Walker S. Sustainable by Design: Explorations in Theory and Practice
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Sustainable by Design
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E
Earth 17, 21–2
Earth Summit (1992) 23
The Ecology of Commerce (Hawken) 23
economic development 42, 80
economics
of fashion 73–4
of
production 8, 12, 29, 32–3,
149–50, 154–5, 162
religion relationship 16, 18–19
in sustainable design 29, 75–6, 80
in
sustainable development 5, 16,
25, 26, 80–1, 136
see also economic development
electrical
appliances 115, 129 see also CD
players; lamps; power tools; radios;
stereo equipment; televisions
electronic
products 57, 73, 106, 115,
151, 152, 153 see
also calculators;
computers
elegance and empathy 96, 97
Eliade, Mircea 147, 160
endgame 150, 156–66
energy consumption 20–1, 24–5, 89
England 30, 31, 144
the Enlightenment 19, 120, 167, 201
environment
business
relationship 23, 24, 32,
33, 168
consumerism
impacts 43, 155,
156, 159–60
design affects 4–5, 7–8
legislation 24, 32
mass production impacts 25
material
culture relationship 7, 54,
67, 97, 155–6
ozone layer depletion 18, 23
and
product design 4–5, 7–8, 11,
22, 24–5, 96
production relationship 10, 32, 76
sustainability issues 67, 80, 96
in
sustainable development 16, 25,
26, 136
technological
impacts 19, 20, 32,
73, 141
environmental
stewardship 36, 67, 70, 72,
80, 150, 156
environmentalism 16, 17, 20–3
ephemeral
artefacts 53, 136, 169, 171–3,
181, 193
ethics
aesthetics relationship 64, 97, 188
of design 7–8, 37, 65, 188, 198
of
production 8, 10, 32, 59, 69,
188
in
sustainable development 16, 17,
25, 160, 188
Ethiopia, Africa 23
Europe 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24
Evans, Bill 122
experience versus encounter 121–2,
169–70, 173
exploitation of labour 23, 24, 32, 59,
121
F
Factor 10 programme 4, 26
fashion
advantages of 72–3
and aesthetics 11, 12, 58, 159
and
consumerism 34–5, 73–4,
125, 136, 153–4, 156, 202
defining 72
in
design 7–8, 11–12, 34–5, 74,
75
disadvantages 73–4
and economic issues 73–4
and environmental stewardship 72
in products 34–5, 58, 71, 117
style relationship 125, 142, 202
and
sustainability 71–2, 73–4, 117,
125
and time 72, 159
The F
emale Eunuch (Greer) 21
F
ord, Henry 141
Forty, Adrian 153
Franklin, Sir John 30, 31
Freeman Etudes (Cage) 187
F
riends of the Earth 21
Fuller, Buckminster 22
function
in
artefacts 40, 41, 42–3, 45–6,
48, 50
design
relationship 8, 11, 50, 61,
65, 126–7, 136–7, 151
and obsolescence 140
production
relationship 8, 150,
151
utility
relationship 40, 42, 193,
196, 202
functional modality 193, 197
functioning
components 136, 154, 160,
162, 166
furniture
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Index
Remora Box 96, 97
see also chairs
G
G8 Summits 23, 24
Gandhi 58, 68
Gehry
, Frank 11
Geldof, Bob 23, 24
Gestetner duplicating machine 153
Gill, Eric 191
Glass, Philip 167
Gleneagles, Scotland 24
globalization 9, 23–4, 127–8
the Gospels 67–8
Gray
, John 129
Greek myths 18
Green P
arty (Germany) 22
Greening the North (Sachs) 23
Greenpeace 21
Greer
, Germaine 21
H
Hawken, Paul 23
Hearne, Samuel 30–1
Hereford, England 144
Hick, John 41, 102
Hierarchy 192, 193, 194
‘Hierarchy of Human Needs’ (Maslow) 41
Hirst, Damien 146
Hobsbawn, Eric 127
Holloway
, Richard 26, 103
the Holocaust 19
The Holy V
irgin (Olifi)
Hughes, R
obert 190
Hutterites 67
I
‘I-It’ relationship (Buber) 120, 168, 170
‘I-You’ relationship (Buber) 120–1, 168–9
improvisation 36–7, 38, 84–5, 87, 122
India 58, 66–7
industrial design
and
aesthetics 7–8, 10, 11, 142,
146, 153
background 29, 142
defined 35
material culture relationship 36, 54
and mediated approach 171
sustainable design compared 38
and sustainable development
29–30, 35, 122, 156, 166, 189
Industrial R
evolution 12, 19
injection-moulded plastics 58, 89–90,
115–16, 117
integration
36–7, 76, 147, 148, 160,
192, 193, 195–6
integration of scales 93–5
Intermediate
Technology Development
Group 22
International Criminal Court 128
Islam 67
ISO 14000 24
Italy 9, 23
J
Japan 19
Jenkins, Philip 16
Jerusalem 144
jewellery 39–40, 46
Job, Book of 144
Juicy Salif lemon squeezer (Starck) 50–1
K
Kananaskis, Canada 23
Kant, Immanuel 64
Kawakami, Kenji 127
khadi 58
Kierkegaard, Sören 143
King
, Martin Luther 21
kitchen appliances 87
Klein, Naomi 23
K
oren, Leonard 192, 193
K
yoto Protocol on Climate Change 128
L
labour 57, 70, 80, 89, 116, 168 see also
exploitation of labour
lamps
Arc Light task lamp 81–2
Bottle L
amps 177, 179, 180
Hanging L
amps 177, 182
L
ather Lamp task lamp 82, 83
L
umière Floor Lamp 93, 94
Mozzkito L
amp (Maurer) 171
Toio lamp (Castiglioni) 125
Wire Light task lamp 82, 83
landfill 57, 169, 170
L
ewis, C. S. 122
life cycle assessment 4, 24, 79
Live 8 24
Live Aid 23
local
production 51, 70, 80–1, 89–90,
93, 96, 136
local-
scale
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in product production 70, 80, 81,
85, 89–92, 93, 96–7
in
sustainable design 35, 36, 38,
42, 55, 75–6, 80, 84
localization
and
product production 151, 153,
162
in
sustainable design 49–50, 51,
81, 122, 151, 153, 162
L
oewy, Raymond 153
Long, Richard 11
longevity of products 74–5, 79
L
utheranism 19
M
Madden, Philip 171
Malevich, Kasimir 145, 147, 160
Mali, Africa 122
Mappa Mundi 144
Maslow
, Abraham 41
mass production
aesthetic identifiers 116, 117–18
background 32, 35, 201
consumerism
relationship 32, 35,
43, 116, 117, 198
environmental impacts 25
‘
good enough’ approach 69
and sustainability 42, 116, 117–18
and
sustainable design 80–1, 85,
93–5, 128
technology relationship 11, 201
unsustainable 116, 117–18
material culture
design
relationship 9–13, 32–3,
36, 96–7, 147, 198–9
devalued 11, 37, 53, 147
environmental
issues 7, 54, 67, 97,
155–6
meaningful
10, 11, 33, 37, 51,
54–5, 143, 202
overstimulation
of the senses 149,
150
social
issues 7, 36, 51, 54, 97,
140, 156
spirituality
relationship 37, 65–6,
198
sustainability
relationship 38, 44,
70, 189
sustainable development
relationship 11, 36, 38, 51, 136–7
symbolism
in 143, 144–5, 148,
159–60
Matisse, Henri 125
Maugham, W
. Somerset 101
Maurer, Ingo 173
McGrath, Alister 120, 168
Memphis group 9
metaphor
18–19, 104, 105, 192, 193,
195,
197 see also myth and my-
thology; symbolism
Mexico 23
Middle Ages 16–17
MiniDisc 115
Minimalized Design (doorbell) 130, 133
modality
, functional see functional
modal-
ity
Modern
19–20, 24, 33, 141, 202 see
also
Postmodern
Montreal Protocol (1987) 22–3
Moore, Brian 66
Morris, W
illiam 69
MP3 players 115, 154
Murdoch, Iris 63, 104
myth
and mythology 16, 17, 18, 25, 27,
103–4, 105
sustainable
development as a myth
15, 16–18, 25–7, 119
visual myths 101, 102–6, 107–12
N
narrative 192, 193, 195
The Natural Step programme 4, 24, 26
Needleman, Jacob 143
needs
functional
40, 41, 42–6, 48, 49,
50
inspirational/spiritual 40, 41–2,
43–6, 48, 49, 50
social/positional 40, 41–6, 48, 50
New T
estament 18–19
New Y
ork, USA 11, 21, 44
newness 72–3, 81, 142, 202
Nicholson, Ben 145
No L
ogo (Klein) 23
Norman, Edward 129
North
America 16, 62 see also Canada;
USA
North
American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) 156
Northwest Passage 30–1
nutcracker
G
-Clamp Nutcracker 93, 95
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Index
O
Olifi, Chris 146
On the Beach (Shute) 20
OPEC 20–1
Orthodox Church 45
Orwell, George 190
Our
Common Future (Brundtland Report,
1987) 15, 25
P
packaging 34, 81, 93, 117, 140, 191
Papanek, Victor 22, 25, 169
Pärt, Arvo 167
personal stereos 89–90, 115, 130, 140
Phone Directory Seating (Madden) 171
photography 34
physicality 46–7, 192, 193, 194–5, 197
P
olanyi, Michael 99, 101, 103
pollution 11, 12, 21, 24, 25, 59, 68,
121
population 19, 25
P
ostmodern 20, 24, 32, 33, 139, 145,
147
pottery 39–40, 49
power tools 114, 115, 140
prayer beads 44–8, 49, 50, 115
prayer mat 43, 44
prayer shawl 43, 44
prayer wheel 43, 44, 45
product design
and
aesthetics 7–8, 9–10, 11–12,
76
environmental
issues 4–5, 7–8, 11,
22, 24–5, 96
professionalization 35
spiritual aspects 67–70
and
sustainable development 5–6,
15, 25–6, 35, 51, 57, 80–1
technological developments in
33–4
visual myths 103, 104–5
see also industrial design;
sustainable design
products and production
adequateness 65–6
and
aesthetics 3, 7, 8, 9–10, 97,
140, 142, 146–7
background 31–2
disposable
products 12, 51, 53,
140
economic
issues 8, 12, 29, 32–3,
149–50, 155–9
environmental issues 10, 32, 76
ethical
issues 8, 10, 32, 59, 69,
188
functioning components 153,
159–60, 162
and industrial design 29, 35
model variations 155, 155, 160
obsolescence
51, 53, 117, 118,
139, 140, 141
outer
casing 58, 89–90, 115–16,
117, 136, 142, 153, 170
social issues 81, 117
subordinate
components 154, 156,
158–60, 161, 162
sustainability
5, 29, 42, 69–70,
74–7, 96–7, 114–15
systems of production 113–14
see
also mass production; product
design
professionalization
of design 35–6, 54, 121
of material culture 37, 54
of product design 35
P
rotestantism 19
purses 123
R
radios 89, 107, 115, 160
AM radio 165
Board R
adio 155
Boy
’s Own Radio 109
Cable R
adio 87, 88, 89, 108, 152
CD Player/R
adio 177, 178
Crystal R
adio 106
Ensemble Design 130, 134
Hermit R
adio 111, 151
Net R
adio 152
T
in Radio 112, 152
White
Canvas AM/FM Radio 173,
176
recycling
32, 76, 79, 80, 81, 97, 136,
170
the R
eformation 19
Reitveld, Gerrit 9
religion
and artefacts 40, 41–2, 43–6, 48
business relationship 16, 18, 19
economic issues 16, 18–19
on material goods 66–7
sustainable development
relationship 16–17, 18, 144
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symbolism in 40, 43, 45, 143–4,
148
technology relationship 19–20
see also Buddhism; Christianity;
Islam; T
aoism
repair 57, 76, 80, 81, 87, 97, 115–16,
140, 170
resonance 85, 117, 192, 193, 196
resource depletion 4-5, 12, 24, 59,
80–1, 141
reuse 76, 80, 81, 93, 97, 136, 169, 170
Riis, Jacob 61
ritual 40, 56, 66, 145 see also spirituality
Rivers, L
arry 20
Romance in the Age of Uncertainty (Hirst)
146
rosary 44, 45, 46
R
osenquist, James 20
Rothko, Mark 145
Ruskin, John 85
Rybczynski, Witold 55
S
Sachs, Wolfgang 23
the sacred 143–4, 145, 146, 147, 148
sacred time 140, 142, 143, 146, 148
Santiago, Chile 24
Schumacher
, E. F. 22, 25, 68
Scotland 24
the secular 143, 144, 147, 148
secular time 140, 141–3, 146, 148
secularization 16, 18, 19, 26
Secularization (Norman) 129
sensoriality 192, 193, 194–5
Shakers 67, 69
Shute, Nevil 20
Sierra Club 20
Silber
, J. 190
Silent Spring (Carson) 20
the Sixties 20, 21, 22, 23–4, 25
Small is Beautiful (Schumacher) 22
social equity 16, 17, 24, 25, 70, 80
social issues
and artefacts 40, 41–3, 48, 50, 51
of business 23, 33, 168
of globalization 23–4
human rights 21, 23, 24
of
material culture 7, 36, 51, 54,
97, 140, 156
of production 81, 117
social movements 20, 21, 23
in sustainability 75–6, 80, 96
in
sustainable design 75, 76, 80,
168
in
sustainable development 5, 16,
21, 26, 80–1, 136
of technology 22
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 150
spirituality
in art 40, 41, 62, 64, 145–6
of
artefacts 40, 41–2, 43–6, 48,
50–1
and creativity 61, 64, 104
in
design 50–1, 61–2, 63, 64, 65,
67, 68–70, 129
and
the inner self 41, 61–2, 63,
64, 68
material
culture relationship 37,
65–6, 198
and material goods 66–7, 68, 69
sustainability
relationship 48–9, 58,
66, 67, 70
symbolism 36, 43, 143–5, 148
time
relationship 140, 142, 143,
146, 148
spontaneity 84, 85, 87, 122, 126, 187
stabilizing form 151, 158, 160, 162
Stallabrass, Julian 154
Starck, Philippe 50–1
statuary 39–40, 41, 43
Steiner
, George 16, 25
stereo equipment 89–90, 115, 129, 130,
140, 177, 178
Stölzl, Gunta 9
styling
43, 48, 51, 125–6, 130, 142 see
also fashion
subordinate components 154,156,
158–60, 162
suitcases 124
surface quality 85, 87, 88
sustainability
and
aesthetics 57–8, 70, 76, 114,
119–20, 199
of artefacts 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48
background 25, 26
creativity relationship 74, 76, 96
defining 5–6
in
design 3, 51, 75, 76–7, 80 see
also sustainable design
economic issues 75–6, 80
environmental issues 67, 80, 96
fashion
affects 71–2, 73–4, 117,
125
localization 49–50, 51, 81
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243
Index
and mass production 42, 116,
117–18
material
culture relationship 38, 44,
70, 189
of
products and production 5, 29,
42, 69–70, 74–7, 96–7, 114–15
social issues 75–6, 80, 96
spirituality
relationship 48–9, 58,
66, 70
sustainable design
and
aesthetics 81, 87–8, 136,
158–9, 167, 186, 187–8, 198–9
approaches
3–4, 30–7, 76–7, 79,
120–3, 125–30, 136–7, 171–81
considering artefacts 191–8
abstract
associations 192,
193, 195
integration
of elements 192,
193, 195–6
physical
impressions 191, 193,
194–5, 197
utility issues 193, 196–7
defining 5–6, 79
design process 171–3, 186,
190–1
direct
design 121–2, 136, 171–3,
177, 181
economic issues 29, 75–6, 80
elegance and empathy 96, 97
and energy use 89
and
environmental stewardship 36,
67, 70, 80
experience versus
encounter 121–2,
169–70, 173
of
functioning components 136,
159–60, 162
improvisation and spontaneity
84–5, 86
industrial design compared 38
integration of scales 93–5
intellectual
issues 186, 187, 188–9,
191–2, 197–8
inventiveness
of necessity 81–2, 83,
122, 124
key characteristics 38
local-
scale 35, 36, 38, 42, 55,
75–6, 80, 84
localization
49–50, 51, 81, 122,
151, 153, 162
and
mass production 80–1, 85,
93–5, 128
meaningful artefacts 48, 57,
189–90, 198, 202–3
personal involvement 49–50,
100–1
product
design compared 38, 44,
49
social issues 75, 76, 80, 168
subordinate
components 158–60,
162
surface quality 85, 87, 88
transience
issues 129, 135, 137,
169–70, 171, 202–3
sustainable development
background
15–16, 19–23, 24–5,
32
in
business 15, 23, 24, 29–30,
166, 168, 199
a
contemporary myth? 16–18,
25–7, 119
defining 5–6, 16, 119
in design 5–6, 29–30, 34, 35,
37–8, 54–5, 128–9, 136
economic
issues 5, 16, 25, 26,
80–1, 136
environmental
issues 16, 25, 26,
136
ethical
issues 16, 17, 25, 160,
188
globalization relationship 127–8
and
industrial design 29–30, 35,
122, 156, 166, 189
localization
36, 49, 51, 70, 127,
128, 136
material
culture relationship 11, 36,
38, 51, 136–7
and
product design 5–6, 15, 25–6,
35, 51, 57, 80–1
religion
relationship 16–17, 18,
144
social
issues 5, 16, 21, 26, 80–1,
136
time relationship 129, 139
sweatshop labour see exploitation of
labour
symbolism
and
material culture 143, 144–5,
148, 159–60
in religion 40, 43, 45, 143–4, 148
and
spirituality 36, 43, 143–5, 148
T
tacit knowledge in design 101–3, 105
Tao Te Ching 67
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Taoism 62
Tate Modern 44
technology
design
relationship 11, 12, 22, 36,
128
developments
in 9, 19, 20, 22, 30,
33–4, 141
environmental
impacts 19, 20, 32,
73, 141
mass
production relationship 11,
201
and obsolescence 129, 140, 141
and product design 33–4
religion relationship 19–20
social issues 22
transience
141, 142, 153, 160,
166, 170
telephones 89, 115
Plaine T
elephone 90
Wall Phone 90, 91, 152
televisions 115, 129
theoretical inquiry 185–6
Thoreau, Henry David 20, 72
time
business
relationship 141, 146,
147
design relationship 142
in fashion 72, 159
sacred
time 140, 142, 143, 146,
148
secular
time 140, 141–3, 146,
148
spirituality
relationship 140, 142,
143, 146, 148
sustainable development
relationship 129, 139
tools 39–40, 53, 80, 84, 89 see also
power tools
torches 130, 131
transience
129, 135, 137, 169–70, 171,
202–3
transportation 54, 81
T
urk, Gavin 146
TV dinners 56
U
unemployment 81
United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) 21
USA 11, 21, 44
usability 193, 196
utility
in
considering artefacts 193, 196–7
consumerism relationship 51, 63,
202
design
relationship 6, 8, 50, 64–5,
202
function
relationship 40, 42, 193,
196, 202
valuing
42, 49, 57, 146, 159, 198,
202–3
V
van Doesburg, Theo 9
van Gogh, Vincent
V
ence, France 125
vernacular design 36, 38
Vietnam W
ar 24
visual myths 101, 102–6, 107–12
W
Walden (Thoreau) 20
Wallinger, Mark 44
Wallis, Alfred 125
Wanders, Marcel 171
Warhol, Andy 104
Washington, DC, USA 21
weapons 39–40
W
eil, Daniel 51
White on White (Malevich)
White R
elief (Nicholson) 145
W
ilde, Oscar 71
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 67–8
Wollheim 188
World Trade Organization (WTO) 23
worry beads 45
yin-yang 62, 144
Z
zeitgeist 114
Zimmer, Heinrich 104
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