Yellampalli S. (ed.) Carbon Nanotubes - Polymer Nanocomposites
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CARBON NANOTUBES
– POLYMER
NANOCOMPOSITES
Edited by Siva Yellampalli
Carbon Nanotubes – Polymer Nanocomposites
Edited by Siva Yellampalli
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2011 InTech
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First published July, 2011
Printed in Croatia
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Carbon Nanotubes – Polymer Nanocomposites, Edited by Siva Yellampalli
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-498-6
free online editions of InTech
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Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Fabrication and Property Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
Chapter 1 Growth of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
by RF-DC Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition 3
Yasuaki Hayashi, Hideto Sawada and Hideyuki Takagi
Chapter 2 Carbon Nanotubes Engineering
Assisted by Natural Biopolymers 15
Luhua Lu, Ying Hu, Chunrui Chang and Wei Chen
Chapter 3 Elastic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 35
Qiang Han and Hao Xin
Part 2 Preparation and Characterization
of Polymer Composites with CNTs 63
Chapter 4 Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 65
Veena Choudhary and Anju Gupta
Chapter 5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 91
In-Yup Jeon, Dong Wook Chang,
Nanjundan Ashok Kumar and Jong-Beom Baek
Chapter 6 Preparation and Applicability of Vinyl
Alcohol Group Containing Polymer/MWNT
Nanocomposite Using a Simple Saponification Method 111
Eun-Ju Lee, Jin-San Yoon, Mal-Nam Kim and Eun-Soo Park
Chapter 7 Reinforcement Effects of CNTs
for Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 129
Yuan Li, Yaolu Liu and Ning Hu
Chapter 8 Characterization of Nanotube-
Reinforced Polymer Composites 155
Wenjie Wang and N. Sanjeeva Murthy
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Carbon Nanotubes as Conductive Filler in
Segregated Polymer Composites - Electrical Properties 173
Yevgen Mamunya
Chapter 10 Conductivity Percolation of Carbon
Nanotubes in Polyacrylamide Gels 197
Önder Pekcan and Gülşen Akın Evingür
Chapter 11 Electrical Properties of CNT-Based
Polymeric Matrix Nanocomposites 215
Alessandro Chiolerio, Micaela Castellino, Pravin Jagdale,
Mauro Giorcelli, Stefano Bianco and Alberto Tagliaferro
Chapter 12 Polymer Composites with
Carbon Nanotubes in Alignment 231
Huisheng Peng, Xuemei Sun and Tao Chen
Chapter 13 Silanization of Carbon Nanotubes:
Surface Modification and Polymer Nanocomposites 251
C. Velasco-Santos, A.L. Martínez-Hernández and V.M. Castaño
Chapter 14 Prediction of the Elastic Properties of Single Walled
Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polymers: A
Comparative Study of Several Micromechanical Models 281
Selmi Abdellatif and Hassis Hédi
Chapter 15 About Grafting of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
on the Oligo-N-Vinyl Carbazole and Copolymer
Involving N-Vinylcarbazole and Hexylthiophene 301
K. Alimi, B. Zaidi and M. Chemek
Chapter 16 Giant Moment Enhancement of Magnetic
Nanoparticles Embedded in Multi-Walled
Carbon Nanotubes: Consistent with
Ultrahigh Temperature Superconductivity 331
Guo-meng Zhao, Jun Wang, Yang Ren and Pieder Beeli
Chapter 17 Carbon Nanotubes Influence on Balk and
Surface Properties of the Optical Materials 355
Natalia V. Kamanina
Part 3 Applications 365
Chapter 18 The Application of Carbon Nanotube to Bone Cement 367
Yu-Hsun Nien
Chapter 19 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Molecular
Heater for Thermoresponsive Polymer Gel Composite 379
Tsuyohiko Fujigaya and Naotoshi Nakashima
Preface
Carbon nanotubes, discovered by Iijima in 1991, have been one of the most interesting
materials with exotic properties for the last twenty years. Carbon nanotubes are
typically considered as molecular-scale tubes of graphitic carbon. Depending on
numbers of carbon layers, they are categorized as single-walled and multi-walled
nanotubes. The unique structure provides nanotubes with extraordinary mechanical
and electrical properties. The outstanding properties that these materials possess have
opened new interesting research areas in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Although nanotubes are very promising in a wide variety of fields, application of
individual nanotubes for large scale production has been limited. The main
limitations, which hinder its use, are difficulty in structure control, existence of
impurities, and poor processability. In order to improve their practical applications,
bulk nanotube materials have recently attracted increasing attentions, particularly by
formation of composites with polymers. Here nanotubes may provide good
mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, while polymers enable them with high
flexibility, low cost, and easy fabrication.
This book focuses on the preparation and property analysis of polymers with carbon
nanotubes. The book has been divided into three parts. The first part deals with
fabrication and property analysis of new carbon nanotube structures. The second part
deals with preparation and characterization of polymer composites with CNTs
followed by the various applications of polymers with CNTs in third part.
A list of chapters is given below. The following description provides a glimpse on the
content in each book’s chapter.
Part 1. Fabrication and Property Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes
Chapter 1. Growth of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes by DC Plasma Chemical Vapor
Deposition
In this chapter a method to fabricate vertically aligned carbon nanotubes is presented.
This method produces CNTs that are highly aligned perpendicular to the substrate
surface more than those electrically oriented after dispersion on a substrate. Large area
of vertically aligned CNTs has a variety of applications such as field electron emitters
for cathode ray lighting tubes, field emission displays etc.
X Preface
Chapter 2. Carbon Nanotubes Engineering Assisted by Natural Biopolymers
The latest ten-year progress on key topics for CNT engineering assisted by
biopolymers has been reviewed. The methods to obtain dispersion, purification and
specific chiral separation for CNTs assisted by biopolymers have been developed.
Chapter 3. Elastic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
An equivalent model is established in this chapter based on the basic principles of the
anisotropic elasticity and composite mechanics for the anlaysis of the elastic properties
of graphite sheet at the nanometer scale. With this equivalent model, the relationship
between the nanotube structure and the graphite sheet is built up and the radial scale
effect of the elastic properties of CNTs is investigated.
Part 2. Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Composites with CNTs
Chapter 4. Polymer Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
This section starts with nanoparticle polymer fabrication. This chapter provides in-
depth information on the preparation, alignment, properties and applications of CNT
polymers.
Chapter 5. Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes
This chapter focuses on the frequently used methods to functionalize CNTs namely
covalent and non-covalent strategies. It also discusses the frequent methods and
alternative methods that have been developed in the recent past for facile
manipulation and processing in physiological environments to overcome difficulties in
processing CNTs.
Chapter 6. Preparation and Applicability of Vinyl Alcohol Group Containing Polymer/MWNT
Nanocomposite Using a Simple Saponification Method
In this chapter the properties and applicability of highly porous VOH group
polymer/MWNT nanocomposites produced by simple saponification method have
been investigated.
Chapter 7. Reinforcement Effects of CNTs for Polymer Based Nanocomposites
In this chapter different reinforcement effects of two kinds of CNTS (MWCNT-7 and
VGCF) in two types of nanocomposites (three phase hybrid CFRP laminates and two
phase CNT/polymer nanocomposites) have been presented with results.
Chapter 8. Characterization of Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composites
The chapter focuses on the structure and morphology of the polymer nanotube
composites and the consequences of these structures on their performance.
Chapter 9. Carbon Nanotubes as Conductive Filler in Segregrated Polymer Composites -
Electrical Properties
In this chapter the conductivity of PVC/MWCNT and UHMWPE/MWCNT composites
under different conditions is presented with analysis of the variation of conductivity
under different conditions.