Winter Jay. Remembering war: the Great War between memory and history in the twentieth century

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Remembering

War

REMEMBERING

WAR

The Great War Between

Memory and History in

the Twentieth Century

Jay Winter

Yale University Press

New Haven & London

Published with the assistance of the Frederick W. Hilles Publication Fund of Yale

University.

Published with assistance from the Kingsley Trust Association Publication Fund

established by the Scroll and Key Society of Yale College.

This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations,

in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of

the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press),

without written permission from the publishers.

Set in Minion by Keystone Typesetting, Inc., Orwigsburg, Pennsylvania.

Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Winter, J. M.

Remembering war : the Great War between memory and history in the twentieth

century / Jay Winter.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

isbn-13: 978-0-300-11068-5 (hard cover : alk. paper)

isbn-10: 0-300-11068-5 (hard cover : alk. paper)

1. World War, 1914–1918. 2. Memory—Social aspects. 3. War and society. 4. Civilization,

Modern—20th century. I. Title.

d523.w579 2006

940.3%14—dc22

2005028452

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of

the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the

Council on Library Resources.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

Acknowledgments vii

Introduction: War, Memory, Remembrance 1

Part One: War and Remembrance

chapter 1. The Setting: The Great War in the

Memory Boom of the Twentieth Century 17

chapter 2. Shell Shock, Memory, and Identity 52

Part Two: Practices of Remembrance

chapter 3. All Quiet on the Eastern Front:

Photography and Remembrance 79

chapter 4. War Letters: Cultural Memory and

the ‘‘Soldiers’ Tale’’ of the Great War 103

chapter 5. Ironies of War: Intellectual Styles and

Responses to the Great War in Britain and France 118

chapter 6. War Memorials: A Social Agency Interpretation 135

chapter 7. War, Migration, and Remembrance:

Britain and Her Dominions 154

vi contents

Part Three: Theaters of Memory

chapter 8. Grand Illusions: War, Film, and

Collective Memory 183

chapter 9. Between History and Memory:

Television, Public History, and Historical

Scholarship 201

chapter 10. War Museums: The Historial and

Historical Scholarship 222

chapter 11. ‘‘Witness to a Time’’: Authority, Experience,

and the Two World Wars 238

Part Four: The Memory Boom and the

Twentieth Century

chapter 12. Controversies and Conclusions 275

Notes 291

Bibliography 313

Index 331

Acknowledgments

This book is the outcome of a very long engagement with the First

World War, both inside and outside the academy. I owe much to my

colleagues at the Historial de la grande guerre at Péronne, Somme,

and to my friends and students at Cambridge, Columbia, and Yale.

All shared my ruminations about war and remembrance, and along-

side others who came to lectures, classes, and seminars, they o√ered

valuable leads and invaluable criticisms. Some individuals went even

further out of their way to read various drafts of the whole manu-

script. My thanks for this major e√ort go to Jan and Aleida Ass-

mann, Joanne Bourke, Antoine Prost, Diana Sorensen, Ken Inglis,

and Harvey Mendelsohn. Responsibility for stubborn interpreta-

tions and errors are mine alone.

This book is an extended argument about remembrance and

war, a subject which has dominated my private and professional life.

Many of these chapters arose under diverse circumstances. The hos-

pitality of colleagues at Indiana University at Bloomington, which

welcomed me as Patton lecturer, and at the Royal Irish Academy,

Dublin, enabled me to develop some of these arguments. Eight of

these chapters have not appeared in print before, and all others have

been rewritten to braid together with the others. I am grateful

for permission to reproduce images or other material from the

viii acknowledgments

Fortuno√ Video Archive at Yale, Leo Baeck Institute, KCET tele-

vision, the Historial de la grande guerre, and the American Historical

Review. I am happy to acknowledge support from the Hilles Fund at

Yale University.

Remembering

War