Boardman J., Hammond N.G. L. The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3, Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries BC

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THE CAMBRIDGE

ANCIENT HISTORY

VOLUME III

PART 3

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

THE CAMBRIDGE

ANCIENT

HISTORY

SECOND EDITION

VOLUME III

PART

The Expansion

the Greek World,

Eighth

Sixth Centuries B.C.

Edited by

JOHN BOARDMAN

F.B.A.

Lincoln Professor

Classical Archaeology and

Art

in the University

Oxford

G. L. HAMMOND F.B.A.

Professor Emeritus

Greek

University

Bristol

CAMBRIDGE

UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

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and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place without

the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1925

Second edition 1982

Seventh printing 2006

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

British

Library Cataloguing

in Publication data

The Cambridge Ancient History. - 2nd ed.

Vol.

3 : Part.

The expansion of the Greek world, eighth

to sixth centuries B.C.

History, Ancient

I. Boardman, John II. Hammond, N. G. L.

930 D57 75-85719

ISBN

O 521

23447

<•

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CONTENTS

List of maps page ix

List of text-figures xi

Preface xiii

36*7 The Greeks in the Near East 1

by T. F. R. G.

BRAUN,

Fellow of Merton

College

and Lecturer in

Ancient History in the University of Oxford

1 Names and places 1

11 Phoenicians in Greece 5

in Greek trade and settlement in the Levant 7

iv Assyrian kings and the Greeks 14

v The Neo-Babylonian empire and the Greeks 21

vi Near Eastern influences on the Greeks 24

36^

The Greeks in Egypt 32

by T. F. R. G. BRAUN

1 Greek-Egyptian relations before Psammetichus I 32

n Psammetichus I and the first settlement of Greeks and

Carians 35

in Naucratis 37

iv Other Greek and Carian settlements in Egypt 43

v Greek forces in campaigns of the Sake dynasty 49

vi The Greek debt to Egypt 53

36^

Cyprus 57

by V.

KARAGEORGHIS,

Director of Antiquities, Cyprus

1 Assyrian domination and a century of independence 57

11 Egyptian domination 64

in The first years of Persian domination 69

The Cypriot syllabary 71

by T. B.

MITFORD,

formerly Professor of Classical Archaeology in

the University of St Andrews

and

OLIVIER MASSON,

Professor of Greek in the University of Paris

X - Nanterres and at the Ecote Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CONTENTS

The

colonial expansion

Greece

A. J.

GRAHAM,

Professor

Classics

at the

University

Pennsylvania

1 Introduction

The

south coast

Asia Minor

and

north Syria

in Sicily

and

southern Italy

The

north coast

the Aegean

113

v Hellespont, Propontis, Bosporus

118

vi Pontus

122

VII

North-west Greece

and the

Adriatic

130

viii North Africa

The far

west

139

x Foundation

143

xi Relations with, the mother city

XII

Relations with

the

natiye population

155

xiii Causation

157

xiv Conclusion

159

The

western Greeks

163

by A. J.

GRAHAM

1 Major foundations after

700 163

The

expansion

of the

Greek colonies

175

in Greeks

and

Phoenicians

186

The

internal developments

of the

Greek states

and

their relations

189

39a

The

eastern Greeks

9*>

J. M.

COOK,

Professor Emeritus of Ancient History and Classical

Archaeology

in the

University

Bristol

The

literary evidence

196

The

material evidence

202

The

overseas expansion

the eastern Greeks

211

The

East Greek acme

215

39^ Crete

222

£7

JOHN BOARDMAN,

Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology

and

Art in

the University

Oxford

39^

Cretan laws

and

society

234

by R.

F.WILLETTS,

Professor

Greek

the University

Birmingham

39*/

Euboea

and the

islands

249

W. G. G.

FORREST,

Fellow

of New

College

and

Wykeham

Professor

Ancient History

the University

Oxford

1 Euboea, 700—500 B.C.

249

The

islands

253

Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008

CONTENTS

Vll

40 Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia 261

by N. G. L.

HAMMOND,

Professor Emeritus of Greek in the

University of Bristol

1 Illyrian and Epirotic tribes in Illyris and west Macedonia 261

11 Settlers on the coast and the tribes in Epirus 266

in Macedonia 273

41 Central Greece and Thessaly 286

by W. G. G. FORREST

I Hesiod 286

11 Boeotia, 700-500

B.C.

288

in Thessaly, 700-500 B.C. 294

iv East and West Locris, Phocis, Malis, Doris, 700-500 B.C. 300

v Delphi, 750-500

B.C.

3°5

42 The Peloponnese 321

by N. G. L. HAMMOND

I Some problems of chronology 321

11 The pursuit of power by the Dorian states, c. 750-650

B.C.

326

in The pursuit of power by individuals, c. 650-5 50

B.C.

341

iv Struggles for survival and supremacy, c, 650—530 B.C. 351

43 The growth of the Athenian state 360

by A. AN

DREW ES,

former/y Wykeham Professor of Ancient History

in the University of Oxford

1 The unification of Attica 360

11 The aristocratic state 363

in Cylon to Solon 368

iv Solon 375

44 The tyranny of Pisistratus 392

by A. ANDREWES

1 Solon to Pisistratus 392

II Vicissitudes of Pisistratus 398

in The tyranny established 4

45a Economic and social conditions in the Greek world 417

by C. G.

STARR,

Professor of History at the University of Michigan

1 Introduction 4

II The forces in economic development 4

in The agricultural world 422

iv The effects of economic expansion 425

v Economic tensions 431

vi Social developments 436

VII

Aristocratic life 438

Vlll CONTENTS

45£ The material culture of Archaic Greece 442

by JOHN BOARDMAN

Chronological table 463

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbreviations 469

A General 471

B The east, Egypt and Cyprus 473

1 The east 473

11 Egypt 476

in Cyprus 478

iv Cypriot script 479

C Colonization 480

1 General 480

11 The west 480

in North Aegean 488

iv The Black Sea and approaches 488

v North Africa 490

D The Greek islands and East Greece 490

1 Islands and East Greece 490

11 Crete 494

E The Greek mainland 496

1 Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia 496

11 Thessaly and Central Greece 499

in Laconia and Messenia 501

iv The Argolic peninsula 502

v Corinthia and Megara 504

vi The rest of the Peloponnese 504

F Athens and Attica 505

1 General 505

11 The early period 506

in Solon 506

iv Pisistratus 507

G Economic and social conditions 508

H Material culture and art 510

Index 5' 3

MAPS

1 The Near East page z

2 Egypt 34

3 The Nile Delta 34

4 Cyprus 58

5 The western Mediterranean 84

6 The central Mediterranean 86

7 The eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea 88

8 Sicily and Magna Graecia 96

9 The north Aegean and the Propontis 114

10 Sicily 164

11 South Italy 170

12 East Greece 198

13 Crete 224

14 The islands 250

15 Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia 262

16 Boeotia 290

17 Central Greece and Thessaly 296

18 The Peloponnese and the Megarid 322