AckermannTh. (ed) Wind Power in Power Systems
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
//INTEGRAS/KCG/PAGINATION/WILEY/WPS/FINALS_14-12-04/0470855088_01_PREA01.3D – 29 – [1–48/48] 20.12.2004
7:23PM
Abbreviations
A
ABB Asea Brown Boveri
AC Alternating current
AEC Aeroelastic Code
AFC Alkaline fuel cell
AM Active management
ANN Artificial neural network
ATC Available transfer capacity
ATP Alternative Transient Program
AWEA American Wind Energy Association
AWPT Advanced Wind Power Prediction Tool
AWTS Atlantic Wind Test Site (Canada)
B
BEM Blade element momentum (method)
BJT Bipolar junction transistor
C
CAD Computer-aided design
CANWea Canadian Wind Energy Association
CA-OWEA Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in Europe
CBA Cost–benefit analysis
CEC California energy Commission
CEDRL CANMET Energy Diversification Research Laboratory
CENELEC Comite
´
Europe
´
en de Normalisation Electrotechnique
CF Capacity factor
CGH
2
Compressed gaseous hydrogen
CHP Combined heat and power (also known as co-generation)
CIGRE
´
Conseil International des Grands Re
´
seaux E
´
lectriques
COE Cost of energy
Wind Power in Power Systems Edited by T. Ackermann
Ó 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-85508-8 (HB)
//INTEGRAS/KCG/PAGINATION/WILEY/WPS/FINALS_14-12-04/0470855088_01_PREA01.3D – 30 – [1–48/48] 20.12.2004
7:23PM
CP Connection point
CRES Centre for Renewable Energy Sources
CSC Current source converter
D
DANIDA Danish International Development Agency
DC Direct current
DEFU Research Institute for Danish Electric Utilities (also translated as
Danish Utilities Research Association)
DEWI German Wind Energy Institute
DFIG Doubly fed induction generator
DG Distributed generation
DKK Danish Crowns
DMI Danish Meteorological Institute
DNC Distribution network company
DR Distributed resources
DRE Distributed renewable energy
DRES Distributed renewable energy systems
DS Distribution system
DSB Demand-side bidding
DSM Demand-side management
DTU Technical University of Denmark
DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Weather Service)
E
EDF Electricite
´
de France
EEG Renewable Energy Sources Act (Germany)
EFI Electric Power Research Institute (Norway)
EHV Extra high voltage
EMTP Electromagnetic transients program
EPS Ensemble Prediction System
ER Engineering recommendation
ESB Electricity Supply Board (Republic of Ireland)
ESBNG Electricity Supply Board National Grid (Republic of Ireland)
ETR Engineering technical report
EU European Union
EU-15 European Union 15 Member States
EUHYFIS European Hydrogen Filling Station
EWEC European Wind Energy Conference
F
F Filter
FACTS Flexible AC transmission systems
FC Fuel cell
FGW Fo
¨
rdergesellschaft Windenergie (Germany)
xxx Abbreviations
//INTEGRAS/KCG/PAGINATION/WILEY/WPS/FINALS_14-12-04/0470855088_01_PREA01.3D – 31 – [1–48/48] 20.12.2004
7:23PM
G
GC General curtailment
GEAB Gotlands Energi AB
GEB Gujarat Electricity Board
GEDA Gujarat Energy Development Agency
GIS Geographic al information system
GSP Grid supply point
GTO Gate turn-off thyristor
H
HFF High-frequency filter
HHV Higher heating value
HIRLAM High Resolution Limited Area Model
HPP Hydro power plant
HS High-speed (shaft)
HV High-voltage
HVAC High-voltage alternating-current
HVDC High-voltage direct-current
HVG High-voltage generator
I
IC Installed capacity
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IG Induction generator
IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistor
IGCT Integrated gate commutated thyristor
IM Induction motor
IMM Department of Informatics and Mathematical Modelling (Technical
University of Denmark)
IREQ Insitut de Recherche D’Hydro-Que
´
bec
IRL Ireland
IRR Internal rate of return
ISET Institu
¨
tfu
¨
r Solare Energieversorgnungstechnik
ISO Independent system operator (also commonly used for the International
Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva)
IVS Instantaneous value simulation
K
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
L
LCC Line-com mutated converter
LF Load flow
LHV Lower heating value
LH
2
Liquid hydrogen
Abbreviations xxxi
//INTEGRAS/KCG/PAGINATION/WILEY/WPS/FINALS_14-12-04/0470855088_01_PREA01.3D – 32 – [1–48/48] 20.12.2004
7:23PM
LM Local Model (Lokal-Modell)
LOEE Loss of energy expectation
LOLE Loss of load expectation
LOLP Loss of load probability
LS Low-speed (shaft)
LV Low-v oltage
LYSAN Linear System analysis (program module)
M
MARS Market Simulation Tool (Eltra)
MASS Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System
MCFC Molten carbonate fuel cell
MOB Man overboard (boot)
MOS Model output statistics
MOSFET Metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor
MSEK Million Swedish crowns (krona)
MV Medium-voltage
N
NERC North American Electricity Reliability Council
NETA New Electricity Trading Arrangement (UK)
NFFO The Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation (UK)
NL The Netherlands
NOIS Nordic Operational Information System
NPV Net present value
NREA New and Renewable Energy Agency (Egypt)
NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory (USA)
NTC Net transmission capacity
NTP Norm al temperature and pressure
NWP Numerical weather prediction
O
OLTC On-load tap-changing (transformer)
OM&R Operation, maintenance and repair
OPF Optimal power flow
OSIG OptiSlip
TM
induction generator (OptiSlip
TM
is a registered trademark of
Vestas Wind Systems A/S)
OSS Offshore substation
P
PAFC Phosphoric acid fuel cell
PAM Pulse amplitude modulated
PAS Publicly available specification
PCC Point of common coupling
PDF Probability density function
PE Power exchange
xxxii Abbreviations
//INTEGRAS/KCG/PAGINATION/WILEY/WPS/FINALS_14-12-04/0470855088_01_PREA01.3D – 33 – [1–48/48] 20.12.2004
7:23PM
PEFC Polymer electrolyte fuel cell
PF Power factor
PG&E Pacific Gas and Electric (Company)
PI Proportional–integral (controller)
PMG Permanent magnet generator
PMSG Permanent magnet synchronous generator
PPA Power purchase agreement
PPP Power purchase price
PQ Power quality
PSDS Power system dynamics simulation
PSLF Load Flow Program (GE)
PSS/E
TM
Power System Simulator for Engineers [PSS/E
TM
is a registered
trademark of Shaw Power Technologies Inc. (PTI)]
PTC Production Tax Credit (USA)
PTI Shaw Power Technologies Inc.
p.u. Per unit
PURPA Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (USA)
PV Photovoltaic
PWM Pulse-width modulated; pulse-width modulation
PX Power exchan ge
R
RAL Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK)
REC Renewable energy credit
REE Red Ele
´
ctrica de Espan
˜
a
RERL-UMASS Renewable Energy Research Lab at UMass Amherst (USA)
RES Renewable energy source(s)
RMS Root mean square
RMSE Root mean square error
RO Reverse osmosis
RPM Rounds per minute; rotations per minute
RPS Renewable portfolio standard
RWTH Rheinisch-Westfa
¨
lische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany
(Institute of Technology of the Land North Rhine-Westphalia)
S
SAFT SAFT Batteries SA
SC Short-circuit
SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition
SCE Southern California Edison (Company)
SCIG Squirrel cage induction generator
SCR Short-circuit ratio
SG Synchronous generator
SIL Surge impedance loading
SIMPOW Simulation of Power Systems
SOFC Solid oxide fuel cell
Abbreviations xxxiii
//INTEGRAS/KCG/PAGINATION/WILEY/WPS/FINALS_14-12-04/0470855088_01_PREA01.3D – 34 – [1–48/48] 20.12.2004
7:23PM
SRG Switch reluctance generator
STATCOM Static VAR compensator
STATCON Static VAR converter
STD Standard deviation
STP Standard temperature and pressure
SVC Static VAR compensator
SvK Svenka Kraftna
¨
t (Swedish transmission system operator)
SW Switch
T
TDC Transmission duration curve
TFG Transverse flux generator
THD Total harmonic distortion
TL Transmission limit
TNEB Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
TSO Transmission system operator
TSP Transient stability program
Type A Fixed-speed wind turbine, with asynchronous induction generator
directly connected to the grid, with or without reactive power
compensation (see also Section 4.2.3)
Type B Limited variable-speed wind turbine with variable generator rotor
resistance (see also Section 4.2.3)
Type C Variable-speed wind turbine with doubly-fed asynchronous induction
generators and partial-load frequency converter on the rotor circuit
(see also Section 4.2.3)
Type D Full variable-speed wind turbine, with asynchronous or synchronous
induction generator connected to the grid through a full-load frequency
converter (see also Section 4.2.3)
U
UCTE Union pour la Coordination du Transport d’Electricite
´
(Union for the
Coordination of Transmission of Electricity, formerly UCPTE)
UK United Kingdom
UK MESO UK Meteorolo gical Office Meso-scale Model
V
VDEW Verband der Elektrizita
¨
tswirtschaft (German Electricity Association)
VRR Variable rotor resistance
VSC Voltage source converter
W
WASP Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program
WD Wind–diesel
WETEC Wind Economics and TEchnology (USA)
WF Wind farm
WPDC Wind power production duration curve
xxxiv Abbreviations
//INTEGRAS/KCG/PAGINATION/WILEY/WPS/FINALS_14-12-04/0470855088_01_PREA01.3D – 35 – [1–48/48] 20.12.2004
7:23PM
WPMS Wind Power Management System
WPP Wind power producti on
WPPT Wind Power Prediction Tool
WRIG Wound rotor induction generator
WRSG Wound rotor synchronous generator
WT Wind turbine
WTG Wind turbine generator
X
XLPE Polyethylen insulation
Abbreviations xxxv
//INTEGRAS/KCG/PAGINATION/WILEY/WPS/FINALS_14-12-04/0470855088_01_PREA01.3D – 36 – [1–48/48] 20.12.2004
7:23PM
Notation
Note: this book includes contributions from different authors who work in different
fields (i.e. electrical and mechanical engineering and others). Within each of these fields,
certain variables may be used for different concepts (e.g. the variable R can denote
resistance and also radius, or it can represent the specif ic gas constant for air). It has
been the editor’s intention to reduce multiple definitions for one symbol. However,
sometimes there will be different denotions because some variables are commonly used
within different engineering disciplines. This also means that similar concep ts may not
be denoted with the same variable throughout the entire book.
English Symbols
A
a Subscribed level of power
^
AA
g
Amplitude of wind speed gust
^
AA
r
Amplitude of wind speed ramp
A
R
Area of wind turbine rotor; area through which wind flows
C
c Numerical coefficient
c
P
Power coefficient (of a wind turbine rotor)
cos ’ Power factor
cð
k
Þ Flicker coefficient for continuous operation as a function of network
impedance angle
c
c
ð
k
Þ Flicker emission factor during normal operation
cð
k
, V
a
Þ Flicker coefficient for continuous operation as a function of network
impedance angle and annual average wind speed
C Capac itor; capacit ance; DC-link capacitor
C(x) Cost function
C
IC
Installed capacity
C
P
Power coefficient
Wind Power in Power Systems Edited by T. Ackermann
Ó 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-85508-8 (HB)
//INTEGRAS/KCG/PAGINATION/WILEY/WPS/FINALS_14-12-04/0470855088_01_PREA01.3D – 37 – [1–48/48] 20.12.2004
7:23PM
D
d Steady-state voltage change as a percentage of nominal voltage
D Sha ft damping constant; load level
D
n
Harmonic interference for each individual harmonic n
E
e
R
Real part of transformer impedance
e
X
Imaginary part of transformer impedance
E
Plti
Long-term flicker emission limit
E
Psti
Short-term flicker emission limit
E
1
Voltage source of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) rotor converter
or permanent magnet generator (PMG) converter
jE
1
j Magnitude of voltage source of DFIG rotor converter or PMG generator
converter
E
1
Active componant of voltage source of DFIG rotor converter or PMG
generator converter
E
1
Reactive componant of voltage source of DFIG rotor converter or PMG
generator converter
E
2
Voltage source of grid-side converter
E
2
Active componant of voltage source of grid-side converter
E
2
Reactive componant of voltage source of grid-side converter
E
c
Expected cost
E
load
Average primary electrical load
E
wind
Wind energy output
E(X) Expected value of quantity X
F
f Frequency
f
free–fixed
Eigenfrequency of a free–fixed shaft system
f
free–free
Eigenfrequency of a free–free shaft system
f
ps
Pitch angle controller sample frequency
f
ss
Rotor speed controller sample frequency
f(x) Gaussian probability function
f
X
(x) Probability mass function for variable X
F(x) Gaussian distribution function
F
cap
Capacity factor
F
N
Power frequency
G
g Scale-parameter of Weibull distribution; gravity constant
G Generation
H
h Wind turbine hub height; harmonic order
h
sea
Height above sea level
H Inertia constant
Notation xxxvii
//INTEGRAS/KCG/PAGINATION/WILEY/WPS/FINALS_14-12-04/0470855088_01_PREA01.3D – 38 – [1–48/48] 20.12.2004
7:23PM
H
g
Inertia constant of the induction generator
H
gen
Generator rotor inertia constant
H
m
Inertia constant of generator (mechanical)
H
wr
Inertia constant of wind turbine
I
i Current
i
n
Harmonic current of order n
i
n,k
Harmonic current of order n from source k
i(t) Current as a function of time
i
r
s
s
r
Stator current in the rotor referen ce frame
i
r
r
Rotor current in the rotor reference frame
i
s
s
Stator current in the stator reference frame
I Current; complex current
I
1
Rotor current of DFIG or generator current of PMG
I
1
Active rotor current of DFIG or active generator current of PMG
I
1,Ref
Desired active rotor current of DFIG or desired active generator current
of PMG
I
1
Reactive rotor current of DFIG or reactive generator current of PMG
I
1,Ref
Desired reactive rotor current of DFIG or desired reactive generator
current of PMG
I
2
Current of grid-side converter
I
2
Active current of grid-side converter
I
2,Ref
Desired active current of grid-side converter
I
2
Reactive current of grid-side converter
I
2,Ref
Desired reactive c urrent of grid-side converter
I
h
Maximum harmonic current
I
L
Phase current
I
M
Maximum current amplitude
I
Max
Current-carrying capacity
I
n
Rated current
I
R
Generator rotor current
I
S
Generator stator current
I
z
Capacitor current
J
J
1
Charging DC current
J
2
Discharging DC c urrent
J
gen
Generator rotor inertia
J
turb
Wind turbine inertia
K
k Shaft stiffness; shape parameter of the Weibull distribution
k
base
Base value of shaft stiffness, for use in a per unit system
k
f
Flicker step factor
k
HS
High-speed shaft stiffness in per unit
xxxviii Notation