Болсуновская Л.М., Абрамова Р.Н., Матвеенко И.А. (ред.) Petroleum engineering. Teachers book. Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для учителя
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Part III
ECOLOGICAL CONTROL IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Chapter 1
HYDROGEOLOGY
Н.В. Сухорукова
UNIT 1
WATER – NATURE’S TREASURE OR …?
Lead in
Quiz. Test yourself. The first letter is given.
1. snow,
2. slush,
3. ice,
4. sleet,
5. hail,
6. dew,
7. frost,
8. puddle/ pond/ lake/ sea/ ocean,
9. brook/ creek/ steam/ river,
10. plain water
Exercise 3. Work in pairs. Here are the answers to some questions about
the text. What are the questions?
1. How can you define water?
2. What is water made of?
3. In what forms does water exist?
4. When does water change from the liquid to the solid? (freezes)
5. What happens at 100 degrees centigrade?
6. What does water reach when it expands?
7. Why is water never pure as it occurs in nature?
8. How do we call a process when visible water is changed to the
invisible water gas?
9. When does the little puddle of water (formed from the melting ice)
finally disappear?
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10. What form of water is called water vapor?
Exercise 5.
Listen to the text about water and decide if you would agree
with the following statements. Write “Yes” or “No” in the box next to each
statement and be ready to explain your answers.
Tapescript
Three-quarters of the Earth is covered in water. This makes water the
most common substance on Earth . Like other substances water can exist
as a liquid, as a gas, or as a solid. Water in the form of a gas (water
vapour) is commonly called steam. Solid water is ice. We can change one
form into another form by simply changing the conditions, for example by
heating it up or cooling it down. The change from one form to another is
usually called a change of state. Changes of state are examples of the
physical change. They do not involve making new substances. Single
substances are either compounds or elements. What about water? From
the chemical point of view water has many points of interest, because it
enters into chemical reactions which are of fundamental importance.
Water not only reacts with many substances, but it also has a marked
influence upon many chemical reactions. Well, water can be decomposed.
So it can’t be an element, can it? Decomposition of water can be made by
electric current. In this way two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of
oxygen are obtained. So we can say that water is a compound of hydrogen
and oxygen. The chemical name of water is hydrogen oxide. Right? Is it
possible to make water from its elements? The answer is – yes! In fact, it
is quite easy to do (but dangerous). Hydrogen’s the water former,
remember? When it is burnt in air, water is formed. The “artificial water”
formed in this way is exactly the same as “natural water”. The experiment
can be made in the laboratory, but by the teacher, and with strict safety
precautions.
Keys:
1. Water is the most abundant substance on the Earth. Yes
2. We can not change one form of water into another by simply changing
the conditions.No
3. The three forms of water are all the same chemical substances. Yes
4. A change of state involves making new substances.No
5. Water can be decomposed into its elements by electrolysis. Yes
6. Water vapour is usually defined as steam. Yes
7. Water’s chemical symbol is H2O.Yes
8. Water can be synthesized by burning hydrogen in the air.Yes
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UNIT 2
HYDROGEOLOGY
Lead-in
Look at the following words in the clouds. The letters are scrambled. Can
you guess what the words are? Use all letters.
Hydrogeology, groundwater, aquifer, watershed, artesian well.
Exercise. 4. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.
1 with, of, of, 2 for, 3 into, 4 in, 5 from
Exercise. 5. Complete the sentences.
1. Taking into account the interplay of the different facets of a multi-
component system often requires knowledge in several diverse fields at
both the experimental and theoretical levels.
2. As stated above , hydrogeology, is a branch of the earth sciences
dealing with the flow of water through aquifers and other shallow porous
media (typically less than 450 m or 1,500 ft below the land surface.).
3. Traditionally, the movement of groundwater has been studied
separately from surface water, climatology, and even the chemical and
microbiological aspects of hydrogeology (the processes are uncoupled).
4. As the field of hydrogeology matures, the strong interactions between
groundwater, surface water, water chemistry, soil moisture and even
climate are becoming more clear.
5. Because hydrogeology deals with water in a complex subsurface
environment, it is a complex science.
6. On the other hand, much of its basic terminology and principles can be
understood readily by non-hydrogeologists.
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Exercise 6. Give English equivalents to Russian words.
1. area, deals with, commonly
2. minor distinction
3. account for
4. interaction
5. taking into account
6. as states above, branch, media
7. viscous, empirically derived laws, viscosity
8. Laplace equation
9. the movement of groundwater, climatology
10. as the field of hydrogeology matures.
Exercise 7. What are the subjects of the following sciences?
Hydrology deals with all aspects of the waters of the Earth: their
circulation; their chemical and physical properties; and their reaction with
the environment, including their relation to living things
Hydrogeology deals with flow of water through aquifers and other
shallow porous media.
Topography is concerned with describing an area of land, or making maps
of it.
Civil engineering deals with planning, building and repair of roads,
bridges, large buildings.
Agriculture is a science of farming.
Exercise 10. Read the text ‘Joseph Lucas and the term “Hydrogeology”
and decide if the given statements are true or false.
1. T
2. F – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck is known as the founder of invertebrate
paleontology
3. T
4. T
5. F – Prestwich was a member of the Royal Commission on Water
Supply.
6. T
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7. T
8. T
9. T
10. F – Joseph Lucas certainly made an innovative contribution which
probably deserves more recognition than it has received.
Exercise 11. These dates are the stages of hydrogeology term development.
What do they stand for?
(The first use of the word hydrogeolgy by Lamark)
(Lucas used the term hydrogeology again.)
(In 1876 Prestwich produced a further report, this time on Oxford, which
included a "Hydro-geological map of the basin of the Thames above
Oxford".)
Exercise 15. Read the texts once more carefully and choose the correct
alternative for these words and word combinations.
1. laterally
2. outwash
3. intercept
1802
1874
1876
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4. sandwich
5. artesian aquifer
6. precipitation
7. evapotranspiration
8. water table aquifer
Exercise 16. Find in the texts words with the opposite meaning to the
suggested.
1. impermeable
2. unconfined aquifer
3. unsaturated zone
4. hillslope
Exercise 17. Match the words in the right column with the words in the left
one.
1. saturated zone
2. artesian aquifer
3. permeability layers
4. atmospheric pressure
5. impermeable bedrock
6. depositional sequences
7. unconcolidated materials
8. fractured limestone
9. water table
10. glacial outwash
Exercise 19. Match the English term with the Russian one.
1. E, 2. A, 3. J, 4. L, 5. I, 6. B, 7. G, 8. C, 9. D, 10. F, 11. H, 12. K.
Exercise 20. Match the terms with the definitions.
1. F, 2. H, 3. A, 4. B, 5. J, 6. C, 7. L, 8. D, 9. E, 10. K, 11. J, 12. G.
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Exercise 21.
Listen to the text where a commentator is talking about a
hydrologist job. You will hear it twice. Answer the questions by saying
whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).
Mark it on the answer sheet. You have 30 seconds to read the questions.
LISTENING
1
(T)
2
(F)
3
(T)
4
(T)
5
(T)
Tapescript
Hydrologists Job Description
Water is one of the precious resources. Hydrologists help protect that
resourse. Hydro means ‘water’. Ologist means ‘one of studies’. So,
hydrologists are scientists who study the water in our environment. They
use sophisticated techniques and equipment to monitor changes in water
cycles.
They study precipitation, its movements through the Earth, and its return
to the ocean and the atmosphere. The work of hydrologists is especially
important in flood control, as work in Katrina showed flooding is a major
hazard in parts of our country.
Environmental preservation is another crucial area. These scientists
analyze the ground water that surrounds us, looking for contamination.
Many hydrologists survive businesses and government agencies who must
comply with environmental policy.
A good part of the job especially for junior workers is spent in the field in
all types of weather. Tracking through rough country, climbing
embedments and getting wet is not in common. More experienced
hydrologists tend to spend much of their time in the lab. Here they
conduct tests, run experiments, record results and compile data.
Knowledge of computer, math and related sciences is essential. So being
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able to present your findings to others. So good people and
communication skills are a plus.
Entry level positions require a bachelor’s degree. Certification in
hydrology is recommended for most advanced employments. If you’re
over first for knowledge about the environment, consider a job as a
hydrologist.
Keys:
1. precious
2. environment
3. major hazard
4. sophisticated techniques
5. flood control
6. precipitation
7. preservation
8. more experienced hydrologists
9. run experiments
10. certification
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UNIT 3
THE CIRCULATION OF WATER
IN THE INTERIOR OF THE EARTH
Lead-in
Work in pairs. Look at the following pictures. What do they show? How
would you entitle them?
The hydrologic circulation of water
Interrelationship of (I) hydrologic, (II) geologic water circulation in the Earth
Look at the figure of the hydrologic cycle below. What do the given values
mean?
The values given are the corresponding amounts of the world water balance:
without parentheses – in km
3
, inside parentheses – mm (after M.I.L’vovich).
What do the arrows on the figure mean? Match the terms (in clouds) with
the arrows.
1 precipitation, 2 surface runoff, 3 underground runoff, 4 evaporation
Exercise 3. Match the English term with the Russian one.
1. C, 2. I, 3. H, 4. J, 5. F, 6. A,7. B, 8. D, 9. C, 10. G
Exercise 4. Match the terms with their definitions.
1. D, 2. B, 3. A, 4. C, 5. D.
Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the missing words. Don’t change the form
given.
Water in liquid and solid form covers most of the (1) crust of the Earth.
By a complex process powered by (2) gravity and the action of solar
energy, an endless exchange of water, in (3) vapor, liquid, and solid
forms, takes place between the (4) atmosphere, the oceans, and the crust.
Water(5)circulates in the air and in the oceans, as well as over and below
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the surface of landmasses. The (6) distribution of water in the planet is
uneven. General patterns of circulation are present in the atmosphere, the
oceans, and the landmasses, but regional features are very irregular and
seemingly random in detail. Therefore, while causal relations underlie the
overall process, it is believed that important elements of chance affect
local (7) hydrological events.
Exercise 6. For questions 1–10 read the text below. Use the words in the
box to the right of the text to form one word that fits in the same numbered
space in the text. The exercise begins with an example (0).
1. endless, 2. recirculatory, 3. movement, 4. various, 5. hydrological,
6. separate, 7. concentration, 8. humidity, 9. compartment, 10. evaporation.
Exercise 7.
You are going to hear a report about the hydrologic cycle.
Before you listen, discuss the following questions.
1. Try to guess what percentage of water is concentrated in oceans,
glaciers and ice caps. (97 % in the oceans, about 2 % in glaciers and
ice caps)
2. The world per capita use of water in 1975 was about 185,000 gal/yr.
And the total human use of water was about 10
15
gal/yr. What do you
think is world use of water nowadays? (Today, world use of water is
about 6,000, which is a significant fraction of the naturally available
freshwater.)
Exercise 8.
Listen to the tape to see if you were right. For questions 1–7
decide whether the statements are true or false.
1. T
2. False – The water in the atmosphere – only 0.001 % of the total on
Earth – cycles quickly to produce rain and runoff for our water
resources.
3. T
4. T
5. T
6. False – the fundamental hydrological unit of the landscape is the
drainage basin (also called a watershed or catchment).
7. False – Together, the oceans, ice caps and glaciers account for more
than 99 % of the total water, and both are generally unsuitable for