Kishore, Uday (Ed.) Target Pattern Recognition in Innate Immunity (2009, Vol.653)

Target patte recognition in innate immunity is responsible for the immediate, usually protective, responses shown against invading microorganisms, and it is the principal feature of self and non-self recognition by virtue of the recognition of structures on the microbial pathogens, which are not found on host cells. This is an area that has been very actively researched, over approximately the past 12 years, and therefore this volume provides a timely comprehensive, and up to date, summary of the types and range of cell surface, intracellular, and secreted, host proteins involved in the recognition of microbial products, and of the protective mechanisms triggered as a result of the recognition events.

The Toll-like receptors, first described in Drosophila and now well-characterised on human cells, provide an excellent demonstration of the wide range of different microbial products recognised by this family of receptors and of the signalling pathways which are triggered thus leading to induction of inflammatory cytokines and the activation of genes producing antimicrobial products. In addition, several cell surface proteins involved in target patte recognition have been described on the surfaces of macrophages (macrophage mannose receptor and macrophage scavenger receptors), and on dendritic cells (DEC205), and to be involved with the uptake and clearance of whole microorganisms and polyanioic ligands. Patte recognition is also utilised by intracellular receptors, with NOD-like receptors in the cytosol recognizing microbial molecules and activating the production of inflammatory cytokines or pathways that induce the production of inflammatory molecules. Secreted proteins, such as the pentraxins, which includes the acute phase reacting, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid protein (SAP), and the collectins (mannan binding lectin, lung surfactant protein A and D) and ficolins can also readily recruit killing and clearance systems. Indeed, the serum complement system, which is one of the major defence systems in the bloodstream, is efficiently activated by CR P on its binding to the phosphocholine groups of microbial phospholipids—and the subsequent interaction of the bound CR P with C1q—to give classical pathway activation, or MBL, or ficolin, binding to arrays of mannose or N-acetyl-glucosamine residues, respectively, on the surfaces of microorganisms—to give lectin pathway activation. Also, in addition to the activation and clearance events associated with complement activation by some of the secreted patte recognition receptors, it is accepted that all these patte recognition receptors can generally accelerate the uptake and clearance of microbes via phagocytic cells.

In view of the growing interest in the cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity, a thorough understanding of the initial recognition and triggering events, mediated via innate immune receptors, as addressed in this volume, is clearly very useful in helping to also fully understand the mechanisms of activation and control of the adaptive immune system—and to allow a full assessment of the relative roles played by innate immunity and adaptive immunity against a particular infection in higher organisms.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


1. Macrophage Patte Recognition Receptors in Immunity, Homeostasis and Self Tolerance

Subhankar Mukhopadhyay, Annette Pl?ddemann, and Siamon Gordon

Abstract
Introduction
The Scavenger Receptor Family
Class A Scavenger Receptors
SR-A (SR-AI/II)
MARCO
SRCL-I/ CLP-I
C-Type Lectin Receptors
C-Type Lectins with a Single CRD
C-Type Lectins with Multiple CRDs
NK-Like C-Type Lectin-Like Receptors
Self Tolerance in Innate Immunity
Conclusion


2. Patte Recognition by Toll-Like Receptors

Stefan Bauer, Thomas M?ller, and Svetlana Hamm

Abstract
Introduction
Toll-Like Receptors and Their Ligands
Bacterial Recognition by TLRs
Viral Recognition by TLRs
Recognition of Fungi and Protozoan Parasites by TLRs
Cellular Localization of TLRs
Recognition of Endogenous Ligands by TLRs and Involvement in Autoimmunity
TLR Signaling
Interferon Production by TLRs
TLR Structure
TLR Expression in Cells of the Adaptive Immune System
Conclusion


3. NOD-Like Receptors—Pivotal Guardians of the Immunological Integrity of Barier Organs

Philip Rosenstiel and Stefan Schreiber

Abstract
Introduction
NOD-Like Receptors—Phylogenetically Ancient Molecular Platforms of the Innate Immune System
Modular Domain Structure
NLRs and the Recent Rise of Barrier Diseases
Plasticity of NLR Function
Conclusions


4. Toll-Like Receptors and NOD-Like Receptors: Domain Architecture and Cellular Signalling

Tanja Langefeld, Walid Mohamed, Rohit Ghai, and Trinad Chakraborty

Abstract
Introduction
Toll-Like Receptors
Myd88 Dependent TLR Signalling
Myd88 Independent TLR Signalling
Nod-Like Receptors
Conclusions


5. Humoral Patte Recognition Molecules: Mannan-Binding Lectin and Ficolins

Steffen Thiel and Mihaela Gadjeva

Abstract
Introduction
Biochemistry
Biology
Conclusion


6. Lung Surfactant Proteins A and D as Patte Recognition Proteins

Patrick Waters, Mudit Vaid, Uday Kishore, and Taruna Madan

Abstract
Introduction
Collectin Structure Overview
N-Terminal Region
Collagen Region
Neck Region
Carbohydrate Recognition Domain (CRD)
SP-A and SP-D Bind Lipid via Their CRDs
Calcium Ions Are Required for CRD Function
Factors Affecting Interaction with Polysaccharides
Directing the Immune Response
Specific Examples of SP-A and SP-D as PRRs
Fungus and Yeast
Viruses
SP-A and SP-D in Protection against Allergens and Pulmonary
Hypersensitivity
Phenotype and Susceptibility of SP-A and SP-D Gene Deficient Mice
Conclusion


7. Patte Recognition by Pentraxins

Alok Agrawal, Prem Prakash Singh, Barbara Bottazzi, Cecilia Garlanda, and Alberto Mantovani

Abstract
Pentraxins
Short Pentraxins: CRP and SAP
Long Pentraxin: PTX3
Conclusions


8. Target Patte Recognition by Complement Proteins of the Classical and Alteative Pathways

Yu-Hoi Kang, Lee Aun Tan, Maria V. Carroll, Madeleine E. Gentle, and Robert B. Sim

Abstract
The Complement System
C1q and C1 Structure
Biosynthesis of C1q
Target Recognition by C1q
Structural Basis of C1q Binding to Targets
C1q Receptors
C1q across the Animal Kingdom
Properdin and the Alteative Pathway


9. Patte Recognition in Phagocytic Clearance of Altered Self

Yoshinobu Nakanishi, Peter M. Henson, and Akiko Shiratsuchi

Abstract
Roles and Mechanisms of Phagocytosis
Recognition of Altered Self by Phagocytes
Consequences of Phagocytic Clearance of Apoptotic Cells
Fate of Necrotic Cells or Cells Dying by Other Modes
Concluding Remarks


10. Structural Basis of Patte Recognition by Innate Immune Molecules

Eamon P. McGreal

Abstract
Introduction
Molecules Containing Leucine Rich Repeats (LRRs)
Carbohydrate Recognition by C-Type Lectin and C-Type Lectin-Like Molecules
Emerging Innate Immune Patte Recognition Molecules
Conclusions


11. Lessons from the Fly: Patte Recognition in Drosophila melanogaster

Subhamoy Pal and Louisa P. Wu

Introduction
The Immune Response in the Fly
The Patte Recognition Receptors
Conclusion


12. Immune Recognition of Plasmodium-Infected Erythrocytes

Damien V. Cordery and Britta C. Urban

Malaria
Clinical Immunity to P. falciparum Infection
Involvement of Patte Recognition Receptors in Plasmodium Infection
Recognition of Plasmodium-iRBCs by Toll-Like Receptors
Recognition of Plasmodium-iRBCs by Scavenger Receptors
Conclusions and Perspectives


13. Innate Immune Recognition in Tuberculosis Infection

Anthony G. Tsolaki

Abstract
Introduction
Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis
Complement Receptors
Mannose Receptors
Scavenger Receptors
Survival of M. tuberculosis inside the Phagosome
Immune Recognition of M. tuberculosis
Cytokines Induced in Response to M. tuberculosis Infection
Concluding Remarks