Asai K. (ed.) Human-Computer Interaction. New Developments

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Human-Computer Interaction

New Developments

Human-Co mputer Intera c tion

New Developme nts

Edited by

Kikuo Asai

I-Tech

Published by In-Teh

In-Teh is Croatian branch of I-Tech Education and Publishing KG, Vienna, Austria.

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First published October 2008

Printed in Croatia

A catalogue record for this book is available from the University Library Rijeka under no. 111227062

Human-Computer Interaction, New Developments, Edited by Kikuo Asai

p. cm.

ISBN 978-953-7619-14-5

1. Human-Computer. 2. Interaction I. Kikuo Asai

Preface

We use computers in our daily lives, sometimes becoming so engrossed in the virtual

world that we stop being conscious of the computer’s presence. Computers’ increasing ca-

pabilities, such as faster processing, larger capacity, and wide-band networking, make it

possible for us to interact seamlessly with them. The field of human-computer interaction is

the study of interaction between people (users) and computers. It is often regarded as the in-

tersection of computer science, behavioral science, design, psychology, sociology, and sev-

eral other fields. In spite of a long history of extensive research, we have not yet achieved a

full understanding of the principles and mechanisms of human-computer interaction. The

study of human-computer interaction is, therefore, becoming more and more important in

both the physical and cognitive aspects of designing user interfaces.

A basic goal of human-computer interaction is to improve communication between users

and computers by making the interfaces more accessible and responsive to the users’ needs.

Better design of the user interfaces of computer systems leads to the improved communica-

tion. A cognitive science viewpoint substantially contributes to the improvement of com-

munication by clarifying cognitive elements of user interfaces and applying cognitive design

principles. That is, cognitive information processing takes into account human performance,

including psychological and physiological factors as well as physical factors, in interface de-

sign. Knowledge transfer through communication is a form of learning. When users ma-

nipulate computer systems, they form mental models based on the experience. This allows

the users to anticipate the system’s input mechanisms, yielding highly productive interac-

tions.

When we see alteration and variety in user interfaces due to technology evolution, it may

seem difficult to continue the embodiment of design principles. This book takes on the chal-

lenge of providing a forum for the dissemination and exchange of up-to-date reports on sci-

entific trends in theoretical, generic, and applied areas of human-computer interaction. It

covers topics such as universal access, engineering psychology, cognitive ergonomics, vir-

tual and mixed reality, internationalization, design development, online communities, social

computing, human modelling, and human-centered design.

The book consists of 20 chapters, each addressing a certain aspect of human-computer in-

teraction. Each chapter gives the reader background information on a subject and proposes

an original solution. This should serve as a valuable tool for professionals in this interdisci-

plinary field. Hopefully, readers will contribute their own discoveries and improvements,

innovative ideas and concepts, as well as novel applications and business models related to

the field of human-computer interaction.

Chapter 1 presents a solution for improving human-computer interaction by developing

culture-sensitive applications based on common sense knowledge. It shows how meaning

can be assigned to messages using common sense, thereby making user interfaces more in-

tuitive. Chapter 2 investigates the role of head-up displays (HUDs) in computer-assisted in-

struction (CAI), describing the basic concept of the HUD, features of HUD-based CAI, and

user performance with HUD-based CAI systems. Chapter 3 carries out structural analysis of

interface and visualization metaphors, considering cognitive aspects of system engineering

in order to understand how these metaphors are constructed, how they work, and how us-

ers interpret them. Chapter 4 introduces non-intrusive physiological monitoring for sensing

and recognizing user emotion. It discusses methods and technologies for finding practical

solutions to the affective sensing problem. Chapter 5 develops mobile design guidelines in

the context of retail sales support. It focuses specifically on the research project IntExtMa,

“Interactive Expert System for Made-to-measure Clothing,” interpreting mostly desktop-

oriented existing guidelines from a new point of view.

Chapter 6 investigates methodologies for envisioning new or improved task practices

and associated technology requirements, taking into account the broader socio-technical

context for human-machine interaction. Chapter 7 describes adaptive automation design as

a potential solution to the problems associated with human-automation interaction by opti-

mizing cooperation and efficiently allocating labor between an automated system and its

users. Chapter 8 introduces a novel framework to assess the acceptance and usability of in-

teraction design tools in development and design activities, discussing how work style tran-

sitions influence the tool’s perception of use. Chapter 9 proposes a modelling technique that

offers a novel perspective on smart spaces where sensor technology in digital and physical

objects enables people to seamlessly interact with information and with their surroundings.

Chapter 10 provides an overview of existing problems with mobile interaction design, par-

ticularly addressing early design stages. New approaches compiled within a user-centered

design methodology for the development of a set of ubiquitous systems are proposed.

Chapter 11 compares augmented reality to standard visual warning signals in an indus-

trial context. It explains the prospects of using this technology to warn against potentially

dangerous events like machine start-ups and excessive operating speeds. Chapter 12 out-

lines the requirements for creating a miniature 3D controller suitable for mobile computing

applications and then presents the key elements of the design of a prototype fulfilling these

requirements. The miniature, low-cost device provides one-handed 6-DOF (degree of free-

dom) input. Chapter 13 proposes an approach to increasing the level of human-computer in-

teraction in database access by translating queries in natural spoken language into SQL que-

ries. This extends the concept of user database queries to something that is present in the

user’s natural speech. A formal query event model is presented together with a software

prototype of the proposed approach. Chapter 14 describes an alternative approach to loca-

tion-aware applications based on intuitive, conventional user interfaces that enable informa-

tion retrieval from the physical environment. The alternative is based on design patterns of

the physical space that help users get oriented in an unknown place and become more famil-

iar with it. Chapter 15 examines the criteria for touch-screen keyboard text entry, emphasiz-

ing finger typing. A touch-screen software keyboard is designed as a customizable and

adaptable touch-screen keyboard with bubble cursor-like visual feedback.

Chapter 16 introduces a practical solution for non-contact interfaces using structured-

light illumination to acquire depth information about an object’s surface by measuring the

deformation in a projected light pattern. It realizes the direct and accurate measurement of

human hands and faces. Chapter 17 investigates how midwives would use a head-mounted

display to alternately observe a patient and her ultrasound scan results on the display.

Chapter 18 presents adaptive algorithms for face tracking using computer vision, a funda-

mental technique for sensing humans using an unobtrusive layout. The real-time face track-

ing can be managed over long period of time, in varying illumination conditions, with com-

plex background. Chapter 19 describes an intercultural interaction analysis tool to observe

and analyze human-computer interaction behavior of users from different cultures. It can

quantitatively and qualitatively identify differences of the interaction patterns based on

their cultural backgrounds. Chapter 20 considers user models that detect and exploit user

familiarity in natural language human-computer dialogue, so that the user models can im-

prove the degree to which systems can adapt to human characteristics.

Editor

Kikuo Asai

National Institute of Multimedia Education

Japan

Contents

Preface

1. Improving Human-Computer Interaction by Developing Culture-sensitive

Applications based on Common Sense Knowledge

001

Junia Coutinho Anacleto and Aparecido Fabiano Pinatti de Carvalho

2. The Role of Head-Up Display in Computer-Assisted Instruction

031

Kikuo Asai

3. Searching and Analysis of Interface and Visualization Metaphors 049

Vladimir L. Averbukh, Mihkail O. Bakhterev, Aleksandr Yu. Baydalin, Dmitriy Yu.

Gorbashevskiy, Damir R. Ismagilov, Alexey Yu. Kazantsev, Polina V. Nebogatikova,

Anna V. Popova and Pavel A. Vasev

4. Non-intrusive Physiological Monitoring for Affective Sensing of Computer

Users

085

Armando Barreto

5. Mobile Design Guidelines in the Context of Retail Sales Support 101

Rainer Blum, Karim Khakzar and Werner Winzerling

6. Envisioning Improved Work Practices and Associated Technology

Requirements in the Context of the Broader Socio-technical System

111

Joan Cahill

7. The Adaptive Automation Design 141

Caterina Calefato, Roberto Montanari and Francesco Tesauri

8. How Workstyle Transitions Influence the Tools Perceptions of Use 155

Pedro Campos

9. Modeling Human-Computer Interaction in Smart Spaces: Existing and

Emerging Tehniques

173

Yngve Dahl

10. Mobile Interaction Design: Techniques for Early Stage In-Situ Design 191

Marco de Sá, Luís Carriço and Carlos Duarte

11. Application Prospects of the augmented Reality Technology for improving

Safety of Machine Operators

217

Marek Dzwiarek and Anna uczak

12. Miniaturized Human 3D Motion Input 231

Kynan Eng

13. Modeling Query Events in Spoken Natural Language for Human-Database

Interaction

243

Omar U. Florez and SeungJin Lim

14. HCI Design Patterns for Mobile Applications Applied to Cultural

Environments

257

R. Tesoriero, J. A. Gallud, M. D. Lozano & V. M. R. Penichet

15. Touchscreen Software Keyboard for Finger Typing 287

Kentaro Go and Yuki Endo

16. Structured Light Illumination Methods for continuous Motion Hand and

Face-Computer Interaction

297

Charles J. Casey, Laurence G. Hassebrook and Daniel L. Lau

17. Head-mounted Displays in Ultrasound Scanning 309

Juha Havukumpu, Jari Takatalo, Göte Nyman, Jukka Häkkinen

18. Adaptive Real-Time Image Processing for Human-Computer Interaction 319

Bogdan Kwolek

19. A Tool for Getting Cultural Differences in HCI 343

Rüdiger Heimgärtner

20. Detecting and exploiting user Familiarity in Natural Language

Human Computer Dialogue

369

Ludovic Le Bigot, Philippe Bretier and Patrice Terrier