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American Cinema of the 1970s

AMERICAN CULTURE / AMERICAN CINEMA

Each volume in the Screen Decades: American Culture/American Cinema series is

an anthology of original essays exploring the impact of cultural issues on ﬁlm and

the impact of ﬁlm on American society. Because every chapter presents a discussion

of particularly signiﬁcant motion pictures and the broad range of historical events in

one year, readers will gain a systematic and progressive sense of the decade as it

came to be depicted on movie screens across North America. We know that our

series represents just one approach to the growth of the American cinema: to organ-

ize by decades establishes somewhat artiﬁcial borders and boundaries, and each

author’s thematic choices are but one way to understand the culture of a particular

year. Despite such limitations, this structure contextualizes the sprawling progres-

sion of American cinema, especially as it relates to historical and cultural events. We

hope that these books, aimed at scholars and general readers, students and teachers,

will shed valuable new light on, and will provide a better understanding of, Ameri-

can culture and ﬁlm history during the twentieth century.

LESTER D. FRIEDMAN AND MURRAY POMERANCE

SERIES EDITORS

Ina Rae Hark, editor, American Cinema of the 1930s: Themes and Variations

Wheeler Winston Dixon, editor, American Cinema of the 1940s: Themes and

Variations

Murray Pomerance, editor, American Cinema of the 1950s: Themes and Variations

Lester D. Friedman, editor, American Cinema of the 1970s: Themes and Variations

Stephen Prince, editor, American Cinema of the 1980s: Themes and Variations

SCREEN

DECADES

American Cinema

of the

1970

Themes and Variations

EDITED BY

LESTER D. FRIEDMAN

RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS

NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

American cinema of the 1970s : themes and variations / edited by Lester D. Friedman.

p. cm. — (Screen decades)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN–13: 978–0–8135–4022–1 (hardcover : alk. paper)

ISBN–13: 978–0–8135–4023–8 (pbk. : alk. paper)

1. Motion pictures—United States—History. 2. Motion pictures—United States—Plots,

themes, etc. I. Friedman, Lester D. II. Series.

PN1993.5.U6A8577 2007

791.430973’09047—dc22

2006021859

No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic

or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permis-

sion from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, 100 Joyce Kilmer Avenue,

Piscataway, NJ 08854–8099. The only exception to this prohibition is “fair use” as deﬁned

by U.S. copyright law.

Manufactured in the United States of America

For Marc, Jessica, Ethan, and Gabriel

Unto the succeeding generations

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments ix

Timeline:The 1970s xi

Introduction: Movies and the 1970s 1

LESTER D. FRIEDMAN

1970 Movies and the Movement 24

MIMI WHITE

1971 Movies and the Exploitation of Excess 48

MIA MASK

1972 Movies and Confession 71

MICHAEL DeANGELIS

1973 Movies and the Legacies of War and Corruption 95

FRANCES GATEWARD

1974 Movies and Political Trauma 116

DAVID COOK

1975 Movies and Conflicting Ideologies 135

GLENN MAN

1976 Movies and Cultural Contradictions 157

FRANK P.TOMASULO

1977 Movies and a Nation in Transformation 182

PAULA J. MASSOOD

1978 Movies and Changing Times 205

CHARLES J. MALAND

1979 Movies and the End of an Era 228

PETER LEV

Select Academy Awards, 1970 –1979 251

Works Cited and Consulted 257

Contributors 267

Index 271

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The book you hold in your hands was an intensely collabo-

rative endeavor crafted over a span of years. To the contributors who toiled

over their essays with diligence, good humor, and patience, I owe a debt of

gratitude for their professional expertise, thoughtful writing, and personal

generosity. It is a daunting task to attempt to capture the spirit of a decade

as expressed in its culture, politics, and visual art, but all the contributors

brought an amazing array of energy, enthusiasm, and engagement to this

process that made working with them a pleasure. It was truly wonderful to

have them as partners on this sometimes bumpy, often illuminating, always

fascinating trip through ten tumultuous years of American history.

This book started its life in Chicago and came into the world while I was

in Geneva (New York). During this gestation period, I beneﬁted from the

able assistance and backing of many colleagues at both Northwestern Uni-

versity and Hobart and William Smith Colleges, particularly Ellen Levee

(Program Administrator), Teresa Amott (Provost), and Linda Robertson

(Program in Media and Society). As always, I was fortunate to have the

support of my friends and family, most importantly Eugene and Eva Fried-

man, Rachel and Marc and Jessica Friedman, Delia and Sandy Temes,

Anthony and Lee Bucci, and Allison Kavey. My co-editor in this series,

Murray Pomerance, was a perpetual source of amazement, guidance,

energy, and intelligence. To my wife, Rae-Ellen Kavey, I owe a constant

debt for her guidance, patience, encouragement, and love.

The professionals at Rutgers University Press made the often tedious

tasks of bringing a manuscript to the light of day a labor of joy. My thanks

to Marilyn Campbell, Adi Hovav, and Eric Schramm. Leslie Mitchner, in

particular, was a valued partner, an astute editor, and a good friend.

For all of us who came of age in the seventies and fell in love with its

cinema of anti-heroes and art ﬁlms, of budding auteurs and passionate crit-

ics, of exuberant style and gritty substance, I hope this book will rekindle

the excitement of those heady days when movies challenged, excited, and

inspired us. For those not yet born during the seventies, I hope this book

encourages you to study the era and to seek out the movies of a decade

overﬂowing with promise, excitement, sadness, and elation.