Becker W. Advanced Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Techniques
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Index 397
Photon counting
gated photon counting 12
multichannel scalers 16
multigate photon counting 14
overview 11
time-correlated, s. TCSPC 20
Photon counting histogram 191
Photon migration 97
Photosensor modules 249
Piezo stage 163
Piezo stages 163, 183, 198
Pile-up 45
classic pile-up 332
influence on recorded lifetime
336
rejection by multidetector TCSPC
337
rejection of classic pile-up 337
Pile-up reduction 31
Pinhole 131, 132, 136, 164, 176,
289
Pixel clock 38, 138
Pixel dwell time, of laser scanning
microscope 134
Plano-convex lenses 271
Plasma emission 208
PLL, in TDC 56
PMT 213
afterpulsing 233
anode luminous sensitivity 229,
241
bialakali photocathode 230
box dynode 214
cathode effficiency 229
cathode luminous sensitivity 229,
241
cathode quantum efficiency 229
cathode radiant sensitivity 229,
241
channel PMT 214, 258
circular dynode 214
cooled modules 245
cooling 232
dark count rate 231, 251, 304
delay-line anode 41, 217
Dynodes 213
for synchronisation signal 306
GaAs 245
GaAs photocathode 230
GaAsP photocathode 230
gain 222
Gain mechanism 213
hybrid 220
linear focused 214, 254
luminous sensitivity 241
measurement of afterpulsing 239
measurement of cathode
effficiency 241
measurement of luminous
sensitivity 241
measurement of pulse amplitude
distribution 237
measurement of quantum
efficiency 241
measurement of TTS 236
mesh dynode 214
metal channel 214, 248
miniature 248
modules, cooled 245
modules, miniature 249
modules, with discriminators 247
multiakali photocathode 230
multianode 215, 252
multichannel 214, 243
operating voltage 224, 315
overload protection 300, 302
performance of selected PMTs
242
photocathodes 230
photosensor modules 249
position-sensitive 215
position-sensitive 215
prepulses 234, 250
pulse amplitude distribution 226
pulse rise time 317
resistive anode 39, 216
SER 234
shielding 313, 331
side-window 214, 256
single electron response 222, 234
testing 234
TO8 248
transit time 224
transit time spread 224
398 Index
venetion blind dynode 214
wedge-and-strip anode 39, 216
Polarisation, of fluorescence 79
Polariser, rotating 82
Polarising beam splitters 279
Polychromators 85, 279
Position-sensitive PMT 39, 215
Position-sensitive TCSPC 39
Positron lifetime 206
Power Splitters 310
Preamplifier
bandwidth 301
Preamplifiers 300
detector overload detection 300,
302
Prepulses, of PMTs 234
Proton transfer 63
Pulse amplitude distribution,
measurement of 237
Pulse amplitude distribution, of SER
pulses 226
Pulse dispersion
in fibres 283
in monochromators 280
in optical fibres 120
Pulse dispersion, in optical fibres
283
Pulse period jitter 324
Pulse period, for time calibration 345
Pulse picker 328
Pulse rise time, of detectors 317
Pulse shaping, in CFD 317
Q
Quantum efficiency
of fluorescence 62
of photocathode 229
of photocathodes, measurement
241
Quenching
of APD 218
R
R3809U 149, 155, 224, 243
R5600 224, 248
R5600, IRF 248
R5600, stability of IRF 298
R5900 252
R7400 224, 248
R7400, IRF 248
R928 224
Radiant sensitivity, of
photocathodes 229
Raman scattering
for IRF recording 76
Random signals 206, 208, 210
Ranging, by TCSPC 206
Rate counter 49
Reabsorption 72
Recording several signal periods
49, 323, 345
Reference channel
frequency divider 345
frequency divider 49
Reference channel, frequency
divider 323
Reference photodiode 304
Reference PMT 306
Reference signal
cable length 323
delay 324, 329
for reversed start-stop 324
via delay generator 326
Reference signal for TCSPC 304
Reflection
in optical systems 285
in reference channel 322
Reflections
in cables 308
Remote sensing 204
Resistive anode, of PMT 39, 215
Resolution, of ADC 54
Resolution, of TDC 58
Resonance energy transfer 130, 149
Response function, instrument 75
Reversed start-stop 24, 326
Reference signal 324
RF noise 311
Rotational relaxation 79, 200
Routing 28, 29, 84, 108
efficiency 32
in scanning systems 37
pile-up rejection 337
Index 399
S
Safety, high voltage 315
Sample rate 7, 211
Saturation effects, in FCS 186
Scan clocks 38
Scan rate 164
Scan rate, of laser scanning
microscope 134
Scan stages 163, 183, 198
Scan sync in mode 38, 164
Scan sync out mode 38, 164
Scan XY out mode 38, 165
Scanning 28, 103
by scan stages 163, 183, 198
in DOT 101
in TCSPC 37
Scanning FCS 182
Scanning interface 38
Scanning mammography 102
Scanning microscope 131
Scattering
for IRF recording 76
in 2p microscope 155
in 2p microscopy 133, 136
in optical systems 288
Scattering coefficients 105
Scattering, in DOT 99
Second harmonic generation, for
IRF recording 159
Secondary emission 213, 222
Second-harmonic generation of laser
266
Sequencer 28, 35
Sequential recording 28, 35
for single molecule spectroscopy
194
for stopped flow 95
in DOT 110
SER 222
amplitude jitter 7, 222, 223
measurement of 234
of typical detectors 222
SHG
for IRF recording 159
of TiSa laser 266
Shielding 311, 313
detector 331
Shifting, of recorded signal 323
Shutters 303
Side-window PMTs 214, 256
Side-window PMTs, IRF 256
Signal bandwidth 6, 101, 211
Signal distortion
by classic pile-up 332
by dead time 343
by differential nonlinearity 330
by multiphoton detection 320
by optical reflections 285
Signal loss, in cables 309
Signal Periods, recording of several
49, 174, 185, 323, 345
Sine-wave conversion 59
Single electron response, s. SER
222, 234
Single-mode fibres 283
Single-molecule identification 196
Single-molecule spectroscopy 169,
193
Single-photon APD 218, 258
SLIM 38
Slow scan techniques 163, 183, 198
Small animal imaging, by DOT 115
SNOM 167
Sonoluminescence 210
SPAD 174, 184, 218
light emission 220
light emission from 174
Light emission from 185
optical crosstalk 174, 185
quenching 218
SPADs 258
SPCM-AQR 174, 184, 258
SPCM-AQR, IRF 259
Spectra
fluorescence, time-resolved 82
Spectral lifetime imaging 38
Spherical aberration 269
Stability of IRF 78, 118, 298
Standards for fluorescence lifetime
76
Start-stop crosstalk 330
400 Index
Stop PMT 306
Stop pulse, for CW FCS 184
Stop rate 88, 323
Stop signal
delay 324, 329
for reversed start-stop 324
from correct pulse period 324,
329
via delay generator 326
Stop signal 304
Stop, with correct pulse period 324
Stopped Flow 95
Straylight in optical systems 288
Straylight, in monochromators 281
Sync frequency divider 49, 323,
345
Synchronisation
cable length 323
of macro-time clock 189
Synchronisation channel
frequency divider 49
Synchronisation signal 304
delay 324, 329
for reversed start-stop 324
via delay generator 326
Synchrotron radiation 268
System Connections 307
T
T Geometry 81
TAC 23, 50, 326
effect of large offset 328
linearity 330
noise 328
optimising parameters 326
TAC gain 326
TAC offset 327
TAC range 326
TCSPC
advanced 27
building blocks 47
classic setup 23
continuous flow mode 36, 110,
194
FIFO mode 43
general Principle 20
imaging by scanning 37
imaging in ophthalmology 126
laser scanning microscope 137
memory swapping 36, 110
multidetector 28, 29, 84, 108
multidimensional 27
multimodule systems 45, 102,
106, 146, 189
multiparameter 28
multiplexed 28, 33, 103, 106
multispectral 122
multiwavelength 84, 122
oscilloscope 211
position-sensitive 39
reversed start-stop 24
routing 84, 108
scanning 28, 103, 123, 126
sequential recording 28, 35,
110
stop signal 304
synchronisation signal 304
time measurement 50
time-tag mode 43
wide-field imaging 39
TDC 55
PLL 56
resolution 58
Termination, of cables 308
Testing, of PMTs 234
THG of laser 266
Third-harmonic generation of laser
266
Threshold scan, of CFD 319
Threshold, of CFD 318
Time domain 2, 134
Time measurement
by sine-wave conversion 59
by TAC and ADC 50
by TDC 55
Time resolution 6
Time scale, calibration of 345
Time-correlated single photon
counting, s. TCSPC 20, 23
Time-gating 82
Time-of-flight distribution, in DOT
104, 108, 110
Time-stamp recording
in multichannel scalers 19
Index 401
Time-tag mode 43, 165, 178, 188,
192, 196
Time-to-amplitude converter 23,
50, 326
Time-to-digital conversion 55
Timing jitter
in CFD 48
Timing stability
of detectors 296
SPCM-AQR 259
Tissue imaging by DOT 97
Tissue, autofluorescence 121
Titanium-sapphire laser 266
TO8 PMTs 248
Transfer lens 270, 281
Transformer, inverting 307
Transient phenomena of
fluorescence lifetime 90
Transients of chlorophyll
fluorescence 90
Transit time
of cables 309
of cables, vs. temperature 310
of PMTs 224
Transit time spread
in fibres 283
in monochromators 280
in PMTs 224
measurement of 236
Trigger
experiment trigger 35, 37, 44,
189
of sequence 35, 37
Triggered sequential recording 35,
36
Triplet lifetime 199
TTS 224
measurement of 236
Two-photon absorption 132
Two-photon excitation 132, 201
Two-photon FCS 177
Two-photon IRF 158, 203
Two-photon microscope 124, 131
V
Venetion blind dynode PMT 214
Vignetting 157
W
Wedge-and-strip anode 39, 216
X
XP2020 224, 254
XP2020, IRF 255
XP2020, stability of IRF 298
Y
YFP 149
Z
Z, of cables 308
Zero cross of CFD 48, 321
Zero cross scan, of CFD 321
Zoom, in ADC 54