Андрієвський С.М. Климишин І.А. Курс загальної астрономії. Навчальний посібник
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Çì³ñò
Ïåðåäìîâà ........................................................................................................................ 3
Âñòóï ................................................................................................................................ 5
×àñòèíà I. ÎÑÍÎÂÈ ÑÔÅÐÈ×Íί ÒÀ ÏÐÀÊÒÈ×Íί ÀÑÒÐÎÍÎ̲¯
Ðîçä³ë 1. Íåáåñíà ñôåðà. Ñèñòåìè íåáåñíèõ êîîðäèíàò ................................... 15
1.1. Çîðÿíå íåáî. Ñóç³ð’ÿ .................................................................................... 15
1.2. Íåáåñíà ñôåðà. Îñíîâí³ òî÷êè ³ êîëà íà í³é .............................................. 17
1.3. Îáåðòàííÿ íåáåñíî¿ ñôåðè. Êóëüì³íàö³¿ ñâ³òèë ......................................... 21
1.4. Çîðÿíà äîáà ³ çîðÿíèé ÷àñ............................................................................ 22
1.5. Ñèñòåìè íåáåñíèõ êîîðäèíàò ..................................................................... 23
1.6. Êóòîâà âèñîòà ïîëþñà ñâ³òó íàä ãîðèçîíòîì .............................................. 27
1.7. Âèñîòà ñâ³òèëà â ìåðèä³àí³. Óìîâè ïåðåáóâàííÿ ñâ³òèëà íàä ãîðèçîíòîì .... 33
1.8. Àñòðîíîì³÷íà ðåôðàêö³ÿ. Ìåðåõò³ííÿ ç³ð. Ïðèñìåðêè ............................. 35
1.9. Åëåìåíòè ñôåðè÷íî¿ ãåîìåò𳿠.................................................................... 37
1.10. Ïàðàëàêòè÷íèé òðèêóòíèê. Ïåðåòâîðåííÿ êîîðäèíàò ........................... 38
1.11. Êàðòè çîðÿíîãî íåáà. Êàòàëîãè ................................................................. 40
1.12. Ïðåöåñ³ÿ ³ íóòàö³ÿ ...................................................................................... 41
Ðîçä³ë 2. Ðóõ ñîíöÿ. Âèì³ðþâàííÿ ÷àñó .............................................................. 45
2.1. Âèäèìèé ð³÷íèé ðóõ Ñîíöÿ íà íåá³. Çîðÿíèé ³ òðîï³÷íèé ð³ê................. 45
2.2. Ïîðè ðîêó ³ òåïëîâ³ ïîÿñè ........................................................................... 47
2.3. Ñîíÿ÷íà äîáà. Ñîíÿ÷íèé ÷àñ. гâíÿííÿ ÷àñó ............................................ 49
2.4. Ïîÿñíèé, âñåñâ³òí³é ³ ë³òí³é ÷àñ ................................................................. 52
2.5. Åôåìåðèäíèé (äèíàì³÷íèé) ³ àòîìíèé ÷àñ ............................................... 53
2.6. Çâ’ÿçîê ì³æ ñîíÿ÷íèì ³ çîðÿíèì ÷àñîì...................................................... 55
2.7. Àñòðîíîì³÷í³ îñíîâè êàëåíäàðÿ. Òèïè êàëåíäàð³â.................................... 57
2.8. Êàëåíäàðí³ åðè. Õðîíîëîã³ÿ ........................................................................ 59
Ðîçä³ë 3. Åëåìåíòè ïðàêòè÷íî¿ àñòðîíî쳿 ........................................................ 62
3.1. Êóòîì³ðí³ ³íñòðóìåíòè. Àñòðîíîì³÷í³ ãîäèííèêè. Ñëóæáà ÷àñó ............. 62
3.2. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ãåîãðàô³÷íèõ êîîðäèíàò ñïîñòåð³ãà÷à ................................... 65
3.3. Äîâæèíà äóãè çåìíîãî ìåðèä³àíà. Ôîðìà ³ ðîçì³ðè Çåìë³ ....................... 66
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3.4. Ðóõîìà êàðòà çîðÿíîãî íåáà ........................................................................ 70
3.5. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ìîìåíò³â ñõîäó ³ çàõîäó ñâ³òèë ............................................... 71
3.6. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ïîëóäåííî¿ ë³í³¿. Ñîíÿ÷íèé ãîäèííèê .................................. 72
3.7. Çîðÿíèé ãîäèííèê ....................................................................................... 74
×àñòèíà ²². ʲÍÅÌÀÒÈÊÀ ÑÎÍß×Íί ÑÈÑÒÅÌÈ
Ðîçä³ë 4. Áóäîâà ñîíÿ÷íî¿ ñèñòåìè ³ ðóõè ïëàíåò .............................................. 78
4.1. Âèäèì³ ðóõè ³ êîíô³ãóðàö³¿ ïëàíåò ............................................................. 78
4.2. Ñèñòåìà ñâ³òó Ïòîëåìåÿ............................................................................... 81
4.3. Ãåë³îöåíòðè÷íà ìîäåëü ñâ³òó ....................................................................... 85
4.4. Ïîÿñíåííÿ âèäèìèõ ðóõ³â ïëàíåò. гâíÿííÿ ñèíîäè÷íîãî ðóõó .............. 87
4.5. Óòâåðäæåííÿ ãåë³îöåíòðè÷íîãî ñâ³òîãëÿäó................................................ 90
4.6. Çàêîíè Êåïëåðà. Åëåìåíòè îðá³ò ïëàíåò.................................................... 92
4.7. Äîáîâèé ïàðàëàêñ. Ìàñøòàáè Ñîíÿ÷íî¿ ñèñòåìè ..................................... 95
4.8. Äîêàçè îáåðòàííÿ Çåìë³ òà ¿¿ ðóõó íàâêîëî Ñîíöÿ .................................... 98
Ðîçä³ë 5. Ðóõ ì³ñÿöÿ. Çàòåìíåííÿ ...................................................................... 103
5.1. Âèäèìèé ðóõ, êîíô³ãóðàö³¿ ³ ôàçè ̳ñÿöÿ ............................................... 103
5.2. Îðá³òà ̳ñÿöÿ. Äðàêîí³÷íèé ì³ñÿöü ........................................................ 106
5.3. Âëàñíå îáåðòàííÿ ̳ñÿöÿ. ˳áðàö³¿ .......................................................... 107
5.4. Ïîêðèòòÿ ñâ³òèë ̳ñÿöåì. Ñîíÿ÷í³ ³ ì³ñÿ÷í³ çàòåìíåííÿ .......................109
5.5. ×àñòîòà ³ ïåð³îäè÷í³ñòü çàòåìíåíü............................................................ 112
×àñòèíà ²²². ÅËÅÌÅÍÒÈ ÍÅÁÅÑÍί ÌÅÕÀͲÊÈ ² ÄÈÍÀ̲ÊÈ ÊÎÑ̲×ÍÈÕ ÏÎËÜÎÒ²Â
Ðîçä³ë 6. Îñíîâè íåáåñíî¿ ìåõàí³êè .................................................................. 117
6.1. Çàêîí âñåñâ³òíüîãî òÿæ³ííÿ ...................................................................... 117
6.2. Çàäà÷à äâîõ ò³ë ............................................................................................ 119
6.3. Óçàãàëüíåíèé çàêîí Êåïëåðà. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ìàñ íåáåñíèõ ò³ë .................. 120
6.4. Çàäà÷à òðüîõ ³ á³ëüøå ò³ë ............................................................................ 121
6.5. Ïîíÿòòÿ ïðî çáóðåíèé ðóõ. ³äêðèòòÿ íîâèõ ïëàíåò .............................. 125
6.6. Ïðîáëåìà ñò³éêîñò³ Ñîíÿ÷íî¿ ñèñòåìè ..................................................... 127
6.7. Ñèñòåìà Çåìëÿ-̳ñÿöü: ïðèïëèâí³ åôåêòè ............................................. 128
Ðîçä³ë 7. Åëåìåíòè êîñìîíàâòèêè ..................................................................... 132
7.1. Êîñì³÷í³ øâèäêîñò³ ................................................................................... 132
7.2. Åëåìåíòè ïðàêòè÷íî¿ êîñìîíàâòèêè ....................................................... 135
7.3. Óìîâè âèäèìîñò³ øòó÷íîãî ñóïóòíèêà Çåìë³ .......................................... 138
7.4. Ïîëüîòè êîñì³÷íèõ àïàðàò³â äî ̳ñÿöÿ ³ ïëàíåò ..................................... 141
7.5. Ïðàêòè÷í³ çäîáóòêè êîñìîíàâòèêè .......................................................... 145
×àñòèíà ²V. ÎÑÍÎÂÈ ÒÅÎÐÅÒÈ×Íί ÒÀ ÏÐÀÊÒÈ×Íί ÀÑÒÐÎÔ²ÇÈÊÈ
Ðîçä³ë 8. Åëåìåíòè òåîðåòè÷íî¿ àñòðîô³çèêè .................................................... 153
8.1. Åëåêòðîìàãí³òíå âèïðîì³íþâàííÿ ........................................................... 153
8.2. Çàêîíè âèïðîì³íþâàííÿ ³ ïîãëèíàííÿ ñâ³òëà ......................................... 155
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8.3. Ïðèíöèïè àñòðîôîòîìåòð³¿. Ôîðìóëà Ïîãñîíà ...................................... 160
8.4. Êîëîðèìåòð³ÿ. Ôîòîìåòðè÷í³ ñèñòåìè .................................................... 162
8.5. Àáñîëþòíà çîðÿíà âåëè÷èíà. Ñâ³òí³ñòü çîð³ ............................................. 166
8.6. Åëåìåíòè òåî𳿠àòîìíèõ ñïåêòð³â ............................................................ 168
8.7. Åôåêòè Äîïëåðà, Çååìàíà ³ Øòàðêà ......................................................... 172
8.8. Ãàçîâ³ çàêîíè............................................................................................... 173
8.9. Îñíîâè ñïåêòðàëüíîãî àíàë³çó òà éîãî ðåçóëüòàòè .................................. 178
8.10. Íåòåïëîâ³ ìåõàí³çìè âèïðîì³íþâàííÿ .................................................. 181
Ðîçä³ë 9. Òåëåñêîïè ............................................................................................. 184
9.1. Çàãàëüí³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè òåëåñêîï³â ......................................................... 184
9.2. Ñèñòåìè îïòè÷íèõ òåëåñêîï³â .................................................................. 187
9.3. Ñîíÿ÷í³ òåëåñêîïè ..................................................................................... 192
9.4. Ðàä³îòåëåñêîïè ³ ðàä³î³íòåðôåðîìåòðè .................................................... 193
9.5. Òåëåñêîïè ²×-, ÓÔ- òà Õ-ä³àïàçîíó ........................................................... 198
Ðîçä³ë 10. Ìåòîäè ðåºñòðàö³¿ âèïðîì³íþâàííÿ íåáåñíèõ ò³ë ........................... 201
10.1. Ïðèéìà÷³ âèïðîì³íþâàííÿ ..................................................................... 201
10.2. Äîïîì³æí³ ïðèëàäè .................................................................................. 205
10.3. Ìåòîäè ðåºñòðàö³¿ åíåð㳿 ó ïîçàîïòè÷íèõ ä³àïàçîíàõ .......................... 209
10.4. Íåéòðèíí³ ³ ãðàâ³òàö³éíî-õâèëüîâ³ äåòåêòîðè ....................................... 211
×àñòèíà V. Ô²ÇÈ×ÍÀ ÏÐÈÐÎÄÀ Ò²Ë ÑÎÍß×Íί ÑÈÑÒÅÌÈ
Ðîçä³ë 11. Ñîíöå ..................................................................................................... 216
11.1. Îñíîâí³ ïàðàìåòðè Ñîíöÿ. Ñîíÿ÷íà ñòàëà............................................. 216
11.2. Ñïåêòð ³ õ³ì³÷íèé ñêëàä Ñîíöÿ ............................................................... 219
11.3. Ôîòîñôåðà ................................................................................................ 220
11.4. Õðîìîñôåðà ³ êîðîíà Ñîíöÿ. Ñîíÿ÷íèé â³òåð ....................................... 223
11.5. Ñîíÿ÷íà àêòèâí³ñòü.................................................................................. 226
11.6. Öèêë³÷í³ñòü ñîíÿ÷íî¿ àêòèâíîñò³............................................................ 231
11.7. Ïðè÷èíà ñîíÿ÷íî¿ àêòèâíîñò³ ................................................................. 232
11.8. Çâ’ÿçîê ì³æ ð³âíåì ñîíÿ÷íî¿ àêòèâíîñò³ ³ çåìíèìè ÿâèùàìè .............. 234
11.9. Áåçïîñåðåäíº âèêîðèñòàííÿ ñîíÿ÷íî¿ åíåð㳿 ....................................... 235
Ðîçä³ë 12. Ïëàíåòè òà ¿õí³ ñóïóòíèêè ............................................................... 237
12.1. Åëåìåíòè ô³çèêè ïëàíåò.......................................................................... 237
12.2. Çàãàëüí³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ïëàíåò ............................................................. 239
12.2.1. Ìåðêóð³é ........................................................................................... 239
12.2.2. Âåíåðà ............................................................................................... 241
12.2.3. Ñèñòåìà Çåìëÿ-̳ñÿöü .................................................................... 244
12.2.4. Ìàðñ .................................................................................................. 253
12.2.5. Þï³òåð. Ãàë³ëåéîâ³ ñóïóòíèêè ......................................................... 258
12.2.6. Ñàòóðí ............................................................................................... 262
12.2.7. Óðàí ................................................................................................... 264
12.2.8. Íåïòóí .............................................................................................. 265
12.2.10. Ñèñòåìà Ïëóòîí-Õàðîí ................................................................. 267
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Ðîçä³ë 13. Ìàë³ ïëàíåòè, êîìåòè, ìåòåîðè ³ ìåòåîðèòè .................................. 269
13.1. Ìàë³ ïëàíåòè (àñòåðî¿äè) ......................................................................... 269
13.2. Êîìåòè ...................................................................................................... 271
13.3. Ìåòåîðè ³ ìåòåîðí³ ïîòîêè ...................................................................... 275
13.4. Ìåòåîðèòè ................................................................................................ 277
13.5. Àñòåðî¿äíà çàãðîçà .................................................................................... 280
13.6. Çîä³àêàëüíå ñâ³òëî ³ ïðîòèñÿéâî ............................................................. 281
×àñòèíà VI. Ô²ÇÈÊÀ DzР² ÒÓÌÀÍÍÎÑÒÅÉ
Ðîçä³ë 14. Íîðìàëüí³ çîð³ .................................................................................. 285
14.1. ³äñòàí³ äî ç³ð ........................................................................................... 285
14.2. Ìàñè, ñâ³òíîñò³, ðàä³óñè ³ òåìïåðàòóðè ç³ð ............................................. 287
14.3. Ñïåêòðè ç³ð. Ñïåêòðàëüíà êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ ................................................ 290
14.4. ijàãðàìà «ñïåêòðàëüíèé êëàñ — ñâ³òí³ñòü». Êëàñè ñâ³òíîñò³ ................. 292
14.5. Åôåêòè îáåðòàííÿ, òóðáóëåíòíîñò³, ìàãí³òíîãî ïîëÿ ³ àòìîñôåðíî¿
ñòðàòèô³êàö³¿ åëåìåíò³â ó ñïåêòðàõ ç³ð....................................................... 296
14.6. Ô³çè÷í³ óìîâè ó íàäðàõ ç³ð. Ìîäåë³ ç³ð ................................................... 302
14.7. Áóäîâà âèðîäæåíèõ ç³ð ............................................................................. 313
14.8. Ïîíÿòòÿ ïðî ÷îðí³ ä³ðè............................................................................ 314
Ðîçä³ë 15. Ïîäâ³éí³ çîð³ ³ êðàòí³ çîðÿí³ ñèñòåìè ............................................. 317
15.1. Çàãàëüí³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè êðàòíèõ ñèñòåì .............................................. 317
15.2. ³çóàëüíî-ïîäâ³éí³ çîð³ ........................................................................... 319
15.3. Çàòåìíþâàíî-ïîäâ³éí³ çîð³ ..................................................................... 321
15.4. Ñïåêòðàëüíî-ïîäâ³éí³ çîð³ ...................................................................... 323
15.5. Âèçíà÷åííÿ ìàñ êîìïîíåíò³â ïîäâ³éíèõ ñèñòåì ................................... 325
15.6. Îñîáëèâîñò³ áóäîâè ò³ñíèõ ïîäâ³éíèõ ñèñòåì ....................................... 328
15.7. Íåâèäèì³ ñóïóòíèêè ç³ð .......................................................................... 331
Ðîçä³ë 16. Ïóëüñóþ÷³ çì³íí³ çîð³ ....................................................................... 337
16.1. Êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ çì³ííèõ ç³ð ........................................................................ 337
16.2. Öåôå¿äè, ë³ðèäè ³ â³ðã³í³äè ...................................................................... 338
16.3. ²íø³ òèïè ïóëüñóþ÷èõ çì³ííèõ ............................................................... 342
16.4. Åëåìåíòè òåî𳿠çîðÿíèõ ïóëüñàö³é ........................................................ 344
Ðîçä³ë 17. Åðóïòèâí³ çì³íí³ çîð³ ....................................................................... 347
17.1. Êàðëèêè ï³çí³õ êëàñ³â .............................................................................. 347
17.2. Íîâ³ ³ íîâîïîä³áí³ çîð³ ............................................................................. 349
17.3. Íàäíîâ³ çîð³ .............................................................................................. 351
17.4. Ïóëüñàðè ................................................................................................... 357
17.5. Ðåíòãåí³âñüê³ çì³íí³ çîð³ ......................................................................... 360
Ðîçä³ë 18. Ô³çèêà òóìàííîñòåé.......................................................................... 362
18.1. Äèôóçíà ìàòåð³ÿ â Ãàëàêòèö³. ̳æçîðÿíå ïîãëèíàííÿ ñâ³òëà .............. 362
18.2. Òóìàííîñò³ ................................................................................................ 366
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18.3. Ô³çè÷í³ ïðîöåñè â åì³ñ³éíèõ òóìàííîñòÿõ. Çîíè H²² ........................... 368
18.4. Ìàãí³òí³ ïîëÿ ó ì³æçîðÿíîìó ñåðåäîâèù³. Êîñì³÷í³ ïðîìåí³ ............. 370
×àñòèíà VII. ÎÑÍÎÂÈ ÃÀËÀÊÒÈ×Íί ² ÏÎÇÀÃÀËÀÊÒÈ×Íί ÀÑÒÐÎÍÎ̲¯
Ðîçä³ë 19. Íàøà ãàëàêòèêà ................................................................................ 376
19.1. Ìîëî÷íèé Øëÿõ. Ãàëàêòè÷í³ êîîðäèíàòè ............................................. 376
19.2. Ïîíÿòòÿ ïðî ìåòîäè çîðÿíî¿ ñòàòèñòèêè ............................................... 378
19.3. Çîðÿí³ ñêóï÷åííÿ òà àñîö³àö³¿ .................................................................. 379
19.4. Âëàñí³ ðóõè ³ ïðîìåíåâ³ øâèäêîñò³ ç³ð.................................................... 384
19.5. Ðóõ Ñîíÿ÷íî¿ ñèñòåìè. Îáåðòàííÿ Ãàëàêòèêè........................................ 385
19.6. Çîðÿí³ íàñåëåííÿ ³ ï³äñèñòåìè ................................................................ 388
19.7. Ìîðôîëîã³÷í³ âëàñòèâîñò³ Ãàëàêòèêè ..................................................... 391
Ðîçä³ë 20. Ïîçàãàëàêòè÷íà àñòðîíîì³ÿ .............................................................. 400
20.1. Êëàñèô³êàö³ÿ ãàëàêòèê ............................................................................ 400
20.2. ³äñòàí³ äî ãàëàêòèê ................................................................................. 406
20.3. ×åðâîíå çì³ùåííÿ â ñïåêòðàõ ãàëàêòèê .................................................. 410
20.4. Ô³çè÷í³ âëàñòèâîñò³ ãàëàêòèê .................................................................. 412
20.5. ßäðà ãàëàêòèê ³ ¿õíÿ àêòèâí³ñòü .............................................................. 415
20.6. Ðàä³îãàëàêòèêè ³ êâàçàðè ......................................................................... 416
20.7. Ðîçïîä³ë ãàëàêòèê ó ïðîñòîð³ .................................................................. 420
×àñòèíà VIII. ÏÐÎÁËÅÌÈ ÊÎÑÌÎÃÎͲ¯ ÒÀ ÊÎÑÌÎËÎò¯
Ðîçä³ë 21. Ïðîáëåìè êîñìîãîí³¿ ....................................................................... 426
21.1. Ôîðìóâàííÿ ãàëàêòèê .............................................................................. 426
21.2. Ðàíí³ ñòà䳿 åâîëþö³¿ ç³ð ........................................................................... 427
21.3. ³äõ³ä çîð³ â³ä ãîëîâíî¿ ïîñë³äîâíîñò³ .................................................... 431
21.4. Îñîáëèâîñò³ åâîëþö³¿ ç³ð ìàëèõ ìàñ. Óòâîðåííÿ ïëàíåòàðíèõ
òóìàííîñòåé ³ á³ëèõ êàðëèê³â ..................................................................... 432
21.5. Åâîëþö³ÿ ìàñèâíèõ ç³ð. Íàäíîâ³ çîð³. Óòâîðåííÿ íåéòðîííèõ
ç³ð òà ÷îðíèõ ä³ð ........................................................................................... 434
21.6. Îñîáëèâîñò³ åâîëþö³¿ ò³ñíèõ ïîäâ³éíèõ ñèñòåì..................................... 438
21.7. Åëåìåíòè ïëàíåòíî¿ êîñìîãîí³¿ .............................................................. 440
Ðîçä³ë 22. Åëåìåíòè êîñìîëî㳿......................................................................... 445
22.1. Îñíîâí³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè Âñåñâ³òó ........................................................... 445
22.2. Åâîëþö³ÿ Âñåñâ³òó .................................................................................... 447
22.2.1. Íàðîäæåííÿ Âñåñâ³òó. Ñèíãóëÿðí³ñòü ............................................ 449
22.2.2. Ïåðâèííà ïëàçìà. Àäðîííà ³ ëåïòîííà åðè ......................................... 450
22.2.3. Ïåðâèííèé íóêëåîñèíòåç. Åðà âèïðîì³íþâàííÿ ......................... 454
22.2.4. Ìàéáóòíº Âñåñâ³òó ........................................................................... 456
22.3. ²íôëÿö³éíà ìîäåëü Âñåñâ³òó .................................................................... 458
Ïðåäìåòíèé ïîêàæ÷èê ............................................................................................... 464
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Ãîëîâ. ðåäàêòîð Æ. Á. Ìåëüíè÷åíêî
Òåõí³÷íèé ðåäàêòîð Ð. Ì. Êó÷èíñüêà
Äèçàéíåð Î. Ì. Ïåòðåíêî
Ïiäïèñàíî äî äðóêó 03.08.2007.
Ôîðìàò 70×100/16. Ïàïið îôñåòíèé. Ãàðíiòóðà «Newton».
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Âèäàâíèöòâî ³ äðóêàðíÿ «Àñòðîïðèíò»
(Ñâ³äîöòâî ÄÊ ¹ 1373 â³ä 28.05.2003 ð.)
65082, ì. Îäåñà, âóë. Ïðåîáðàæåíñüêà, 24
Òåë.: (048) 726-98-82, 726-96-82
www.fotoalbom-odessa.com
Àíäð³ºâñüêèé Ñ. Ì., Êëèìèøèí ². À.
Êóðñ çàãàëüíî¿ àñòðîíî쳿: Íàâ÷àëüíèé ïîñ³áíèê. —
Îäåñà: Àñòðîïðèíò, 2007. — 480 ñ.
ISBN 978-966-318-773-0.
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ÓÄÊ 52(075.8)
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1605000000-030
318-2007
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