Безрученко В.Н., Xотян А.С. Электрические машины

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BeJIHlJHH, CBH3aHHblX CJIe.u.YIOIUHMH BblpaiKeHHHMH:

a) no.u.Be.u.eHHoe HanpHiKeHHe (ypaBHoBelIIHBaeTCH npoTHBo-

S.LlC B HKope H BHyTpeHHHM na.u.eHHeM HanpHiKeHHH)

V=E+I,;r.R,

(7.1)

r./le

!.R -'--

RA.n

RK.O -

cyMMa COnpOTHBJIeHHH SlKOpSl,

./l06aBoqH~x nonrocoB H KOMneHCaUHOHHOH 06MOTKH;

6) HaBO./lHMaSl B SlKope npoTHBO-3.lI.C

(B ./lanbHeihlleM

6Y./leM Ha3b1BaTb ee npocTo 3.lI.C; no 3aKoHy JIeHua OHa HanpaB-

neHa npOTHB TOKa SlKOpSl)

cen;

(7.2)

B) 3neKTpOMarHHTHbIH Bpaw.alOw.HHcSI MOMeHT

cM/H<J).

(7.3)

I1H,LleKC «3M» y 6yKBbI

3,LleCbH

,Llanee

,LlJISInpOCTOTbI ony-

w.eH. OTCIO,LlaBH,LlHO,qTO H3MeHeHHe HanpaBneHHH Bpaw.alOw.e-

ro MOMeHTa

(pe8epcupooaHue a8ueameAR)

B03MO)l{HO nyTeM

H3MeHeHHSI HanpaBneHHH TOKa HKOpH JIH60 MarHHTHoro nOTO-

Ka. npaKTHqeCKH 3TO BbIDOJIHHIOT nepeKnlOqeHHeM BblBO,LlOB

06MOTKH SlKOpH JIH60 nOJIIOCOB. Ho He O,LlHOBpeMeHHO!

113 Bblpa)l{eHHH

(7.1)

CJIe,LlyeT, qTO TOK HKOpSl

IH=(U-E)/!.R. (7.4)

Pa3HHua B 3HaqeHHHX

HeBeJIHKa; 06b1qHO

(0,92+0,97)

npHqeM 66JIbillaSl BeJIHqHHa OTHOCHTCSI

K MaIllHHaM60JIbilleH MOW.HOCTH.

nO./lcTaBHB

(7.2)

B ypaBHeHHe

(7.1),

peIllHM ero OTHOCHTeJIb-

HO qaCTOTbI Bpaw.eHH; TOr,Lla

U -/H"i.R

(7.5)

celD

Pa60Ta H CBoHcTBa ,LlBHraTeJIeH, onpe,LleJIHeMble 3THMH BbI-

pa)l{eHmIMH, 3aBHCSlT OT cnoc06a ero B036y)l{,LleHHH. TaK, Ma-

IllHHbI He3aBHCHMoro H napaJIJIeJIbHOrO BD36y)l{,LleHHH, nO,LlKJIIO-

qeHHble K ceTH C nOCTOHHHbIM HanpH)l{eHHeM

MoryT nepexo-

,LlHTb H3 reHepaTopHoro pe)l{HMa B ,LlBHraTeJIbHblH H Ha060poT •

.lI.eHcTBHTeJIbHO, KaK CJIe,LlyeT H3 Bblpa)l{eHHSI

(7.4),

eCJIH

E> U

(YBeJIHqeHa qaCTOTa Bpaw.eHHSI

n),

TO TOK

H3MeHHT

CBoe HanpaBJIeHHe (3HaK), T. e. MaIllHHa nepeH,LleT B reHepa-

TOPHbIH pe)l{HM. npH 3TOM 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIH MOMeHT, CorJIac-

(7.3),

npOTHBOnOJIO)l{eH HanpaBJIeHHIO Bpaw.eHHH, T. e.

CTaHeT TOPM03HblM. TaKHM 06pa30M, H3MeHHH 3HaqeHHe

(60JIbille HJIH MeHbille

V),

MaIllHHY He3aBHCHMoro HJIH napaJI-

.JIeJIbHOrO B036y)l{,LleHHSI MO)l{HO nepeBO,LlHTb COOTBeTCTBeHHO

B reHepaTopHbIH HJIH ,LlBHraTeJIbHbIH pe)l{HM.

MaUIHHe nOCJIe,LlOBaTeJIbHOrOB036y)l{,LleHHH 6Y,LleTCKa3aHO

HH)l{e.

ttl

PaBHoBecHe MOMeHTOB H MO~HocTeit B3aHMo06paTHoe npe-

olJ"pa30BaHHe 3JIeKTpHqeCKOH H MeXaHHqeCKOH 3HeprHH, corJIac-

HO aaKoHy coxpaHeHHH ~HeprHH, He MO)KeT npOHCXO./lHTQ

6e3

nOTepb nocne,LlHeii. IT<>repPI 3HeprHH BbI)leJISiIOTCSI B MaUIHHe

B BH,Lle TenJIOTbI H npe,LlCniBJISIIOT c060H pa3HHUY MeQY no./l-

Be,LleHHOH K ,LlBHraTeJIIO 3JIeKTpHQecKoH 3HeprHeH H MexaHH-

QeCKOH 3HeprHeH, HM oT,LlaBaeMoH. I1x COOTHOIlleHHe onpe,Lle-

mIeT K03ctxPHUHeHT nOJIe3HOrO ,LleHCTBHH (Kn.lI.).

npH YCTaHoBHBilleMcH pe)l{HMe pa60TbI Ha BaJIy ,LlBHraTeJIH

,LleHcTByIOT CJIe,LlYIOw.HeMOMeHTbI:

Bpaw.alOw.HH 3JIeKTpOMar-

HHTHblH MOMeHT

M; 2)

MOMeHT XOJIOCTOrO XO,Lla

nOJIe3-

HbIH MOMeHT

•

MOMeHT

cyw.eCTByeT npH JIJ060M pe)l{HMe pa60TbI H on-

pe,LleJIHeTCH TpeHHeM B. nO,LlIllHnHHKax, w.eTOK 0 KOJIJIeKTOp,

Bp~alOw.HXCH qaCTeH 0 B03,LlyX, a TaK)l{e nOTepHMH B CTaJIH.

no cpaBHeHHIO C HOMHHaJIbHblM nOJIe3HbIM MOMeHTOMBeJIHqHHa

OqeHb MaJIa.

CyMMa MOMeHTOBXOJIOCTOrOXO,LlaH nOJIe3HOrO HOCHTHa3Ba-

HHe

cmamu~cKOeo MOMeHma

+ M

3HaqHT, npH

YCTaHOBHBilleMCH pe)l{HMe pa60TbI Bpaw.alOw.HH MOMeHT ,LlBH-

raTeJIH H CTaTHqeCKHH MOMeHT conpOTHBJIeHHH Ha ero BaJIy

HaXO,LlfiTCH BO B3aHMHOM paBHOBeCHH:

cT•

(7.6)

ECJIH K ,LlBHraTeJIIO nO,LlBO,LlHTCHnOJIHaH MOW.HOCTb

TO C03,LlaIOTCHnOTepH B HKOpHOH uenH

I~'£,R

(nOTepHMH

BnapaJIJIeJIbHOH 06MOTKe B036y)l{,LleHHH BBH,Lly HX MaJIOCTH

npeHe6pe)l{eM); Tor.n.a c yqeTOM Bblpa)l{eHHH

(7.1)

-/~!.R

-/:!.R

(U-/H!.R)

PH'

(7.7)

P>I

[eM. BbIpa)l{eHHe (B.

18)].

113BecTHo, qTO MOW.HOCTbeCTb npOH3Be,LleHHe MOMeHTa Ha

yrJIOBylO CKOpOCTb

2nn.

n03TOMY, YMHO)l{HB Bce qneHbI

ypaBHeHHH

(7.6)

nOJIyqHM

MoQ

='Po

PH'

OTCIO,LlanOJIe3HaH MeXaHHqeCKaH MOW.HOCTbHa BaJIy .n.BHraTeJIH

PH -

Po'

(7.8)

T. e. nOJIe3HaH MeXaHHqeCKaH MOW.HOCTbMeHbille 3JIeKTpoMar·

HHTHOH (MOW.HOCTHHKOpH) Ha BeJIHqHHY

Po,

He06xo,LlHMYIO ,LlJIH

nOKpbITHH nOTepb Ha TpeHHe H B CTaJIH.

0603HaqHB MOW.HOCTbnOTepb B HKOpHOH uenH

I~}:.R

H npHHHB BO BHHMaHHe ypaBHeHHH

(7.7)

(7.8),

3anHilleM nOJI-

HbIH 6aJIaHC Mow.HocTeH

PI -

PM -

Po'

(7.9)

nOJleSHaSl Mom.HOCTh ,nBHraTeJJSI paBHa no,nBe.neHHoA sa

BhlqeTOM MOIIlHOCTH ~JleKTpHqecKHX norepb, norepb Ha TpeHHe

H B CTaJiH.

BhlpIDKeHHe (7.7) MO)l{eT 6h1Tb 3anHcaHO B TtlKOM BH,ne:

I;'J:.R

I;'J:.R,

(V -/R'J:.R)

MQ. (7.10

,a)

AHaJIH3 BbIpa)l{eHHH (7.10) H (7.10, a) n03BOJIHeT c.n.eJIaTb

OqeHb Ba)l{HbIe BhlBO.n.bI, a HMeHHO: C YBeJIHqeHHeM Harpy3KH

Ha BaJI .n.BHraTeJIH, T. e. C YBeJIHqeHHeM 3JIeKTpOMarHHTHoro

MOMeHTa

B03pacTaeT MOW.HOCTbB uenH HKOpH

T. e.

no.n.Bo.n.HMaH MOW.HOCTb

Pl'

Ho TaK KaK HanpH)I{eHHe

const, TO YBeJIHIJeHHe Harpy3KH .n.ilHraTeJlH COnpOBO)l{.n.aeTCH

pOCTOMTOKa

.9mom poem mOKa, m: e. Y8eAUlleHue no0800U-

.Moti. 8AeKmpUlleCX:Oti. 8Hepeuu, npoucxooum aemOMamUlleCKU,

6e3 x:axoeo-Au60 8Mew,ameAbcmea U38He.

3JIeKTpHIJeCKHH .n.BH-

raTeJIb caM «peryJIHpyeT» nOTpe6neHHe H3 ceTH TaKoro TOKa,

QT06bI COXpaHHJIHCb paBeHcTBa (7.10) H (7.10,

a).

3THM OH

npHHllHnHanbHo OTJIHIJaeTCH OT .n.pyrHX BH.n.OB .n.BHraTeneH

(napoBhlx HJIH BHyTpeHHero cropaHHH).

OcHoBHble xapaKTepHCTHKH. CBOH:CTBa .n.BHraTeJIeH onpe-

.n.eJIHlOTCHHX xapaKTepHcTHKaMH, nOKa3bIBaIOrn.HMH B3aHMO-

saBHCHMOCTH Me)l{.n.y pa3JIHIJHhlMH BeJIHIJHHaMH B Bhlpa)l{eHHHX

(7.1) - (7.5). TaKHx pa60IJHX xapaKTepHcTHK HeCKOJIbKOH Bee

OHH HMeIOT O.n.Hy06rn.yIO oc06eHHOCTb: OHH CHHMalOTCHnpH He-

H3MeHHOM, KaK npaBHJIO, HOMHHaJIbHOM HanpH)I{eHHH Ha BhlBO-

.n.ax .n.BHraTeJIH, T. e. no.n.Be.n.eHHoe HanpH)I{eHHe

const;

TOK B036y)l{.n.eHHH npH 3TOM TaK)I{e HBJIHeTCH HeH3MeHHbIM H

HOMHHaJIbHhlM, T. e.

s•HoM•

Cor JIaCHO rOCT 2582-81, OCHOBHbIMH pa60IJHMH XapaKTe-

pHcTHKaMH 3JIeKTpHIJeCKHX .n.BHraTeJIeH HBJIHIOTCH:

a) 3aBHCHMOCTb IJaCTOThI Bpaw.eHHH OT TOKa HKOpH - CKO-

pocTHaH xapaKTepHcTHKa;

6) 3aBHCHMOCTb Bparn.aIOrn.ero MOMeHTa OT TOKa HKOpH-

MOMeHTHaH xapaKTepHCTHKa;

B) 3aBHCHMOCTb Me)l{.n.y Bparn.aIOW.HM MOMeHTOMH IJaCTOTOH

Bparn.eHHH - MeXaHHIJeCKaH xapaKTepHCTHKa;

r) 3aBHCHMOCTb

KnU

Ha BaJIy JI.BHraTeJIH OT TOKa HKOpH.

BHJI. H oc06eHHOCTH nOCJIeJI.HeHXapaKTepHCTHKH o.n.HHaKOBbI

JI.JIHBcex 3JIeKTpHtIeCKHX MaIllHH Ii TpaHcq,opMaTopOB, n03TOMY

ee aHaJIIi3 JI.aH B n. 13.2.

!lpyrHe XapaKTepHCTHKH HMelOT no.n.IJHHeHHoe 3HaQeHHe, He

HBJlHlOTCH CTOJib onpe,nenHIOw.HMH H MoryT 6bITb nOJIyqeHhI H3

Ha3BaHHhlX QeThlpex.

B npaKTHKe OQeHb B3)1{HO yMeTb onpe.n.eJIHTb Bpaw.aIOw.HH

MOMeHT .n.BHraTeJIH

R/Q

/(2:rr.n).

ECJIH MOW.HOCTb

BbIpIDKeHa B BaTIaX, a yrJIOBaH CKOpOCTb - B pa.n.lc (HJIH IJaCTO-

Ta Bpaw.eHHH B

06/c),

TO MOMeHT BbIpa3HTCH B HblOTOH-MeTpax

(H .

M):

4aCTO qaCTOTY Bparn.eHHH BbIpa)l{aIOT B 06/MHH; Tor.n.a

9,55P

In.

(7.11,a)

7.2.

nycK

ABHraTeneN B XOA

npeJI.CTaBHM ce6e, tITO JI.JIHTHrOBoro .n.BHraTeJIH nTgH (;H-

rOBbIH arperaT n32M), conpOTHBJIeHHe HKOpHOH:uenH KOToporo

'J:.R .

0,2 OM, npH HOMHHaJIbHOM HanpH)I{eHHH

HOM

1500

npHMeHeH npHMoH nycK B XOJI..T. e. npHMo Ha BbIBO-

)lbI JI.BHraTeJIH no.n.aHO HOMHHaJIbHOe H<inpH)I{eHHe.

MOMeHT

no.n.aIJH HanpH)I{eHHH

0; 3HatIHT, COrJIaCHO (7.2),

B TaKOM cJIyIJae ypaBHeHHe, (7.4) .n.JIHMOMeHTa npHMoro nycKa

npHMeT BHJI.

lH.nycK

VI'J:.R

1500/0,2

7500 A •

TO me BpeMH HOMHHaJIbHbIH:TOK 3Toro JI.BHraTeJIH, CorJIac-

(7.4), •

I -

U - 0,96U _ 1500 - 0,96 . 1500 _

300 A

H.HOM - •

'1:,R -

0,2 - .

TaKHM 06pa30M, nycKOBOH: TOK B JI.aHHOMCJIytIae npeB30meJI

HOMHHaJIbHbIH B 25 pa3; y pa3JIHtIHblX MaIllHH OH MO>KeTnpe-

BOCXOJI.HTbHOMHHaJIbHbIH B 10-30 pa3. TaKoH TOK BbI30BeT

nOHBJIeHHe orpoMHbIx Bparn.aIOw.ero MOMeHTa (7.3) H peaKTHB-

HOH:3nC (5.18), IJTOC03.naCT onaCHOCTb nOJIOMKH BaJIa H npH-

Be.neT K CHJIbHOMY HCKpeHHIO no.n. w.eTKaMH.

no 3TOH: npHtIHHe npHMOH: nycK JI.BHraTeJIeH He.n.onycTHM.

HCKJIIOtIeHHe COCTaBJIHlOT MHKpOMaIllHHbI, B KOTOpbIX conpo-

THBJIeHHe

'J:.R

OTHOCHTeJIbHOBeJIHKO.

YMeHbIllHTb nycKoBoii TOK MO>KHO, npHMeHHB

peocmamHblti.

nycK,

Kor.n.a nOCJIe.nOBaTeJIbHOB uenb HKOpH BKJIIOtIaIOT nycKo-

BOH peOCTaT (pHC. 7.1).

B· 3TOM CJIytIae, cor JIaCHO (7.4),

IH.nycK

= ~R + r

(7.12)

n.p

3HaqeHHe COnpomBJIeHHSI

nycKoBOfO peOCTaTa ,

n.p

BIlI-

OHpaIOT TaKHM, qTOOIlI

fI..oyeK

(1,8

2,5)

fl.BOII,

PHC.

7.1.

CxeMa nycKa ,llBHraTeJlH

napaJlJleJIbHOrO B036YlK,lleHHH

'n.p

=--------

(1,8

-7-

2,5)

H.HOM

-!.R.

ITo Mepe pa3fOHa )l.BHra-

TeJISIBMecre C tIaCTOTOHBpa-

III,eHHSI

B03pacTaeT3.llC

TOK HKOpH CHH)KaeTCSIH CTa-

U-E

"ZR

'n.p

(7.13)

.llJISI Toro tITOObI nycK )l.BHraTeJIH He ObIJI 3aTSI)KHbIM, 3.llC

)l.OJI)KHaHapaCTaTb KaK MO)KHOobIcTpee, a )l.JIH3Toro MarHHTHbIH

nOTOK H TOK B030Y)K)l.eHHSI )l.OJI)KHbI ObITb MaKCHMaJIbHbIMH.

nepe)l. nycKoM )l.BHraTeJIH HeOoXO)l.HMO pbItIar

peOCTaTa

nOCTaBHTb Ha XOJIOCTOH KOHTaKT

(CM. pHC.

7.1).

3aTeM

BKJIIOtIalOT py6HJIbHHK, nepeBO)l.SlTpbltIar Ha nepBbIH npOMe)Ky-

TOtIHbIH KOHTaKT

H nenb HKOpSl )l.BHraTeJISI OKa3bIBaeTCH

nO)l.KJIlOtIeHHOHK ceTH tIepe3 pe3HcTop cOnpOTHBJIeHHeM ,

n.p

'4'

O)l.HOBpeMeHHO tIepe3 pbItIar

nJIaHKy

H KOHTaKT

K ceTH nO)l.KJIIOtIaeTCSIooMOTKa B030y)K)l.eHHH, TOK B KOTOpoii

B TetIeHHe Bcero nepHO)l.a nycKa He 3aBHCHT OT nOJIO)KeHHSIpbI-

tIara

TaK KaK COnpOTHBJIeHHe nJIaHKH

no cpaBHeHHIO C

conpOTHBJIeHHeM OOMOTKHB030y)K)l.eHHH npeHeOpe)KHMO MaJIO.

nOCJIe)l.OBaTeJIbHOCTbnycKa CJIe)l.yIOIII,aSl. yoe)l.HBIIIHCb,tITO

PYKOSlTKa nycKoBoro peOCTaTa HaXO)l.HTCSIB HyJIeBOM nOJIO)Ke-

HHH, a PYKOSlTKa peryJIHpOBOtIHOrO pe3HCTopa

B uenH B03-

oy1K)l.eHHH - B nOJIO)KeHHH, npH KOTOpOM ero conpOTHBJIeHHe

MHHHMaJIbHOe, Ha)l.O 3aMKHyTb BbIKJIIOtIaTeJIb

H nepeBeCTH

pyKOSlTKy nycKoBorope3HcTopa H3 HyJIeBOrO B nepBoe nOJIO-

)KeHHe, 3aTeM (no Mepe pa3rOHa )l.BHraTeJISI) - nJIaBHO B CJIe-

)l.yIOIII,He nOJIO)KeHHH )1.0 nOJIHOrO BbIKJIlOtIeHHSI pe3HcTopa (no-

JIO)KeHHe

5).

npouecc nycKa 3aKOHtIeH.

.llJIH nycKa )l.BHraTeJIeH nOCJIe)l.OBaTeJIbHOrO B030y)K)l.eHHH

BMeCTOTpeX3a)KHMHbIX peOCTaTOB HCnOJIb3YlOT )l.BYX3a)KHMHble

(JI

fl),

B KOTOPbIX CnJIOIliHaH Me)l.HaH nJIaHKa OTCyTCTByeT.·

OnHcaHHbIH nycK HBJIHeTCHHe3KOHOMHtIHbIM, ocooeHHO )l.JISI

n;BHrareJIeH Cpe)l.HeH H OOJIblIIOH MOIII,HOcTeii, BBH)l.y rpOM03)1.-

KOCTli H )l.oporoBH3HbI nycKoBbix peOCTaTOB H, rJIaBHoe, H3-3a

OOJIbWHX norepb 3HeprHH B HHX. O)l.HaKO AO HacroHIII,erO Bpe-

MeHH OH npHMeHHeTcH Ha 3JIeKTpOB03ax nOCTOHHHoro TO*3.

B cOBpeMeHHbIx yCTpoHcTBax, B TOM tIHCJIe H Ha 3JIeKTpO-

B03ax, npHMeHHIOT nycK nyTeM

n/lOfJHOeO no6bLWeHUft HanpftJICe-

HUft

Ha )l.BHraTeJIe, HatIHHaSi OT MHHHMaJIbHOrO, BbIoHpaeMoro

no 3HatIeHHIO )l.OnycTHMoro nycKoBoro TOKa. TaKoe nOBbIweHHe

HanpSl)KeHH5I BbInOJIH5I1OTC nOMOIII,blO CneUHaJIbHbIX npeoopa-

30BaTeJIbHbIX (THpHCTOpHbIX) yCTpOHCTB.

7.3.

ABHraTenlo napannenloHoro B036YHCAeHHJI

B 3TOM )l.BHraTeJIe TOK B030Y)KJJ..eHH5IHe 3aBHCHT OT TOKa

5IKOpH, TaK KaK ooMOTKa B030Y)K)l.eHH5I nO)l.KJIIOtIeHa napaJI-

JIeJIbHO C OOMOTKOH5IKOpH K ceTH.

CKopocTHaH xapaKTepHCTHKa

f (I

H)'

Ee BH)I. onpe)l.e-

JISleTCSIypaBHeHHeM

(7.5),

KOTopoe B oomeM CJIytIae, KOr)l.a B

nenb HKOp5I BKJIIOtIeH nycKoBoH pe3HCTOp conpOTHBJIeHHeM

'n.p,

HMeeT BH)I.

-/sd~:

'n.p) .

(7.14)

HanoMHHM, tITO npH HeH3MeHHOMTOKe B030Y)K)l.eHH5I H npe-

HeOpe)KeHHH pa3MarHHtIHBaIOIII,HM )l.eHCTBHeM peaKnHH SlKOpH

MarHHTHbIH nOTOK

const.

Pa3n;eJIHM nOtIJIeHHO tIHCJI.HTeJIbHa 3HaMeHaTeJIb ypaBHeHHH

(7.14),

TOr)l.a

= ~-

IH(~R+'n.p)

no-/ln,

(7.15)

. ce<D ce<D

r)l.e

UI(c/J»

const HOCHTHa3BaHHe

UOeaJlbHot'J.tIaCTOTbI

BpameHH5I npH XOJIOCTOMXO)l.e, nOToMy tITO COOTBeTcTByeTTOKy

(~R+'n )

HKOp5I

I}{

0; /In

.p -

YMeHblIIeHHe tIaCTOTbI

BpameHHH, 06ycJIoBJIeHHOe CYMMapHbIM na)l.eHHeM HanpSl)KeHHH

BO BCeX pe3HCTOpaX HKOpHOH uenH.

BeJIHtIHHa

!J.n,

T. e. cyMMa

(~R +'n.p),

Onpen;eJIHeT HaKJIOH

CKOpOCTHOHXapaKTepHCTHKH, KOTOpaH, KaK BH)l.HOH3 ypaBHe-

HHH

(7.15),

HMeeT JIHHeHHbIH BH)I.(pHC.

7.2, a).

ECJIH pe3HcTopa

B HKOpHOH uenH HeT

('n.p

0),

TO xapaKTepHCTHKa HOCHT

Ha3BaHHe

ecmecmeeHHOU

H HMeeT «)KeCTKHH»BH)I.(xapaKTepHCTH-

Ha pHC.

7.2,

a).

npH HaJIH1JHH pe3HCTopa B uenH HKOpH xapaKTepHCTHKH

Ha3bIBalOTCH

uCKyccmeeHHbl.M.U

(JIHHHH

3):

HX yroJI HaKJIOHa

B03pacTaeT (OHH CTaHOBHTCHoOJIee «MHrKHMH») C pOCTOM3Ha-

tIeHHSI

'n.p

(TaK,

'n.pa

'n.p2).

Q 'NOM

J.q

If H

PHC.

'.2,

XapaKTepHCTHKH .n.BHraTeJlll napanJleJJbHoro

B036y*-

.n.eHHll

YMeHbllIeHHe lJaCTOTbIBparn.eHHH no eCTecTBeHHoH xapaKTe-

n-n

pHcTHKe MO)KHO BbIpa3HTb B npOIJ,eHTax:

= ..

80\1

80M

100;

OObIlJHO 3Ta BeJIHlJHHa HeBeJIHKa H COCTaBJIHeT

3+5

MOMeHTHaR xapaKTepHCTHKa

M -

S)'

3Ta xapaKTe-

pHCTHKa MO)KeT ObITb nOJIylJeHa H3 ypaBHeHHH (7.3) npM yCJIO-

BMM

const. Tor.ll.a

cMIs/I>

c~IS),

(7.16)

r.ll.e

C;..

cM -

nOCTOHHHaH.

KaK BH.lI.HO, Bblpa)KeHHe (7.16) eCTb ypaBHeHMe npHMoH

JIMHHH.

pOCTOM TOKa HKOpH Bparn.alOiIJ,MH MOMeHT JIHHeHHO

B03paCTaeT (CM. pHC. 7.2,

a).

MexaHHlfecKaR xapaKTepHCTHKa

(M).

nJIH nOJIytfe-

HHH ee aHaJIHTMtfeCKOrO B~pa)KeHMH n0.ll.CTaBHM B ypaBHeHMe

(7.15) 3HalJeHMe TOKa H3 (7.3), T. e.

M/(cM<I»;

TOr.ll.a

(~R +

'n.p)

n= ------ =n -dn' (7.17)

celD cec

M<D

• 0 ,

r.ll.e

dn' -

YMeHbweHMe lJaCTOTbI Bparn.eHHH, B~3BaHHoe yBe-

JIMtfeHMeM Harpy3KH Ha BaJIy .lI.BHraTeJIH.

KaK BH.lI.HO,ypaBHeHHe (7.17) aHaJIOrMlJHO (7.15); n03TOMY

MeXaHMlJeCKaH xapaKTepHcTHKa (pHC. 7.2,

no BH.lI.YaHaJID-

rHlJHa CKOpOCTHOH. TaK)Ke HMelOTCH eCTeCTBeHHaH

(1)

H ce-

MeHcTBo HCKyccTBeHH~x

(2, 3)

xapaKTepHcTHK, HaKJIOH KOTO-

p~x 3aBHCHT OT 3HalJeHHH

'n,p.

no CHX nop MbI paCCMaTpHBaJIH xapaKTepHCTHKH oe3 ytfeTa

pa3MarHHlJHBalOrn.ero .lI.eHCTBHHpeaKIJ,HH HKOpH, B pe3YJIbTaTe

KOToporo MarHHTHbIH nOTOK

YMeHbUIaeTCH. ,OObIlJHO 3TO

YMeHbUIeHHe He OlJeHb BeJIHKO, HO MO)KeT OKa3aTbCH, tfTO

YMeHbweHlfe 3HaMeHaTeJIH B BbIpa)KeHHHX (7.14) H (7.17) 0Y.ll.eT

npOHcxo.n.HTb 6b1CTpee, tfeM YMeHbweHHe tfHCJIMreJIlI (3TO Ka-

caeTCH ecTecTBeHHOH xapaKTepHCTMKH, KOr.ll.a

'n.p

0).( B

9TOMV

cJIyllae B03HHKaer HenpHHTHoe HBJIeHHe: C POCTOMHarpy3KH

(ToKa

H MOMeHTa

lIaCTOTa BpaI.I.I,eHHH0Y.lI.eTTaK)Ke B03-

pacTaTb (WTpHxoBble JIHHHH

Ha pHC. 7.2). OlleBH.lI.HO, 3TOT

npoIJ,ecc OCT3HOBHTbCHHe MO)KeT: lIeM 60JIbWe tfaCTOTa BpaI.I.I,e-

HHH, TeM 60JIbWHH BpaI.I.I,alOrn.HHMOMeHT pa3BHBaer .lI.BHraTeJIb,

liTO npHBO.ll.HTK pOCTy lIaCTOT~ BpaiIJ,eHHH M T• .n..

3TOM CJIy-

tfae roBOpHT, liTO .lI.BHrareJIb H.lI.eT«B pa3HOC». qT06~ o6ecne-

lIHTb CKOpOCTHOHH MeXaHHqeCKOH xapaKTepHcTHKaM cna.ll.alO-

iIJ,HH xapaKrep, npHMeHHIOT

cma6U./lU3uPYIOU{YIO

06MOTKy

B036y)K.lI.eHMH, KOTopaH HMeeT .lI.Ba-TpH BHTKa H BKJIlOqaeTCH

nOCJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHOB IJ,enb HKOpH. 3Ta oOMoTKa C pOCTOMTOKa

C03.l1.aeTMarHHTH~H nOToK, KOMneHCHpYIOrn.HHpa3MarHHlJHBalO-

lIJ,ee.lI.eHCTBHepeaKIJ,M)ViiKopH .• '

, AHaJIM3 xapaKTepMcTHK Ha pHC. 7.2 n03BOJIHeT C.lI.eJIaTbB~-

BO.ll.0 TOM, qTO .lI.BHraTeJIH napaJIJIeJIbHOrO B030Y)K.lI.eHHH CJIe-

.n.yeTnpHMeHHTb B Tex 3JIeKTpOnpMBO.ll.aX, B KOTOP~X npH M3Me-

HeHMM Harpy3KM qaCTOTa Bpaw.eHMH .lI.OJI)KHanO.ll..ll.ep)KHBaTbCH

npaKTMqecKH HeH3MeHHoH.

7.4.

ABHrlTenb He31BHCHMoro B036YHCAeHHSI

cJIyqae, eCJIH oOMoTKa HKOpH .lI.BHraTeJI5I H 06MoTKa B03-

6y)K.!leHHH nO.!lKJIlOqeH~ K HCTOqHHKaM nHTaHHH C pa3JIHlIH~MH

HanpH)KeHHHMM, ero Ha3~BaIOT

08Ueame.lleM H.e3a8UCUMOCO 803-

6YJlCOeH.UR.

TaKHe .!lBMraTeJIH npHMeHHIOTCH B 3JIeKTpMlJeCKMX

npMBO.ll.aX, r.!le OHMnHTaIOTCHOTreHepaTopOB HJIMnOJIynpOBO,ll-

HHKOB~X npe06pa30BaTeJIeH.

MeXaHHlJeCKHe H paOOqHe xapaKTepHCTHKH .!lBHraTeJIH He3a-

·BHCHMoro B030Y)K.!leHHH aHaJIOrHlJH~ xapaKTepHCTHKaM .!lBH-

raTeJIH napaJIJIeJIbHOrO B030Y)K.!leHHH, TaK KaK y HHX TOK B03-

6Y)K.!leHHH

TaK)Ke·He 3aBHCHTOT TOKa HKOpH

(CM. n.7.3).

7.5.

ABHrlTenb nocneAOBITenbHoro B036YHCAeHHSI

3TOM .lI.BHraTeJIe 06MoTKa B030Y)K.!leHHH BKJIlOqeHa nocJIe-

.n.OBaTeJIbHOC 06MOTKOH HKOpH, T. e.

;

n03ToMY MarHHT-

HbIM nOTOK

HBJIHeTCH HeKoTopoH !f>YHKIJ,HeH TOKa HKOpH

(CM. pHC. 2.5).

llJIH naJIbHeHWero H3yqeHHH CBOHCTB.lI.BHraTeJIH IJ,eJIeco06-

pa3Ho MarHHTHylO xapaKTepHcTHKy npencTaBHTb B BH.lI.eTpex

yqaCTKoB: B HaqaJIbHOH (<<HeHaC~w.eHHoH») lJaCTH cyrn.eCTByer

JIHHeHHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb

(1st),

T. e.

clJ)l

npH

(0,8

0,9)

A•80M;

npH OqeHb 60JIbWHX Harpy3Kax (npaBee

XapaKTepHCTHKH )l.BHraTeJIlI:

6yJK)l.eHHlI:

TOqKH

MomHO CqHTaTb, qTO MarHHTHhIH: nOTOK OCTaeTCHHeH3-

MeHHhIM, T. e.

<1>

const; TpeTHH: yqaCTOK - nepeXOJI. OT JIH-

HeH:HOrO«HeHaCblrn.eHHoro» K «HachIw.eHHoMy», rJI.eMemJI.Y no-

TOKOM

H TOKOM

cyrn.eCTByeT CJIOmHaH HeJIHHeH:HaH3aBH-

CHMOCTb.

CKopocTHaH xapaKTepHCTHKa

H)'

BYJI.eM CqHTaTb,

qTO MarHHTHaH uenb JI.BHraTeJIH HeHacblw.eHa HJIH HachIw.eHa

OqeHb cJIa60, T. e.

<1>

C(1)!

DOJI.cTaBHM3TO 3HaqeHHe MarHHT-

Horo nOTOKa B ypaBHeHHe CKOpOCTHOH:xapaKTepHCTHKH

(7.5)

H pa3JI.eJIHM nOqJIeHHO qHCJIHTeJIb Ha 3HaMeHaTeJIb; TOrJI.a

U r.R U

--/----= C

--C

(7.18)

C(1)

CeC<r> /

rJI.e

nOCTOHHHhIe.

KaK BHJI.HO,qaCTOTa Bparn.eHHH 06paTHo nponopUHOHaJIbHa

TOKy Harpy3KH, T. e. BhIpameHHe

(7.18)

eCTb ypaBHeHHe mnep-

60JIbI (KpHBaH

Ha pHC.

7.3, a).

3TO eCTeCTBeHHaHCKopocTHaH

xapaKTepHCTHKa. DpH 60JIbIllHX TOKax, KorjI,a HaCblrn.aeTCfl Mar-

HHTHaH uenb H He cyrn.eCTByeT npHMOH: nponopUHOHaJIbHOCTH

MemJI.Y MarHHTHbIM nOTOKOM H TOKOM HKOpH, XapaKTepHCTHKa

HeCKOJIbKOOTKJIOHHeTCHOTrHnep60JIhI H «cnpHMJIHeTCH» (lliTpH-

xOBaH qaCTb KpHBOH:

Ha pHC.

7.3, a).

DocToHHHaH

B ypaBHeHHH

(7.18)

MomeT pa3JIHqaTbCH

B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT Toro, BKJIIOqeH JIH B uenb HKOpH pe3HcTop

H KaKOBO ero conpOTHBJIeHHe

'n.p

[eM. ypaBHeHHe

(7.14)1.

4eM

60JIbIlle 3HaqeHHe

'n.p,

TeM HHme pacnOJIOmeHhI HCKyccTBeHHhIe

CKOpocTHble xapaKTepHcTHKH (KpHBble

Ha pHC.

7.3, a).

MOMeHTHaH xapaKTepHcTHKa

H)'

3Ty r.:apaKTe-

pHCTHKy ueJIeC006pa3HO pa3JI.eJIHTb Ha JI.BayqaCTKa:

npH Ma-

JIhIX TOKax

(0,8

0,9) /

H.HOM,

KOrJI.a

c<r>/

npH

60JIbIllHX TOKax

H,HOM,

KOrJI.aMomHO CqHTaTb

const.

Ha nepBoM yqaCTKe, COrJIaCHO ypaBHeHHIO

(7.3),

CMcl~

(7.19)

_ Bpaw.alOlUHH: MOMeHT.nponopUHOHaJIeH KBaJI.pa.Ty TOKa HKO-

pH, T. e.'MOMeHTHaH xapaKTepHCTHKa HMeeT $OpMy napa60JIhI

(CM. pHC.

7.3, a).

Ha BTOpOMyqaCTKe cnpaBeJI.JIHBO ypaB~eH~e

(7.16),

T. e. MOMeHTHaH xapaKTepHcTHKa CTaHOBHTCHJIHHeHHOH.

MemJI.Y napa60JIHqeCKOH: H JIHHeH:HOH: qaCTHMH cyrn.ecTByeT

nepeXOJI.HhIH: yqaCTOK, cooTBeTcTBylOW.HH: TpeTbeMy nepexoJI.-

HOMy yqaCTKy MarHHTHOH:xapaKTepHcTHKH.

MeXaHH'IeCKaH xapaKTepHCTHKa

(M).

DpH nocTpoe-

HHH 3TOH: xapaKTepHcTHKH TaKme CJIeJI.yeTnpHHHTb BO BHHMa-

HHe JI.Onyw.eHHoe B HaqaJIe 3Toro naparpa¢a pa3JI.eJIeHHeKpHBOH:

HaMarHHt'J:HBaHHH Ha TpH yqaCTKa.

,UJIH ,nepBoro, «HeHacblw.eHHoro», COrJIaCHO

(7.19), /

-V

M .

DOJI.cTaBHB 3TO BblpameHHe B

(7.18),

nOJIyqHM

CMC

ypaBHem:le eCTecTBeHHOH: MeXaHHqeCKOH: xapaKTepHcTHKH

. U V

(1) •

U 7 20

M -

CI Y

M -

c2' (.)

rJI.e

CMC.

KaK BHJI.HO,MeXaHHqeCKaH XapaKTepHCTH-

Ka HMeeT m6ep60JIHqeCKHH: BHJI. (KpHBafl

Ha pHC.

7.3, 6).

DpH TOKax /

> /

H.HOM

3aBHCHMOCTb

(M)

npH6JIHmaeTCH

K-

JIHHeH:HOH:.

KaK H B ypaBHem:IH

(7.18),

3HaqeHHe nocTOHHHOH:

(7.20)

3aBHCHT OT nOJIHOrO conpOTHBJIeHHfl HKOpHOH: uenH:

BKJIlOqeH HJIH HeT pe3HcTop H KaKOBO ero conpOTHBJIeHHe

'n.p;

qeM OHO 60JIbIlle, TeM HHme pacnOJIOmeHbI HCKyccTBeHHbIe Me-

XaHHqeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH (KpHBhIe

Ha pHC.

7.3,6).

lis

pHC.

7.3

CJIeJI.yeT, qTO CKOpocTHhIe MeXaHHqeCKHe xa-

paKTepHcTHKH JI.BHraTeJIH nOCJIeJI.OBaTeJIbHOrO B036ymJI.eHHH

HBJIHIOTCfl «MflrKHMH», qaCTOTa Bparn.eHHfl npH H3MeHeHHH Ha-

rpY3KH MeHfleTCH ,BjIIHpOKOM JI.Hana30He. 113 ypaBHeHHH:

(7.18)

(7.20)

cJIe.u.yeT,VITo eCJIH Harpy3Ka cTpeMHTcfl K HyJIlO, TO

qaCTOTa Bparn.eHHfl CTpeMHTCfl K 6eCKOHeqHOCTH; npH MaJIbIX

Harpy3Kax OHa JI.OCTHraeT He.u.onycTHMO 60JIbIllOrO 3HaqeHHH

(JI.BHraTeJIb HJI.eT«B pa3HOC»), QTO MomeT BbI3BaTb MeXaHHqe-

CKoe pa3pYIlleHHe HKOpH.

D03TOMY JI.BHraTeJIHnOCJIe.u.OBaTeJIbHOrOB036ymJI.eHHfl HeJIb-

351

npHMeHHTb B 3JIeKTpOnp

1:1

Bo.u.ax, r.u.eB03MomHa caMopa3rpY3-

Ka HJIH XOJIOCTOH:XO.U.(CTaHKH, KOHBeH:ephI H T. n.). 4T06bl

npe.u.oTBpaTHTb caMopa3rpy3Ky, .u.BHraTeJIb coe.u.HHHIOTC npH-

BO.u.HbIMMexaHH3MOM 3y6qaTOH nepe.u.aqeH: HJIH rJIyxoii MY¢TOH:.

TO me BpeMSI cnOCoOHOCTb,llBUraTeJISI nOCJIe,llOBaTeJIbHOrO

8036Y>K,lleHHSl pa3BUBaTb MOMeHT

M .- I,••

TOr,lla KaK y ,llBHra-

TeJJSlnapaJIJIeJIbHOrO B036Y>K,lleHHSl

M .- 1

,lleJIaeT npUMeHe-

Hue r.e?Boro >KeJIaTeJIbHblM npH TSl>KeJIblXYCJIOBHSlXnycKa.

Cor JIaCHO ypaBHeHHSlM

(7.16)

(7.19),

COOTBeTCTBeHHO,llJIH

,llBHraTeJIeH napaJIJIeJIbHOrO H nOCJIe,llOBaTeJIbHOro B036Y>K,lle-

HHH C06JIIO,llaeTCSl cJIe,llYIOrn.aSl nponopUHOHaJIbHocTb:

•

R•

ne.- V

nOJIe3HaSl MOrn.HOCTb ,llBHraTeJISl

M .

21tn.

npH >KecTKOH MeXaHHqeCKOH xapaKTepHcTHKe

(n ~

const) y

,llBHraTeJISl napaJIJIeJIbHOrO B036Y>K,lleHHSl P

2np

y ,llBHra-

TeJISlnOCJIe,llOBaTeJIbHOro B036Y>K,lleHHSl, ,llJISlKOToporo, cor JIac-

(7.20), n .- l/V

2ne

VM".

TaKHM 06pa30M, y JlBHraTeJleH nOCJIe,llOBaTeJlbHOroB036Y1K-

,lleHHSInpH H3MeHeHHH B WHPOKHXnpe,lleJIax MOMeHTa Harpy3KH

M .

TOK H M0UJ.HOCTbH3MeHSlIOTCSIMeHbwe, ••eM y Jl8HraTeJleH

napaJIJleJlbHOro R036y1KJleHHSl.

3TO 06CTOSlTeJIbCTBO qpe3BblqaHHO 6JIarOnpHSlTHO CKa3b1-

BaeTCSl Ha CHCTeMe 3JIeKTpOCHa6)1{eHHH. OHO TaK)I{e 03HaqaeT,

t1TO

OaflY U my JlCe pa60my MOJICflOBblnOAflumb aBUi!ameAeM

nocAeaoBameAbflOi!O B036YJICaeflufl MeflbUleU MOU{flocmu, fieM

aBUi!ameAeM napaAAeAbflOi!O B036YJICaeflufl.

lleHcTBHTeJIbHO, eCJIH .llJISl npOBe,lleHHSl no ,llaHHoMY nPO<PH-

JIIOnyTH COCTaBanOe3,lla .llBHraTeJIb HCnbITbIBaeT MOMeHTcon po-

THBJIeHHH (conpOTHBJIeHHe ,llBH)I{eHHIO), paBHbIH ,llBOHHOMy HO-

MHHaJIbHoMY, T. e.

HO:ll'

TO ,llBHraTeJIb nOCJIe,llOBaTeJIb-

Horo B036Y>K,lleHHSl 6Y,lleT nOTpe6JISlTb H3 KOIiTaKTHOH ceru

TOK

R.ne

R.HOM,

a ,llBHraTeJIh napaJIJIeJIbHOrO B036Y)l{,lle-

HHSl-

R.np

R.HOM;

MOlUHOCTbnepBoro MO)I{eT 6bITb npHHH-

V2/2 -

0,707

He06xo,llHMOH MOlUHOCTHBToporo.

3TH CBOHCTBa,llBHraTeJIeH nOCJIe,llOBaTeJIbHOro B036y)l{,lleHHH

n03BOJIHIOT npUMeHHTb HX .llJIH THroBoro 3JIeKTpOnpHBO,lla

(3JIeKTpOB03b1, TenJIOB03b1, MeTpo H T. n.) H

nO,llbeMHO-ToaHC-

nopTHbIX yCTaHOBKax.

7.6.

ABlfraTen •• CMewaHHoro B036YHCAeHlfJ1

B 3TOM,llBHraTeJIe MaruHTHbIH nOTOKC03,llaeTCHB pe3YJIbTaTe

COBMeCTHoro ,lleHcTBHSl nOCJle,llOBaTeJIbHOH H napaJIJIeJIbHOii

06MoToK B036Y)l{,lleHHSl, BKJIIOQaeMbIX, KaK npaBHJIO, COrJIaCHO.

n03TOMY ero MeXaHHqeCKaSl xapaKTepHCTHKa pacnOJIaraeTcSl

Me)l{,lly xapaKTepHcTHKaMH .llBHraTeJIeH nOCJIe,lloBaTeJIbHOrO H

napaJIJIeJIbHOrO B036y)l{,lleHHii (pHC.

7.4).

aHa (KpHBaH

60JIee

PHe

7 4

MeXaHH'IecKHe xapaKTepHCTH-

XH ~~r~TeJIeA napaJIJleJIbHOro

(1).

no-

CJIe.AOBaTeJIbHoro

(2)

H eMemallHoro e eo-

rJl8eOBallHblM BKJlIO'IeHHeM nOCJleJJ.o:a-

TeJlbHOH 06MoTKH

(3)

B036y>KJJ.eHH

f.-. -

HO 60JIee >KeCTKaSl, qeM

MHrKaSl, qeM -xapaKTepHcTHKa

'M,UC

06eHx 06MOTOK KpHBaH

B 3aBHCHMOCTHOT COOTHOIIIeHHSl

HJIH

Tonia

K xapaKTepHcTHKe •

MO>KeT npH JIH3HTbCH Hee COOTBeTCTBOBaTbcBoikTBa

,llBHraTeJIIO 6y,llyT 60JIee HJIH Me nOCJIe,llOBaTeJIbHOrO B036y>K-

,llBHraTeJI~ napaJIJIeJIbHOrO HJIH .

V..

,lleHHSl. BHraTeJISl SlBJISleTCSlTO,

ttto

. O,llHHM H3 ,llOCTOHHCTB3Toro ,lla60TaTb npH XOJIOCTOMxO,lle

OH He H,lleT «B pa3HOC» H MO>Ker p Hoe 3Haqemle). 3T0 O,llHa

(QaCTOTa Bparn.eHHSl

no.

HMe:;a:eo:He~MeIIIaHHoro B036Y>K,lleH~

H3 npHqHH, no KOTOpOH,llB OMCOCTaBe HanpHMep HaTpOJI"

npHMeHSlIOT Ha 3JIeKTponO,llBH>KH ,

JIeH6ycax H TpaMBaHx.

7.7.

PerynlfpoBaHHe lIaCTOT••• BpalL\eHlfJl

BeHHoH xapaKTepHCTHKe He

Pa60Ta .llBHraTeJISI Ha eCTeCT T e60BaHHSl 3KCnJIyaTaUHH.

Bcer.lla MO>KeTY.llO~JIeTBOpHTb :::PH~b pa60QHH ,llHana30H, qTO

t.IacTo 6b1BaeT Heo XO.llHMOpac oBaHHeM QaCTOTbIBpalU

eHHSl

•

MO>KeT6bI1b BbInOJIHeHO peryJIHp

(7- 14)

MO>KHO

OrJIaC

HO ypaBHeHHIO • ,

TaKoe peryJIllpOBaHHe, C

BblnOJIHHTb TpeMSl cnoco6aMH:

H3MeHeHHeM nHTaIOlUero HanpSl)l{eHHSl , HKOpH, T. e.

H3MeHeHHeM na,lleHHH HanpSl>KeHHH B uenH

BKJIIOQeHHeM pe3HcTopa B ero uenb;

H3MeHeHHeM MaruHTHoro nOTOKa ~~aJIbHO O,llHHaKOBble

Bce 3TH TpH cnoc06a .llalOT npHHuH 36y=neHHH O,ll-

eJIeH JII060ro BH.lla BO

In", ,

pe3YJIbTaTbi ~JIH .llBH

raT HMeeT CBOH xapaKTepHble oco-

HaKO Ka)l{,llbIH cnoco npH 3TOM

6eHHOCTII. 6eHHoCTH CBoHcTBeHlU>Ie

PaccMoTpHM nplIHUHnllaJIbHble o~o HMe e .llB~raTeJIH nOCJIe-

3THM cnoc06aM peryJIllpOBaHHH, Ha M~IOlUe~o ocHOBHoe npHMe-

,llOBaTeJIbHOrO B036y)l{,lleHHH KaK H

HeHHe B THrOBOM 3JIeKTpOnpHBO.lle. ECTecTBeHHaH CKO-

H3MeHeHHe nHTalOllJ,ero HanpH7eHHH.

COOTBeTCT-

pocTHaH xapaKTepHcTIIKa (KpHBaH Ha pHC. .,

If lAb ~

PHC.

7.5.

CxeMa oCJIa6JIeHHlI B036Y*,lleHHlI

(a)

H CKOpocTHbIe xapaK-

TepHCTHKH

(6)

,llBHfaTeJIli

ByeT HOMHHa~bHoMY HanpR*eHH

TalOw.ero HanpR*eHHR 10; n03TOMY H3MeHeHHe nH-

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101