Токарский Н.М. Архитектура древней Армении

apKy,

KOTOpaH

.naiKe

IIpH

CpaBHHTeJIbHO

60JIbtIIOA'

HX

IIIHpHHe

B

paHHHX

rraMHTHHKaX

COCTaBJIHeTCH

He

H3

MeJIKHX

Y3KHX

KJIHHbeB,

a

H3

.l1BYX-Tpex,

peiKe

O,lI.HOrO,

qmrypHblx

KaMHea,

OXBaqeHHbIX

cBepxy

caMOCTOHTeJIbHO

CJIOiKeHHOH

6pOBKOii.

n03.l1Hee

,.

KOr.ll.a

OKHa

YTpaTHJIH

6bIJlyJO

IIIHPHHY,

Il.HPKYJIbHblii

Bepx

CTaJIH BbI

py6aTb

B

ueJIOH

IIpHMoyrOJIbHOii

IIJIHTe

·

BMeCTe

C

6POBKOfi,

a B

HeKOTophIX

CJIyqaHX

H

pe3-

HhIMH

YKparneHHHMH,

-

rrOMemeHHhIMH

B

yrJIClX.

,UBepn.

rrepeKphIBaJIHCb

rrJIOCKO,

KaMeHHhIMH

6pYCMIMH

HI

rrJIHTaMH

(THMlIaHaMH)

C

Il.HpKyJIbHhIM,

a n03.l1.Hee Hi

CTpeJIbIJaThIM

BepXOM.

B OT,lI.eJIbHbIX

CJIyqaHX

apXH-

TpaaHhle

KaMHH

Ha.ll

rrpoeMOM

.lI.OC"THraJIH

3HaIJHTeJIb-

HhIX

pa3MepOB;

HanpHMep

B

oaraBaHe

M.A.

Op6eJIHl

3aperHCTpHpOBaJI

KaMHH

"

pa3MepoM

3,58

M,

3,38

M,

3,02

M,

2,85

M.

06paMJIeHHe

,lI.BepeH

cBepxy

3aKaH-

"

qHBaJIOCb

BhIcTynaJOmeH

apKoH

H

rrOTOMY

AaiKe

IIPH

"

nepeKpbITHH

6pYCOM

Hall

HHM

06bIIJHO

1I0MemaJICHJ.

eme

THMnaH

H3

Il.eJIoro

KaMHH.

B

paHHHX

naMHT-

HijKax,

HaqHHaH

C

epepYHcKoH

6a3H~HKH,

Cepe.l1HHy

"

apXRTpaBa

oCB060lK)1.aJIH

OT

HenOcpe,lI.CTBeHHoH

Ha-

rpy3KH,

nepe,lI.aBa~

ee

Ha

KpaH

y

OIIOp

(KOCSlKOB),

.

.lI.JIH

qero

B Cpe.ll.HeH IJaCTH OCHOBaHHH

THMlIaHa

BhIpy6aJIH

TaK

Ha3hIBaeMYJO

pa3rpy3HyIO

lUeJlb-

y3KyIO

nOJIOCKY

BO

BCJO

TOJIlUHHY

IIJIHTbI,

npe.l10T-

BpamaBWYIO

HX

conpHKOCHOBeHHe.

Ha.ll.

BlCO.lI.aMH B

yrJIOBbIe

npH.lI.eJIbI

Il.epKBH

B

ABaHe

HMeeTCH

.lI.aiKe·

no

.l1Be

TaKHX

meJHI;

3.IleCb

Ha.n

nepBhIM

apXHTpaBOM

nOMemeH

BToPOH

co

cpe30M

BHH3Y,

a Ha,lI.

HHM

BbI-

JIOlKeHa

IIJIOCKaH

KJIHHqaTaH

nepeMhIqKa,

HecYlUaH

cTeHY,

Cpe.lI.HHe

KaMHH

KOTOpoii

He

KacalOTCSI

BTO-

poro

apXHTpasa.

B Xll--Xlll

BB.

IIJIOCKOe

lIepeKpbl-

831

~

I

7Heir.BepeA

H

WHPOKIIX

OKOH

Ha

nOpTaJJaX

AeJJaJJH

'

COCTaBHbIM,

B

BHAe

nepeMbIllKH,

HCnOJIb3Y5I

ee

OARO-

BpeMeHHO

KaK

3JJeMeHT

KpaCOllHoro

y6paHcTBa,

AJlSI

qero

6paJIH

KaMeHb

ABYX

II.BeTOB.

OCHOBHbIe

BO-

,-

pOTa

B

KpenOCTHbIX

CTeHax

YCTpaHBaJIHCb

6e3

THM-

naHOB,

C

apOlJHbIM

BepXOM,

llTO

BnOJJHe

nOH5ITHO,

TaK

KaK

OHH

~OJI~HW

6bIJIH

nponYCKaTb

He

TOJIbKO

:

neIlleXOllOB,

, HO

TaK~e

BcaAHHKOB

H

Harpy~eHHbIe

,

nOB03KH,

HMeBIIIHe

HepeJI.KO

3Ha'IHTeJIhHYIO

BbICOTY.

~

3AeCh

KCTaTH

6Y,l(eT

BcnOMHHTb

HHTepeCHbIH,

e,J.HH-

'

<;TReHHblH

Ha

TeppHTopHH

ApMeHlUf

06pa3eu

BOPOT,

npe,l(CTaBJIHIOIII.HX

COBepIIIeHHO

C3MOCTOHTeJIbHOe

CO-

·

opy~eHHe,

He

CB5I3aHHOe

CO

CTeHaMH.

OHH

CTOHT B

p~HOHe

~OHClCTbIPH

OPOMOC

(XOlllaBaH

'

K)

Ha

BbICOKOM

He3aCTpoeHHOM

nJIaTO,

3aKaHllHBaIOIlleMCH

Y

Axy-

i

p5IHa

KPYTblM

06PWBOM

(Ta6JI.

91).'

npHMoyrOJIbHWH

MaccHB,

QKaHMJIeHHbIH

cBepxy

KapHH30M,

npope3aH

'

IIocpeAHHe

IIIHpOKHM

npOe3.lI.OM

co

CBO,l(qaTbIM;

HbIHe

,

pa3pYllleHHhIM~

BepxoM.

Ha,l(

KapHH30M

no

cTopoHaM

npoe3Aa

BbIC5ITCH

,l(Be

npHMoyrOJIbHbIe

llaCOBeHKH,

"

CTeHbI

KOTOPbIX

3aKaHlJHBaIOTCH

III.HnuaMH.

06e

lJa-

·,

coaH;H

6bIJIH

YBelIqaHhI

KynOJIaMIf

(coxpaHHJIC5I

TOJIb-

-

K~

'"

9~H

_

H)

c ' K'

pyrJIbIMH

6apa6aHaMH

:If

KOHHlJeCKHMH

r

KaMe

,

HHbIMH

KPOBJI5IMH,

6JIaro)l.ap5I

lleMY

B

CBoe

BpeMH

H3.lI.aJIH

npO~3BO,l(HJIH

Bne~aTJIeHHe

~Boe06-

pa3HblX

6aIlleH,

'

H3

KOTOPbIX

6bIJIO

MOiKHO

nonaCTh

~a

'

nJIOIllaJI,KY

HaA

npOe3,ll.OM.

)f(HJIble

AOMa

Ha

npOT5IiKeHHH

MHorHX

BeKOB,

:

KaK

H B

HaIIIH

,l(HH,

nepeKphIBaJIHCh

)l.epeBOM

no

o

c;rroc06y,

KOTOPbIH

6bIJJ

rrpHMeHeH

eIII.e

ypa

pTaMH

Ha

.

KapMHp-6JIype,

0

qeM

CBH)l.eTeJIhCTBYIOT

06ropeB-

IIIHe

OCTaTKH

nOTOJIKOB,

HaHAeHHble

npH

paCKorrKax.

:,

332

Ha

.lJ.epeBHHHbIX

6aJIKaX

YCTpaHBaJlCSI

KaMblIIIeBhIii

'

HaCTHJI,

HaKpblTblH

COJlOMOH HJIH

TpaBoH,

KOTOPhIir

Hec

Ha

ce6e

3eMJIHHOH

I10KPOB,

CMa3aHHblH

cBepxy

-

XOPOIIIO

nepeMHTOH

rJIHHOH,

He

nponYCKalOIII.eW

'

BO.lJ.bI.

nO)J.06Hble

KPOBJIH

MO)KHO H

CeHtIaC

BCTpe-

THTb

B CeJTeHH5IX.

MHOrOtIHCJIeHHble

06JlOMKH

11

OT~

'



)J.eJlbHble

neJIbIe

9K3eMI1JI5IpbI

tIepenHnbl,

06HapY)I{eH-

HbIe

B

pa3BaJIHHaX

.lJ.BHHCKHX .

naTpHapIIlHX

I1aJIaT,

no-

Ka3b1BaIOT,

tITO

HapHllY

C

nJIOCKHMH

3eMJIHHhIMH

KpO-

--

BJIHMH B JKHJIbIX 3.lJ.aHHHX

I1pHMeHSlJIHCb

11

qepellHq-

Hble

.

Ha

CTpOI1HJIax.

nepBIlle

uepKBH

no

CBH,Z(eTeJIb-'

CTBY

HCTOPHKOB

TO)Ke

HMeJIH

JI.epeB5IHHOe

rtoKpblTHe,

KOTOPOMY

Ha

CMeHY

B

V-VI

BB.

npHIIlJIH

CBO)J.bI,<

I10BCeMeCTHO

BbITeCHHRIIIHe

)J.epeBO,

oco6eHHO

B -

CB5I3H

C

IIIHpOKHM

pacnpOCTpaHeHHeM

KYI10JIbHblX

<pOPM

nepKBeH.

TpY.lI.HO

CeHtIaC

06'bHCHHTb,

nOtIeMY

Ha

nepBblX

I10pa

x

CTpOHTeJIH

npeAIIOtIHTaJJH

.lI.P.<pH-

-

nHTHoe

H MaJIO

3cpcpeKTHoe

JT.epeBO.

HeYMeHHew

'

coopYIKaTb

apKH

H CBO)J.bI

9Toro

06bHCHSlTb

HeJIb3S1,·

TaK

Ka

.K

coxpaHHBIIlHeC5I

qaCTH

epepYHCKOH

6a3H-

'

JIHKH

CBH)J.eTeJIbCTBYIOT, tITO 3.lI.eCb B V

B.

pa601:.3JIH

He

HOBHtIK1I,

a JIIOJl.H HaCTOJIbKO

COJIH,Z(HO

3HaBIIlHe

'

TeXHHKY

KaMeHHblX

pa60T,

tITO B

cJiyqae

Ha)J;o6HOCTR'

6e3

BCHKHX

3aTpy

JI.HeHHH

Mor

JIH 6b1

B03BeCTH

H JIIO- '

60e

KynOJIbHOe

coopY)KeHHe.

CHpJiHCKHe

MaCTepa

6blJIH

npHBe3eHbI

CIOAa,

KOHellHO,

He

.llJIH

o6yqeHHSI

apM5IH

CTpOHTeJIbH<?MY

.lJ.e~y,

KOToppe

Y)I{e

~TOHJIO

"

Ha

60JIbIIIOH

BblCOTe,

a

JI.JIH

KOHCYJIbTaUHH

no

cne-

.

nHcpH4eCKHM

sOI1pOCaM

llepKOBHo

.H

apXHTeKTYpw.

·

113J:'QeHHe'

ll<?CTpoeK

V - VIl ·

BB.

nOK83b1BaeT,

lITO

"

B

9TO

BpeMSI

CTpOHTeJlH

B03BO,Z(HJIH CBOH

BHYIIIHTeJIb-

"

HhIe

no

pa3M~paM

'

~qCTpOHKH

6e3

CTpaxa

aaB

'x

S33J.

YCTOHtIHBOCTb

H ,1J.OJIfOBetIHOCTb, a

HHOrll.a,

KaK

B

3BapTHon;e,

)I.aJKe

CJIHillKOM

c.MeJIO, HO

He

JIerKO-

MbICJIeRHO.

OHH

KaKHM-TO

HeH3BeCTHbIM

rrOKa

HaM

nYTeM

HallIJIH

TO CtIaC'FJIHBOe

B3aHMO()THOIIIeHHe

MeJK.n;y

pa3MepaMH

coopYJKeHJiH

If

X OT.n;eJIbHblX

qaCTeH,

HeCIpax

HarpY3KY,

KOTopoe

rr03BOJIHJIO

060H:THCb

6e3

HeHYJKHbIX

3arraCOB

rrpOlJHOCTH,

H

no-

JIytIHTb

JIerKHe

H

crpoHHhIe,.n;o

KOHI.J.a

KOHCTPYK-

iHBHhle

cpOpMbl.

npH

B03Be.n;eHHH

apOK

HX

He

.llP06HJIH

Ha

60JIb-

ruoe

tIHCJIO

KJIHHbeB,-;-CKopee

3aMeTHa

TeHll.eHUH5I

<:OKpaTHTb

QHCJIO @JIeMeHTOB,

KOTOPbIM

rrpHAaSaJIaCb

<popMa

KPHBOJIHHeH:HblX

KaMeHHblX

6pYCbeB

C COOT-

eeTCTBeHHO

cpe3aHHhIMH

TOpI.J.aMH.

3JIOClJaCTHble

~OJIe6aHH5I

rrOlJBbI

rrpHtIHHHJIH,

KOHelJHO,

HeMaJIO

.3;).60T

30.n;4HM

., H BOX

TYT-TO

B

Ky

rrOJIbHblX

rrOCTpOH:-

i

Kax,

r.n;e

apKH,

.

HE'CIllHe

KyrrOJI,

oc06eHHO

YCHJIeHHO

pa60TaJIH,

rrpHIIIJIH

K MbICJ.IH

cHa6JKaTb

HX

KaMHH

.3y60M,

KOTOPblH:

rr

pe.n;OTBpaw.aJI

BblrralI.e!IIi

e

KJIHHbeB

:B

CJIY4ae

paCKpbITlUI

IIIBOO

rrpH

3eMJIeTp

HCeHHYf.

TaKOH:

npHeM

6hIJI

np>liMeHeH,

HanpHMep,

B

u.epKBR

AHaHHH

B

AJIaMHe

(VII

B.),-C

HJ!M

JKe

MOJKHO

BCTpe-

iHTbC5I

H B X

III

B.,

Kor.n;a

OH

HaIIIeJI

MeCTO

He

TOJIb-

KO

B

apKa;x,

HO H B

nJIOCKMX

nepeMhIlJK3X

(BopOTa

B

AH6ep.n;~).

UHJIHHJl.pHlleCKHe

CBO)1J~,

rrapyca,

KOH-

Xli

Ii

.

KyrroJla

.

BhlKJIa.lI.blBaJIHCh

ropH30HTaJIbHhIMB

p5l.llaMH

H3

KaMHeH:

He60JIbIIIOH:

TO;UI.J.HHbI,

BblTecaH-

BbIX

no

.

JleKaJIY,

H

YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX

HapYJKY

no-

tCteJIblO,

a

He

pe6pOM,

qeM

OHM H

OT

JIH4alOTCH

OT

KOHCTPYKU.HH:, C1l.eJIaHHhIX

H3

KHpmlqa

H

KaMeHHhIX

UJIHT,

nOJIOiKeHHhIX

UJIaIllM5I.

KaK

HCKJIIOQeHHe

CB01l.bI,

BbIJIOJKeHHl;ale

no

o6pa3uy

KHPUHllHblX,

MOJKHO

OT-

~

J

"MeTHTb

B

060HX

KOMHaTaX

aH6ep.J.cKoH

GaHH;

eCJIR

)Ke

npHHHTh

BO

BHHMaHRe,

qrO

B

9TOH

KPOXOTHOH

COCTPOHKC

yr

JIOBble

TpOMIIhI

Bpe3aIOTCH

B

KynOJIa,

nO,LI.06HO

TOMY

K6lK 6h1JIO CJ(eJIaHO eIIJ.e B

cacaHHJ(-

CKHX

J(BOpU.ax

R <PHpY3a6a,LI.e H

CepBHCTaHe,

TO

CTa-

HOBHTCH

HCHbIM,

4TO

3)J.eCh

pa60TaJI

MaCTep,

npo-

Ille,z:UIIIIH

rrepcH)J.CKYIO

CTpOHTeJIbHYIO

IllKOJIy.

KOHH-

'

qeCKHe

rrapyca,

OrpaHHqeHi!hIe

cBepxy

apKaMH,

('0-

CTaBJIHJIHCb

H3

UJIHT,

paCXO)J.I-iB

lllHXCH

BeepOM

H3

BeplllHHbI

KOHyca,

r)J.e

YCTaHaBJIHBaJICH

<p8COHHblH

:

KaMeHb.

MHoro

HOBllleCTB

B

CBOJ(ax

rrOHBHJIOCb

B

XIl-:-XllI

BB.,

KorJ(a

O~H

CTaJIH

O.lI.HOBpeMeHHO

H

9JIe-

MeHTOM

y6paHcTBa

B

rrpHTBopax

H

)J.pyrHx

rpa>K)J.(lH-

·

CKHX

rrOCTpoHKax.

MaCTepa

B

9TO

BpeMH

copeBHy-

IOTCH B

rrpH.lI.YMhlBaHHH

caMbIX

3aMbICJIOBaTblX

KOM-

6HHaqHH

H3

TpOMnOB,

CTaJIaKTHTOB

H

)J.pyrHx

9JIe-

MeHTOB

)J.JIH

TOrO,

qT06bI

pa3Hoo6pa3HTb

nOKpblTHH

KBa)J.paTOB,

oKpymaIOIIJ.HX

UeHTPflJIbHyro

qaCTb

C

.

BepXHHM

CBeTOM.

HapH.lI.Y

co

CBO)J.l1MH

apMHHCKHe

30)J.1JHe

npH-

:

MeHHJIH

H

nJIOCKHe

KaMeHHble

nepeKphITHH,

npeHMy-

,

m.eCTBeHHO

B

npHTBopax

XlII

B.,

r.lI.e

HM

rrpH)J.aBaJIH

.

-.ll.eKOpaTHRHbIH

xapaK~ep.

B

aH6ep.lI.CKOR

U.epKBH

.

(Xr

B.)

BCe

npH)I.eJIhI,

HMeIOIIJ.He

He60JIbIIIOH:

rrpOJIeT,

i

nOKphIThI

KPYU-HblMH

XOPOIIIO

OTecaHHhlMH

J{ .

npa-

. i

r.aaHf(hIMH

)J.PYf"K

·

)J.pyry

rrJIHTaMH,

3a.lI.eJIaHHbIMH

0)(-

tHHM

KOHUOM

'"

B

..

CTeiIy

iiano)I.06He

KOHCOJIH.

BblcTyrraIO

.-

,IIJ.He

TaKHM

06pa30

'M '

Hg

66eHX

npO)J.OJIbHhIX

CTeH

KaMHH

rrocpe)J.HHe

neptH<pblTHK

o6pa3yIOT

e)I.Ba

3a-

.

MeTHbIH:

CTbIK.

3TH

nJIHTbI

Me>K.rr.y

npH)J.eJIaMH

nep-

'

Boro

H

BToporo

9Ta>KeW CJIY>KaT

HM

O)J.HOBpeMeHHO

H

nOTOJIKOM

H rrOJIOM.

30)J.4HX

XII-XIII

BR.

He

335

Y.LI.OBJIeTBOpHeT CTOJIb J1pOCTaH

cpOpMa

J1JIOCKOrO

J1epeKpbITHH,

TaK

KaK

B STO

BpeMSI,

KaK

MbI

YiKe

BH,neJIH,

nOTOJIKH

B

npHTBOpaX

H

ApyrHx

MOHaCTbIp-

CKHX

J10CTpOHKaX

HBJISIJlHCb

OCHOBHblM

y6paHcTBOM

3.l1.aHHSI,

HMelO~erO

06bIQHO

CHapYiKH

OQeHb

CKPOM-

HblH

BHl(.

npeKpaCHO

pa3pa6oTaHHhIH

,nE'KOpaTHBHblfi

nJlOCKHH

nOTOJIOK

H3

KpynHbIx

IlJIHT

MOiKHO

BH.lI.eTb,.

HaJ1pHMep,

B

Cpep;HeH

lOiKHOH

CeKuHH

60JIblllOrO

'

npHTBOpa

ferap.lI.CKOrO

MOHaCTbIpH.

3.lI.eCb J1JIHTbl

JleIKaT

Ha

KapHH3e

3aTE'HJIHBOH CPOpMbI C

pH.LI.8.,MH

cBoeo6pa3HbIX

KpOHUlTeHHOB.

HfDKHHSI

qaCTb

era

HMeeT

~H,IJ.

06blQHOrO

MYJIlOpOBaHHoro

KapHH3a,

a.

BepXHHH

06pa30BaHa

H.lI.y~HMH

O.lI.HH

3a

JlpyrHM

OCTpOKOHellHbIMH

KpOHIIITeHHaMH,

YKpaIIIeHHhlMH

Ta-

KHMH

iKe

_

TPHJIlICTHHKaMH,

KaK

II

B

ll.eHTpaJIbHOM

CT~JIaKTHTOBOM

CBO,lI.e.

DJIaro.lI.a

pH

KpOHlIITefIHaM

KOHTYP

nOTOJIKa

HMeeT

He

npSIMOJlHHeHHYIO

CPOPM~,

~

COCTaBJlHeTCSI

H3

CJIe,IJ.YIO~HX

.lI.pyr

aa

.lI.pyroM

nOJIOBHH

BocbMHyrOJlbHHKOB,

lITO

COOTBeTcTByeT

opHaMeHTY

Ha

J1JIeTeHbIX

BocbMHyrOJIbHbIX

3Be3,IJ.,-

Bblpe3aHHOMY

Ha

J1JIlITax.

,UOCa.ll.HlllH J1pOMaX

He

TO

apXHTeKTOp~,

He

TO

MaCTepa-HCJ10JIHHTeJIH

HapYIIIaeT

npe~OCXO.LI.HO

aa.J.!.YMaHHYIO

KOM6l1HaUHIO

H3

3

Bea,ll-

tIaTOrO

yaopa

npTOJIKa

H

KpOHlllTeHHOB

KapHH3a.

~eJIO

B

TOM,

QTO

pa3Mep

3Be3.L1.

HeCKOJIbKO

60JfbIIIe

-

nOJIe~

Me~.lI.y

KpOHI!lTeHHaMH

H

nOTOMY

Y KOHIl.Oa.

nOTOJIKa

OHH

lIaCTHtIHO

npHKpblTbI

KapHII30M.

Oco60

06pa~alOT

Ha

ce6SI

BHHM~HHe

nJIOCKHe

-

nOTOJIKlI,

BbIJIOiKeHHHe

lIa

pa3HOUBeTHbIX

cpHrypHblX

K~MHeH,

aaKJIHHeHHbIX

B

KaMeHHbIe

rypTbl,

o6paay·

~~B~

'

cBoeo6p~3HbIA

KapKac

(MeqeTb

MaH¥'Ie

B

AlIH).

336

npR

B03Be.lI.eHRlI

apOK

'

11

CBO.rr.OB

apMHHCKlIe

MaCTepa

nplfMeHHJIlI

.rr.epeB5IHHble

KpYiKaJIa.

MOiKHo

nplfBeCTR

npHMep,

nOKa3bIBaIOI.I.I.Rl1,

KaK

)l,OCTHraJlIf

OHR

Dpli

3TOM

3KOHOMlIli

JIeCHblX

MaTepHaJIOB

If

yJJPOll~aJIR

RCIIOMOraTeJIbHble

pa60TbI.

· B

apYtJcKoA

uepKBIf

fPRfOPR5I

MaMRKOHHHa

(VII

B.)

npll

3HatJlI-

Te~bHOH

BWCOTe,

Ha

KOTopoH

.

paCIIOJIaraJIlfCb

CBO.rr.bI,

B03Be.z.r.eHlIe

CTIJIOlllHWX

JIeCOB

IlOBeJIO

6bI

K·

60JIb-

IlIOMY

paCXO.llY

6peBeH

If

.rr.OCOK,

.lla

KpOMe

Toro

If

YCJIOJKHHJIO

6bI

pa60TbI.

009TOMY

KpYiKaJIa

6bIJllI

OCHOBaHbI

Ha

6pYCb5J

X,

YJIOiKeHHbIX

Ha.rr.

npOJIeTOM

Ha

nepBhlH

p5I,lI,

KaMHeH

CBOJJ;OB; '

EJ.O

BTOPOM

P5l.llY

B

KaMHHX,

YCTaHOBKe

'KOTOPbIX

MeIlIaJIH

KOHUbI

6a-

JIOK,

6bIJIH

BbIPy6JIeHhI

y

HlfmHero

Kpa5I

lIeTblpexy-

fOJIbHl~e

OTBepCnf5I,

lITO

II03BOllHJIO

lIX

Ha)J.eTb

cBepxy

Ha

OCHOBY

KpYJKaJI;

CJIe.n.YIOI.I.I.He P5l.lI.bl ·

BbI-

KJIa,TT,bIBaJIHCb

YiKe

6e3

OCJIOiKHeHHH

(Ta6JI.

20). B

a6-

clf.n.e

6bIJIO

YCTpoeHo

tIeThIpe

TaKHX

fHe3.rr.a:

.rr.Ba-

BO

BTOPOM

p5l.llY

KaMHeH

KOHxa

Y

TpHYMcpaJIbHOH

apKH

B

ABa-B

cpe.n.HeH

tIaCTH

KOHXlL.lI.JIH

nOJIYKpymaJI,

npll-

qeM

OHH

6bIJIIf

Bblpy6JIeHbI

He

'

cKOJIbKO

BbIIIIe

C

TaKlIM

.

pactJeToM,

LJTo6hI

.n.0I10JIHRTeJIbHhIe

6pyCbH

O,lI,H~M

KOHUOM

JIer

JIlI

Ha

OCHOBHOH

6pyc.

Tenepb

3TH

rHe3-

.n.a

OTKPblTbI,

HO B

CBoe

BpeMH

OHlI

6bIJIlI

3a.n.eJIaHbI

TOtJHO

nplffHaHHblMH

KaMeHHbJMlI

BCTaBKaMIf,

O,lI,Ha

.

H3

KOTOPblX

COXpaHHJIaCb

Ha

MeCTe

B CBo.rr.e

MeiK,lI.Y

JO

.

fO-BOCTOtIHblM

IIHJJOHOM

11

CTeHOH

JOfO-BOCTOlIHoro

npH.rr.eJIa.

B

nTfHH

6b1JIa

npHMeHeHa

TaKa51

iKe

CH-

-

CTeMa,

C

TOU

JIHIIIb

pa3HHI:~eH,

lITO

6pyCb51

YKJIa,ll.bI-

B3JIHCb

He

TOJIbKO

Ha

nepBblH,

HO H

Ha

BTOPOH

PH,l(

KaMHeH

CBo.rr.a.

KPOBJIH

B

paHHHX

CBO,lI,tJaTbIX

no-

CTpOHKax

YCTpaHBaJIHCb

npeHMYIII.eCTBeHHO

H3

tJepe-

1138-22

..

837

nHII.bI,

KOTOpaS!

yKJIa~hIBaJIaCb

TIO

JIerKOMY

paCTBOpy,

3aTIOJIH5IBIIIeMY

rra3YXH

MeJK~y

CBO)laMH

H

HX

CKa-

TaMH.

4epenHqHhle

KPOBJIH

KYlIO.JIOB

lIepBOHaqaJIbHO

He

HMeJIH

lIHpaMH.lI.aJIbHOH

H

KOHHtIeCKOH

cpOPMhJ, a

CJle~OBa.rm

3a

I{PHBH3HOH

CBo~a,

KaK

. BHJ(HM,

HanpH-

·

Mep,

B

3I1ITapaKcKoH

uepKBH

KapMRpaBop

(VII

B.).

Ha

MO~eJnl

aXTaMapcKoro

xpaMa,

KOTOpyro

~epJKl{T

ne-

- pe,ll.

XPHCTOM

Uapb

farHK

APII.PYHH,

YCM3TpHBaeTCH

He

nHpaMH.lI.aJIbHOe.,

a

ccpepRlIeCKoe

3aBepIlIeHHe

KynOJIa,

tITO

lI03BOJIHJIO

H.

A.

0 p 6 e

JI

H .

060CHOBaHHO

CIIH-

TaTb

cYIII.eCTBYIOIII.YIO

KaMeHHYIO

KPORJIIO

He

rrepBO-

HaQa.7JbHoH.

B03MOJKHO,

tITO

nepexo,lJ.

OT

tIepenHII.bI

K

..

KaMeHHhlM

nJIHTaM

6bIJI

O.ll.HOH

H3

npHqHH,

npHBe.ll.I1IHX

· K

n05lBJIeHHlO

x'apaKTepHblx

,lJ.JIH

apxHTeKTypbl

3aKaB-

Ka3bH

oCTpoBepxHx

KpOBeJIb.

4epenRII.Y

H3rOTOBJIHJIH

AByX

BH,lI.013-lIJIOCKYro

C

oTorHYTLIMH

60pTaMH

H

cpacoHHYro

JKeJI06QaTYro,

·

H3

KOTOPbIX

H

KOM6HHRpOBaJIOCb

nOKphlTHe,

He

rrpo-

nYCKaBIIIee

BO,lI.Y. ,UJIH YKJIa,lJ.KH

qepelIRII.

R

Ha-

·

XJIeCTKY

RX

HHJKHRe

KOHli,bl

CYJKaJIHCb

H BXO,lJ.HJIH

MeJK~y

60pTaMH

HIDKeJIeJKallI.HX

nJIHT,

tITO

lIpH

CTO-

·

Ke

06e.ClIeQHBaJIO

rrepena~

BO)lhI

C

O,lJ.HOH

qepenH-

UbI

Ha

,lJ.pyrylO;

IIPOllOJIbHble

CThlK~

B CBOlO

oqe-

. pe,lJ.b

HaKpblBaJIRCb

JKe.JI06aMH,

KaK

nOKa3aHO

Ha

cxeMe,

H306paJKalOIII.eH

,

QepeIIHqHOe

lIOKpblTHe

)J.BHHCKHX

lIaJIaT

(pHC.

69).

.DJUI

npe,n.oTBpaIII.e-

' HHS! ClIOJI3(JHHH H

oTpblBa

qepenHII.

B

HHX

HHorlI.a

-

,neJIaJIH

oTBepcTHH,

lIepe3

KOTopble

nponycKaJIH

me-

-

JIe3HblE!

rB03,lJ.H.

APMHHcKHe

30~qHe,

HHKor~a

He

:

ynYCKaBIIIHe

MaJIeHIIIea

B03MOiKHOC1'H

npHHap5I,lI.HTb

-

CBoe

TBopeHHe,

H B

QepenHue

nOKa3aJIH

npHMep,

~

.u.oCToAHbIH

nOApaiKaHHH

B

HaIlIH

,lI.HH,

KaK

MOJKHO

B38

caMUMR

CKPOMHhIMH,

~eIlIeBbIMH

H .n;OCTYIIHbIMH

npa

M3CCOBOM:npHMeHeHHH

Cpe,J(CTB3MH

nOJJyqHTb

HY>K-

~H

a<p<peKT.

Ka>KJlhIH

>KeJI06,

KOTOPblM

3aKaHt[H-

BaJIaCb

BHH3Y

KPOBJIH, OHH cHa6,lI;HJJH

TpeyrOJJbHUM

1~"I!'"IIIO

1

10

,20

130C~

CXEMA

69.

4epelUIllHaR

KPOBJIR

nanaT

KaTOJIHKOCa B

llsHPle.

TOPII.OM

C

OTIlITaMnOBaRHbIM

YKpaIlIeHHeM,

6JIaro.n;apSI

qeMY

ee

CBec

IIpH06peJI

Hap5l,lI;HYIO <POPMY, C

6ery·

IlT.HMH

,lI;pyr

3a

JlpyroM

opHaMeHTHpoBaHHbIMH

epee-

TOHaMH.

B X

B.

BMeCTO

,

qepenHII.bI

IIOBceMeCTHoe

pac-

npocTpaHeHHe

nOJJYlIHJJH

KaMeHHble

IIJIHThI,

KOTopble

TaI<>Ke

YKJIaJlbIBaJIHCb

no

3a6YTKe

Ha,lI; CBO,lI;aMH.

B03MO>KHO,

lITO

B CBH3H C

31i'allHTeJIbHbIM

YBeJIHqe-

HHeM

Beca

KpoBeJIbHoro

MaTepHaJIa

CTpOHTeJIHM

npHWJIOCb

IIOllY-MaTb

6

YMeHbweHHH

HarPY

,

3Ka

Ha

~9

CBO~~

3a

CqeT

06RerqeHHH

3a6YTKH.

B

aH6eplr.KOA

SaMKOBO:H:

UepKBH,

nOCTpoeHHoA

BaxpaMOM

nax-

RaBYHH,

no~

KOHbKOM

nORypa3pymeHHO:H:

KpOBRH

3anaJJ.Horo

KpbIRa

6~RH

06HapY>KeH~

KpynH~e

OC-

TpO~OHHbJe

rRHHHHhIe

cocy~~,

nOCTaBReHHhIe

nOoqe-

PE'.ll.HO lJ.HOM

BHHa

.

If

,lJ.HOM

BBepx

B.lI.ORb

CBo~a

H

aaRHTble

co

Bcex

CTOPOH

paCTBopOM.

,ll,OHblllIKH

H

BeHtHIKH

KapaCOB

coxpaHHRRCb

H

Ha~

CBop,aMR

aR-

TapHO:H:

QaCTH,

r,Ae

KpOBRH

Tenepb

OTCyTcTByeT~

_

06ROMKR

rRHHHHbIX

cocy

JJ.OB,

npHMOpO)l{eHHbIe

pac-

.

TBOPOM

K

KPOBE'RbHl:lM

nJlHTaM,

H.

51.

Mapp

HallIeJl

npR

paCKonKax

rtepKBH

AnocTORoB

B

AHH.

nop,06-

HOe

YCTPOHCTBO

n03BOJIHJlO

CTpOHTeRHM

YBe.nHtIHTb

06beM

nYCTOT

H

3HaQHTeRbHO

CHHSHTb t

Bec

3a6YT-

KH,

nepe.ll.aB

qaCTb

HarpY3KH

Ha

CBO,Abl

qepe3

,lJ.O-

CTaTOqHO

Jl{eCTKYro

nYCTOTeRYro

CHcTeMY.

HaM

He

npHllIJIOCb

H~6JIro~aTb

TaKoro

3anOJIHeHHH

f

npOCTpaH-

CTBa Ha.ll. CBOll.aMH B

paHHHx

naMHTHHKax,

XOTSI

BnOJIHe

B03MO)l{HO,

qTO

OHO HMeJIO

MeCTO

H B

HHX;

B

nOCTpOHKax

XlI-Xlll

BB.

STOT

npHeM

npO,AOJI-

/

}l{aRH

n

pH

MeHHTb,

H C HHM

He

pas

CTaJIKliBaRHCb

HCCJIe~OBaTeJIH.

B

apMHHCKOM

30,lJ.QeCTBe

3aRO}l{eH-

HhIe

HaJJ.

CBO,lJ.aMH

C,OCY.ll.bl

HrpaRH

TORbKO

KOHCTPYK-

THBHYro

pOJIb

H

lie

TpaKTOBaJIHCb

KaK

pe30HaTopbl

(rOROCHHKH).

06bIQHbIe

KpOBeJIbHbIe

nRHTbI

HMeRH

npHMoyroRbHyro

CPOPMY H

6bIRH

cHa6J1{eHbI

C

O~HOH

C1'OPOHbI

rypTOM,

CBec

KOToporo

Ha,lJ.

KpaeM

06paao-

BblBaJl

qeTBepTb,

B

KOTOPYro

BXO,lJ.HRa

coce~HSUI

DJlHTa.

3THM

'

nYTeM

~OCTHraJJOCb

HaKpblTHe

llIBa

p

Dpe.l1.0TBpamaBmee

aaTeKaHHe

BO,lJ.hI. Y

KOHbKa

no

..

Mem.aJlHCb

nJlHTbI

C

apollKaMH,

OCHOBaHHSI

KOTOPblX

TOqHO

JlOJl{HJlHCb

Ha

BepXBHe

1(OHnh1.

rypTOB.

TaKoe

340

Токарский Н.М. Архитектура древней Армении

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.