28
cancellothyroid Cnismatocentrum parvum from the Sea of Okhotsk) are known
to nurse the embryos and larvae in the mantle camera (Malakhov, 1976). It is
supposed that breeding of brachiopods takes place in spring and in autumn.
Larvae of articulate brachiopods do not feed and soon settle near their parents,
sometimes just on the surface of nearby adults to form crowds which can
consist of different species. It is a very rare occasion to find larvae of articulate
brachiopods in plankton.
Sometimes zoologists consider brachiopods as a taxon of higher rank than
the Phylum (Beklemishev W.N., 1964, 1969; Beklemishev C.W., 1979), in
particular, as subdivision Brachiopoda of division Bilateria (of the same rank
as subdivision Deuterostomia). In recent times the unity of brachiopods as the
phylum has been called in question (Starobogatov, 2000a, b), and inarticulate
linguliform brachiopods with chitino-phosphate shells have been considered as
Pleuropygia in the phylum Tentaculata (or Podaxonia) together with phoronids
and bryozoans. But here inarticulate brachiopods are out of consideration
because they are not found in the Russian waters of the Sea of Japan.
Nowadays most of zoologists, paleontologists, embryologists and
biochemists-genetics (Kussakin, Drozdov, 1994; Malakhov, 1995; Williams et
al., 1996, 1997; Cohen, Gowthrop, 1997; Peck et al., 1997; Cohen et al., 1998
a, 1998 b; Lueter, 2000; Ruppert et al., 2004) are of the opinion that the
phylum Brachiopoda is a united one. In accordance with the system of high
rank taxa (Williams et al., 1996), accepted for the new publication of “Treatise
on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H Brachiopoda (revised)”, there are three
subphyla in the phylum Brachiopoda: Linguliformea, Craniaformea and
Rhynchonelliformea. Among 8 classes of recent and fossil brachiopods
(Lingulata, Paterinata, Craniata, Chileata, Obolellata, Kutorginata,
Strophomenata, Rhynchonellata) only three ones are represented in the recent
fauna (Lingulata, Craniata and Rhynchonellata) and only the last one is
represented in the Russian waters of the Sea of Japan.
The idea of brachiopods as rare animals in recent marine fauna is not
correct. 26 families, 116 genera and more than 300 species show that the
diversity of recent forms is great. Fossil taxa are more numerous, but they are
divided into many time periods and studied too locally. Diversity of fossil taxa
is reflected in a big number of specialists studying them. The most
paleontologists-brachiopodologists study Paleozoic taxa. Carbon and Perm are
the time when brachiopods were in the most flourishing state. Recent forms
represent the tops of different phylogenetic branches, which appear mostly in
Cretaceous and Paleogene. Recent brachiopods are known from the northern
seas of Europe, Asia and America up to the Antarctic. The most number of
species of recent brachiopods is known (Zezina, 1976) in the tropical zone
(31% of all recent species) and in the northern subtropical zone (32%).
Geographic ranges of the species are very different, but mostly as large as the