hide-salting plants 111–112,
121–122
Hirsch, Baron Maurice de 160
horsemanship 77
horses 46, 48–50, 53–56, 54,
76–77, 94, 130–134, 146
Hotel Nahuel Huapi x
housing 159, 199, 210
Houssay, Bernardo xi
Huacho, Peru 98
Huilliche, the 8
Hu Jintao 290
INDEX
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARGENTINA
344
Humahuaca, the 6
human rights abuses 246–247,
252, 259–260, 282–284,
313c–314c.
human rights organizations 246,
255, 257, 258, 259, 283
hunter-gatherers 5, 10, 15, 17
hunters 7, 17, 19, 48, 53, 132,
306c. See also southern hunters
hunting 6, 9–10, 12–19
Hussay, Bernardo 310c
hydroelectricity x
hyperinflation 263
I
Iberian Peninsula 79–80, 87, 308c
IBM 225
Iguazú Falls x, 291
Illia, Arturo 220, 222, 312c
IMF riots 263–264, 263, 273,
276, 313c
immigrants 114–115, 166, 167,
177
anti-immigrant sentiment
173, 310c
Asian 199
Bolivian 227–229
bourgeoisie 168
in Buenos Aires 151t, 151,
152–153, 164
English 117
European xi, xiii, 113, 117,
136, 138, 149–150, 150t,
151, 153–154, 157–162,
163–166, 199
exemption from military duty
131, 165
French 150
German 150, 162
housing of 151
in the interior 153, 164
investments by 110
Irish 117
Italian xi, 149–150, 149t,
152, 162
Jewish 150, 173, 174
labor shortages and 116–119
land and 159–162
Latin American 227–229
in the liberal age 148–166
literacy and 153–154
lo argentino and 154–155
on the Pampas 159–162
Paraguayan 227–229
Russian 150, 173, 174
Spanish 40, 56–57, 86,
149–150, 149t
Swiss 162
upward mobility of 115
white 115
immigration 27, 139, 166, 174,
199, 310c
Alberdi on 129
class and 163–166
economic growth and 148
economics and 148–156
European 127–128, 163–166,
298
gender and 153
Latin American 227–229
in the liberal age 148–156,
149t, 150t
urbanization and 148–156
imperialism, crisis of 79–102
import-export houses 86
imports 196, 210, 272, 288
agrarian expansion and 108,
110, 119
in the colonial era 39, 42, 71,
80, 84, 85
European 119
in the liberal age 138, 148
of raw materials 157
impunity 298–300
Inca, the 1, 5–10, 20–24, 34, 306c
income inequity 166, 188, 276
Indama, the 32
independence (political) xi, 80,
119
consolidation of 96–102
declaration of 96, 103, 309c
independence movements xi,
77, 88–90, 122
in Peru 101
revolution for 79–102, 106,
107
independence (quality of) x–xi,
1, 4, 8
Independence, War of 126, 136,
260, 274, 296, 301, 309c
Independence Day 89
India 275, 289
“Indian cloths” 35
“Indian problem,” the 131–135
Indians. See indigenous peoples
the “Indies” 21
indigenous peoples 57, 91,
93–94, 117, 120, 132, 297, 298
agriculture and 3, 9, 10, 14,
19, 50
autonomy of 19, 48, 132–133
clothing of 5–6, 7, 9, 48,
49, 53
in the colonial era 40, 57, 77
Conquest of the Desert and
132–133, 135, 166, 297,
310c
conversion of 31
diet of 6–7, 9, 14–15, 18–19,
48–50, 53, 58
disease and 24, 31, 35,
47–48, 50, 58
diversity of 19
elders of 53
encroachment upon 51,
53, 55
equality of 92, 101
European settlers and 20–26,
32–34, 47–50, 51–53, 55,
104, 131–135, 132, 296–
297, 299, 306c
on the eve of European
settlement 11m
folk medicine of 12, 14
gender roles of 3, 9–10, 14,
17–19
of the Gran Chaco 12–15,
13, 49–50
the “Indian problem”
131–135
individualism of 12
intermarriage among 133
intertribal rivalries 50
Jesuits and 58–62, 70, 71
kinship structure of 10, 14,
50, 58
land and 132
languages of 14, 19, 155
livestock and 48, 49, 50
migration of 50
military capabilities of 133
music of 34
overall characteristics 19
of the Pampas 17–19, 70,
106, 128, 133–134, 136
of Patagonia 17–19, 128
population of 3t
in the precolonial era 1–26
raids by 48, 50, 54–56, 124,
131–134, 132, 310c
religion of 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 19
reorganization of 47–50, 51
resources of 9
Rosas’s campaign to pacify
124
socio-political structure of
7–10, 12, 14, 16–19, 49,
54–55
territory of 9
tolderías 49
tools of 9, 17, 19
trade and 14, 53, 54, 133,
134
tributes to 56, 92, 99, 100,
101, 124, 132, 133
unification of 133
weapons of 7, 10, 14, 16, 17,
48, 49, 54
individualism x–xi, 1, 4
industrialism 107–110
industrialists 228, 265, 301
industrialization 142–144, 189,
222, 301
during the 1930s and 1940s
193–198
after World War II 206–207
beginnings of modern
manufacturing 156–157
national 205, 208, 222, 224
under Perón 205, 206,
215–216
the state and 193–198
industrial rationalization 218–219
industries 294–295. See also
specific industries
“infamous decade,” the 189–193
inflation 201, 209, 220, 222–226,
247, 253, 262–263, 275, 291–
292, 301, 312c, 313c
1945–1984 223t
1980–2001 266t
345
1999–2010 292t
agrarian expansion and 110
during de-Peronization
222–226, 223t
under Isabel Perón 238
under Menem 267
under Onganía 231
under Perón 210–211,
222–224, 223t, 237
influenza 24
Interama (theme park) 242
Inter-American Summit 280
interior, the 192
immigrants in 153
population of 121–122
Rosas and 126–127
trade in 119–122
International Business Machines
(IBM) 224
International Monetary Fund
(IMF) 253, 254, 261, 263, 267,
271, 274, 291
intervención 127
investment 157
British 110, 175–183, 192
during de-Peronization
224–225
economic nationalism and
174–179
European 225
foreign 110–111, 128,
143–144, 174, 188, 196,
198, 234–235, 238, 241,
248, 253–254, 264–265,
289–293, 301
the Great Depression and 184
in the meat industry 175
oil industry and 179–184
U.S. 192, 224–225, 312c
Irala, Domingo de 24–25
Iraq 267, 280
iron 60, 157
irrigation 5, 6, 36, 121
Islas Malvinas. See Malvinas, the
Italian-Argentines 274
Italy 108, 204
J
Jenkins’s Ear, War of 62–63
Jesuits 32, 38–39, 43, 45, 49–51,
55, 58, 59, 62–63, 130, 307c,
308c.
business activities of 59, 60t
expulsion of 70–71, 308c
indigenous peoples and
58–62, 70, 71
institutions of 60, 71
the Jesuit problem 56–62
Jesuit Ranches, Córdoba 60t
mestizos and 61
property of 52, 60t, 70, 71
slaves and 60, 60t, 70, 71
taxes and 58, 60, 61
tax-exempt status of 70
trade and 60, 61
Jewish community center
bombing 270, 313c
Jews 150, 160, 173, 174, 255,
274, 299, 310c
Jockey Club 158, 203
Joseph, King (Joseph Bonaparte)
87–88
Juan Moreira (drama) 155
Juárez Celman, Miguel 310c
judiciary 256, 256–257, 269,
299–300
Jujuy, Argentina 5, 29, 35, 74,
307c
Jujuy Province, Argentina 29, 31
Junín, Peru 101
justice 298–300, 299–300
justicialismo 204–206, 212
Justicialista Party 212, 277, 278,
281
Justo, Agustín 184, 189–190, 196,
200, 311c
K
Kaiser 225
Kennedy, John F. 219
kidnappings 238
Kirchner, Nestor 275–280, 280,
289, 313c–314c
as chairman of the Justicialista
party 281
China and 290
the Dirty War and 282–283,
284
economic revival under
288–291
elections of 2007 and
280–281
farmers’ strike of 2008 and 294
IMF and 291
piqueteros and 285–286
kirchnerismo 278, 294
knives 76–77. See also laborers
Kon, Daniel 249
L
La Boca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
290
labor 120, 148, 156, 310c
discipline and 117–118
European 138
flexibility 254
immigration and 148–156
management and 200
under Menem 267
politics and 170–173
race and 116
shortages of 113, 115–119,
124, 127–128, 134,
138–139, 148–149
state and 201, 203
working conditions 114–119,
201, 203
work rules 200
work slowdowns 229
laborers 28, 77, 198–199, 218,
265, 273, 301, 311c
antilabor sentiment 173
Creole 199–201
during de-Peronization
229–230
the Dirty War and 247
El Proceso and 252
of foreign-owned companies
176–177, 178
gender of 121–122
the Great Depression and 184
immigrant 28, 177, 199,
200, 298
indigenous 57–58, 60–61, 70,
92, 99, 100, 117, 118, 298
inflation and 210–211
mestizo 40, 115
migrant 121–122, 162, 173,
198–199, 200, 227–229, 298
mulatto 115
nonwhite 27–28, 31, 37–38,
40, 52, 57–58, 77–78, 92,
115–116. See also slaves
under Onganía 231
Paraguayan Revolt of the
Comuneros 298
Perón and 201, 203, 206–
209, 211, 227–232
petroleum nationalism and
226
race and 297
rural 148, 208
seasonal 227–229
urbanization and 148
vagrancy laws and 117–118
labor movement 207, 210, 218,
247, 272, 299. See also labor
unions; strikes
the Dirty War and 245
under Perón 201, 203, 206,
211, 228
rural 208
labor unions 171, 173, 178, 189,
200–201, 207, 218, 220, 230–
231, 247, 265, 285, 299, 311c.
See
also
specific
unions
during
de-Peronization
229–230
guerrilla movement and
235–236
under the Kirchners 276
under Perón 228, 231
Perón and 201, 203, 206,
210, 211, 213
railways and 176–177, 178,
209
rural 208
state control of 201, 203
land 112–113, 132, 168, 271. See
also
estancias; haciendas
land grants 112
land use 115, 288, 289
during the liberal age
157–162
redistribution of 92, 94, 95
renting of 112–113, 114,
159–162
subdivision of 115, 159–162
INDEX