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PHYLUM PHORONIDA – PHORONIDS
Elena N. Temereva
General characteristics
Phoronids are exclusively marine animals, have world-wide distribution.
At present the phylum Phoronida comprises 12 described species (Emig, 1979;
Temereva, Malakhov, 1999; Temereva, 2000). Adult phoronids have a
vermiform body (pl. I, figs. 1, 2) and live in tubes excreted by themselves
(pl. II, figs. 1, 2). Tube walls are formed of hardened chitin secretion of
epithelium (Hyman, 1958, 1959), they are transparent and elastic, but in some
species they are incrusted and reinforced by ground grains (pl. II, figs. 1, 2).
Two ecological groups are distinguished among phoronids: burrowing and
encrusting (Emig, 1982, 1985). The former ones occur in mollusk shells
(Acmaea, Niveotectura, Chlamys, Crassostrea, Crenomytilus, Fusitriton) and
in rocks, and the latter ones – in sand, and their tubes are incrusted by grains of
sand (pl. I, fig. 2; II).
Animal body is fully buried in a tube, and only head end of the body with
lophophore tentacles looks out into water (pl. I, fig. 2; II, figs. 4, 5). Body
length is always shorter than the tube length and varies greatly both within one
species and among species; it may range from 1.5 cm (Phoronis ovalis) to 45
cm (Phoronopsis californica). Living animal body color may be milk-white,
rose-tinted, greenish or brown.
Outwardly body of all phoronids can be subdivided into five parts:
lophophore with tentacles, head part of the body, anterior and posterior body
parts and ampulla (Temereva, Malakhov, 2001) (pl. I, fig. 1). Head end bears
lophophore, which fulfils functions of feeding and respiration. Lophophore
tentacles embrace the mouth, which has a shape of falcate opening and is
covered with the epistome (over-mouth fold). Head body part is short, and
marked by two metanephridium lumps placed at the anal side (pl. II, fig. 3).
Anterior part is the longest part of phoronids body; it is characterized by a
folding integument and ability to heavily contract, becoming almost twice
shorter and drawing the head end in the tube (pl. II, fig. 3). Posterior body part
is characterized by the largest diameter (as compared with the other body parts)
and by thin semitransparent integument, through which blood vessels and
intestinal loop can be seen. Terminal body part – ampulla – is shaped as a small
phial and is characterized by folding mantle and the ability to change its
diameter very much (pl. I, fig. 1).
Phoronids have oral and anal sides of the body. On the anal side the anal
papilla, lumps of metanephridia and two lophphpore branches are well-marked
(pl. II, fig. 3).
Phoronids have dorsal side of the body, which is very short and presentes
by the body part between mouth and anus. The digestive tract is U-shaped. The