Unmenned aircraft systems roadmap 2005-2030

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

UAS ROADMAP 2005

APPENDIX K – SURVIVABILITY

Page K-4

Dissemination Means

UAS normally disseminate information via data links. Depending upon the system, information may be

processed onboard the aircraft or transmitted to the ground for processing. In either case, the

communications channel is susceptible to detection, radio direction finding, intercept, and electronic

attack efforts. If the UA is transmitting a live video feed, the communication channel is likely to be

wideband and continually emitting. Encryption of the data links would reduce the possibility of

successful intercept and exploitation. Depending upon the UA system, the dissemination data links and

the command and control links may share the same frequencies and be interwoven through multiplexing

schemes.

The data links and the transmit and receive equipment associated with the dissemination of information

are susceptible and vulnerable to the same efforts that threaten the command and control links. The

dissemination data links on larger aircraft should be encrypted, as they are more likely to be relaying data

that are of interest to higher echelons. Conversely, handheld/small and tactical UA may not require

encryption devices because it is harder to intercept their dissemination signals (closer to the ground

station and flying at lower altitudes) and because the information they collect and disseminate is highly

perishable.

SURVIVABILITY CLASSIFICATIONS

When considering airframe survivability, it is useful to divide UA into three categories (small, medium,

and large) based on size, speed, and operational altitude. These categories are useful for considering the

likely threat environment and application of susceptibility and vulnerability reduction techniques, but

should not be applied rigidly. While categories are useful for providing guidelines, each UA is unique

and survivability should be considered in the context of its specific design and mission. These

survivability categories are not intended to establish recognized UA classifications.

¾ Small

. UA with a gross weight less than 500 pounds, a wingspan of 20 feet or less and that operate at

altitudes below 10,000 feet and 100 knots. These UA generally support tactical requirements and

range from man-portable up to trucked systems. Examples include the Raven, Dragon Eye, Pioneer

and Shadow.

¾ Medium

. UA with a gross weight between 500 and 5,000 pounds., a 20-60 feet wingspan and

generally operate at altitudes of 10,000-30,000 feet and below 250 knots. These UA primarily

support tactical engagements, but may also address operational (theater) or strategic requirements.

The systems are airlifted or transported in specialized containers. Examples include the Predator and

Fire Scout UA.

¾ Large

. UA with a gross weight above 5,000 pounds, wingspan longer than 60 feet and that operate

above 25,000 feet and 250 knots. These UA are generally considered operational (theater) or

strategic assets. These systems can self deploy or, as with Global Hawk, can operate from CONUS.

UA with a mission to deliver ordnance in high-density threat environments, such as the J-UCAS, will

operate from remote bases to support tactical requirements.

THREATS BY SURVIVABILITY CLASSIFICATION

To credibly assess the threat a UA will face one must consider the entire system, including the ground

station and data link as well as the aircraft. One must also consider the entire spectrum of threat types,

including directed energy weapons (DEW) and nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC). A basis for

starting a general threat analysis is to consider the types of threats and the likelihood each could engage

each UA category Tables K-1 and K-2). For a detailed threat analysis, a UA must be assessed

individually based on its specific design, mission, and mode of operation.

UAS ROADMAP 2005

APPENDIX K – SURVIVABILITY

Page K-5

TABLE K-1. SURVIVABILITY CLASSIFICATION LETHAL THREAT MATRIX.

Survivability Category

Ground

Fire

Air

Defense

Artillery

Shoulder

Launched

Missiles

Air-to-

Air

Missiles

Laser NBC

Small

9 9

Medium

9 9 9 9

Large – Low Altitude

9 9 9 9 9 9

Large – High Altitude

9 9

TABLE K-2. SURVIVABILITY CLASSIFICATION NON-LETHAL THREAT MATRIX.

Survivability Category Jamming Deception Meaconing

Intrusion

and

Exploitation

Small

9 9

Medium

9 9 9 9

Large – Low Altitude

9 9 9 9

Large – High Altitude

9 9 9 9

SURVIVABILITY DESIGN FEATURES BY SURVIVABILITY CATEGORY

Survivability design features should be considered with respect to an UA’s size, required mission and the

potential threat environment. Table K-3 is a partial list of potential survivability features and the class of

platform they may be most applicable to. The features cover both susceptibility reduction and

vulnerability reduction. These potential survivability design features should be considered in the systems

engineering design process to develop the most effective UA for the lowest life cycle cost.

TABLE K-3. SURVIVABILITY DESIGN FEATURES BY SURVIVABILITY CLASSIFICATION.

Survivability Design Feature Survivability Category of UA

Mission Planning/Tactics All

Acoustic Signature Reduction Small

IR Signature Reduction Small, Medium, Large

RF Emission Signature Reduction Large

RF Signature Reduction Medium, Large

Visual Signature Reduction Small, Medium

Dry Bay Foam Large

Fire Shielding Large

Redundancy and Separation Medium, Large

Distributed Fire Suppression Large

Fire Walls Large

Powder Panels (Fire Suppressant) Large

Fuel System Management Medium, Large

Hydrodynamic Ram Protection Large

Fuel Tank Ullage Inerting Large

Fuel Tank Ullage Protection Large

Fuel Tank/Line Self-sealing Large

UAS ROADMAP 2005

APPENDIX K – SURVIVABILITY

Page K-6

AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY RESOURCES

Department of Defense Department of Homeland Security

Army Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

FAA

U.S. Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate

(AATD)

Ft. Eustis, VA

Phone: (757) 878-5609 / DSN 937

http://www.aatd.eustis.army.mil

U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)

Survivability/Lethality Analysis Directorate

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005

Phone: (410) 278-5052 / DSN 298

http://www.arl.army.mil/slad

Fire Safety Branch AAR-440

William J. Hughes Technical Center - AAR 440

Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405

Phone: 609-485-5620

http://www.fire.tc.faa.gov

Air Force Other Resources

Aerospace Survivability & Safety Flight

46 OG/OGM/OL-AC

46th Test Wing

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433

Phone: (937) 255-2237 x213 / DSN 785

http://assf.wpafb.af.mil

Navy

Survivability/Vulnerability Information Analysis Center

46 OG/OGM/OL-AC/SURVIAC

2700 D Street Bldg. 1661

Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7605

Phone: (937) 255-4840 / DSN 785

http://iac.dtic.mil/surviac

Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR)

Survivability & Threat Lethality Division (4.9.6)

Phone: (301) 342-0142 / DSN 342

Patuxent Naval Air Station

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

(AIAA)

Survivability Technical Committee

http://www.aiaa.org/tc/sur

Naval Research Laboratory

4555 Overlook Ave., SW

Washington DC, 20375

Joint

The Aircraft Survivability Education

http://aircraft-survivability.com

Joint Aircraft Survivability Program Office

200 12

Street S.

Arlington, VA 22202

Phone: (703) 607-3509 / DSN 327

http://jas.jcs.mil

The Fundamentals of Aircraft Combat Survivability

Analysis and Design, Second Edition, AIAA Education

Series, Robert E. Ball, Ph.D., 2003.

(Available through SURVIAC)