Yu W., LaBoube R.A. Cold-Formed Steel Design
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HAILED BY PROFESSIONALS AROUND THE WORLD as the definitive text
on the subject, Cold-Formed Steel Design is an indispensable resource for all who design for
and work with cold-formed steel. No other book provides such exhaustive coverage of both the
theory and practice of cold-formed steel construction. Updated and expanded to reflect all the
important developments that have occurred in the field over the past decade, this Fourth Edition
of the classic text provides you with more of the detailed, up-to-the-minute technical information
and expert guidance you need to make optimum use of this incredibly versatile material for
building construction.
Wei-Wen Yu and Roger LaBoube, respected authorities in the field, draw upon decades of
experience in cold-formed steel design, research, teaching, and development of design
specifications to provide guidance on all practical aspects of cold-formed steel design for
manufacturing, civil engineering, and building applications. Throughout the book, they describe
the structural behavior of cold-formed steel members and connections from both the theoretical
and experimental perspectives, and discuss the rationale behind the AISI and North American
design provisions. Cold-Formed Steel Design, Fourth Edition features:
• Thoroughly up-to-date 2007 North American (AISI S100) design specifications
• Both ASD and LRFD methods for USA and Mexico
• LSD (Limit States Design) method for Canada
• A new chapter on the Direct Strength Method
• Updates and revisions of all 14 existing chapters
• In-depth design examples and explanation of design provisions
Cold-Formed Steel Design, Fourth Edition is a necessary tool-of-the-trade for structural engineers,
manufacturers, construction managers, and architects. It is also an excellent advanced text
for college students and researchers in structural engineering, architectural engineering,
construction engineering, and related disciplines.
the definitive text in the field,
thoroughly updated and expanded
WEI-WEN YU, PHD, PE, is Curators’ Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at Missouri University of Science and
Technology (formerly, University of Missouri–Rolla) and Founding Director of Wei-Wen Yu Center for Cold-Formed
Steel Structures. He was awarded the 2001 Shortridge Hardesty Award from the ASCE and the 2009 Lynn Beedle
Award from the Structural Stability Research Council.
ROGER A. LABOUBE, PHD, PE, is Curators’ Distinguished Teaching Professor of Civil Engineering at Missouri
University of Science and Technology (formerly, University of Missouri–Rolla) and Director of Wei-Wen Yu Center
for Cold-Formed Steel Structures. Dr. LaBoube is an active member of AISI Committee on Specification and
Committee on Framing Standards, and has an extensive industry and academic background related to the
design and behavior of cold-formed steel structures.
FOURTH EDITION
Cold-Formed
Steel Design
Wei-Wen Yu and Roger A. LaBoube
Yu
LaBoube
Cold-Formed Steel Design
FOURTH
EDITION
Cover design: Holly Wittenberg
Cover photographs: Steel Deck Institute, Fox River Grove, IL
Technology/Engineering/Civil
Cold-Formed Steel Design
Cold-Formed Steel Design
Fourth Edition
Wei-Wen Yu
Roger A. LaBoube
Missouri University of Science and Technology
(Formerly University of Missouri-Rolla)
Rolla, Missouri
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2010 by John W iley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Yu, Wei-wen, 1924-
Cold-formed steel design / Wei-Wen Yu, Roger A. LaBoube. – 4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-46245-4 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-47074-3 (ebk); ISBN 978-0-47075-0 (ebk); ISBN 978-0-47076-7 (ebk)
1. Building, Iron and steel. 2. Sheet-steel. 3. Thin-walled structures. 4. Steel–Cold working. I. LaBoube, Roger A. II. Title.
TA684.Y787 2010
624.1
821–dc22
2010005153
Printed in the United States of America
10987654321
CONTENTS
Preface ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Remarks 1
1.2 Types of Cold-Formed Steel Sections and Their Applications 2
1.3 Standardized Metal Buildings and Industrialized Housing 8
1.4 Methods of Forming 12
1.5 Research and Design Specifications 17
1.6 General Design Considerations of Cold-Formed Steel Construction 20
1.7 Economic Design and Optimum Properties 26
CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS USED IN COLD-FORMED STEEL CONSTRUCTION 27
2.1 General Remarks 27
2.2 Yield Stress, Tensile Strength, and Stress–Strain Curve 33
2.3 Modulus of Elasticity, Tangent Modulus, and Shear Modulus 34
2.4 Ductility 34
2.5 Weldability 36
2.6 Fatigue Strength and Toughness 37
2.7 Influence of Cold Work on Mechanical Properties of Steel 37
2.8 Utilization of Cold Work of Forming 40
2.9 Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Steel 42
2.10 Testing of Full Sections and Flat Elements 43
2.11 Residual Stresses Due to Cold Forming 44
2.12 Effect of Strain Rate on Mechanical Properties 46
CHAPTER 3 STRENGTH OF THIN ELEMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA 47
3.1 General Remarks 47
3.2 Definitions of Terms 47
3.3 Design Basis 50
3.4 Serviceability 59
v
vi CONTENTS
3.5 Structural Behavior of Compression Elements and Design Criteria 59
3.6 Perforated Elements and Members 91
3.7 Plate Buckling of Structural Shapes 95
3.8 Additional Information 95
CHAPTER 4 FLEXURAL MEMBERS 97
4.1 General Remarks 97
4.2 Bending Strength and Deflection 97
4.3 Design of Beam Webs 156
4.4 Bracing Requirements of Beams 182
4.5 Torsional Analysis of Beams and Combined Bending and
Torsional Loading 190
4.6 Additional Information on Beams 190
CHAPTER 5 COMPRESSION MEMBERS 191
5.1 General Remarks 191
5.2 Yielding 191
5.3 Flexural Column Buckling 192
5.4 Torsional Buckling and Flexural–Torsional Buckling 194
5.5 Effect of Local Buckling on Column Strength 200
5.6 Distortional B uckling Strength of Compression Members 201
5.7 Effect of Cold Work on Column Buckling 202
5.8 North American Design Formulas for Concentrically Loaded
Compression Members 203
5.9 Effective Length Factor K 207
5.10 Built-Up Compression Members 209
5.11 Bracing of Axially Loaded Compression Members 209
5.12 Design Examples 210
5.13 Compression Members Having One Flange Fastened to Decks or Panels 218
5.14 Wall Studs 220
5.15 Additional Information on Compression Members 221
CHAPTER 6 COMBINED AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING 223
6.1 General Remarks 223
6.2 Combined Tensile Axial Load and Bending 224
6.3 Combined Compressive Axial Load and Bending (Beam–Columns) 225
6.4 North American Design Criteria 232
6.5 Design Examples 235
6.6 Second-Order Analysis 248
6.7 Additional Information on Beam–Columns 249
CHAPTER 7 CLOSED CYLINDRICAL TUBULAR MEMBERS 251
7.1 General Remarks 251
7.2 Types of Closed Cylindrical Tubes 251
7.3 Flexural Column Buckling 251
7.4 Local Buckling 252
7.5 North American Design Criteria 255
7.6 Design Examples 259
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 8 CONNECTIONS 263
8.1 General Remarks 263
8.2 Types of Connectors 263
8.3 Welded Connections 263
8.4 Bolted Connections 281
8.5 Screw Connections 292
8.6 Other Fasteners 296
8.7 Rupture Failure of Connections 299
8.8 I- or Box-Shaped Compression Members Made by Connecting
Two C-Sections 299
8.9 I-Beams Made by Connecting Two C-Sections 301
8.10 Spacing of Connections in Compression Elements 304
CHAPTER 9 SHEAR DIAPHRAGMS AND ROOF STRUCTURES 307
9.1 General Remarks 307
9.2 Steel Shear Diaphragms 307
9.3 Structural Members Braced by Diaphragms 319
9.4 Shell Roof Structures 329
9.5 Metal Roof Systems 340
CHAPTER 10 CORRUGATED SHEETS 343
10.1 General Remarks 343
10.2 Applications 343
10.3 Sectional Properties and Design of Arc- and Tangent-Type
Corrugated Sheets 343
10.4 Sectional Properties and Design of Trapezoidal-Type Corrugated Sheets 348
CHAPTER 11 COMPOSITE DESIGN 349
11.1 General Remarks 349
11.2 Steel-Deck-Reinforced Composite Slabs 349
11.3 Composite Beams or Girders with Cold-Formed Steel Deck 350
CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO STAINLESS STEEL DESIGN 353
12.1 General Remarks 353
12.2 Differences between Specifications for Carbon Steels and Stainless Steels 355
CHAPTER 13 LIGHT-FRAME CONSTRUCTION 359
13.1 General Remarks 359
13.2 Framing Standards 359
13.3 Design Guides 367
CHAPTER 14 COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN 369
14.1 General Remarks 369
14.2 Computer Programs for Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structures 369
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 15 DIRECT-STRENGTH METHOD 371
15.1 General Remarks 371
15.2 North American DSM Provisions 371
15.3 Commentary on Appendix 1 (DSM) 373
15.4 Direct-Strength Method Design Guide 376
15.5 Design Examples 376
APPENDIX A THICKNESS OF BASE METAL 381
APPENDIX B TORSION 383
B.1 Introduction 383
B.2 Shear Center 383
B.3 Torsional Stresses 384
B.4 Design Criteria for Combined Bending and Torsional Loading 393
APPENDIX C FORMULAS FOR COMPUTING CROSS-SECTIONAL PROPERTY β
y
395
APPENDIX D DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 397
NOMENCLATURE 401
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 413
CONVERSION TABLE 415
REFERENCES 417
INDEX 483